Saudi Arabia Research Articles

Influence of Inflation on the Economic Growth of Saudi Arabia

Primary factors considered that influence inflation movement can experience significant changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This research focuses on examining macroeconomic factors which influence the inflation rate in Saudi Arabia which is critical for development and adjusting a suitable policy response. Saudi Arabia’s changing inflation trends are also affected by its internal and external factors including domestic demands, net spending of Government, and liquidity along with exchange rate movements and imported inflation. This research paper focuses on providing insights regarding previous studies conducted on this topic by adopting different approaches. The approach utilized in this study reflects mainly non-oil revenues like value-added tax along with levies related to expatriates on inflation. ARDL (Autoregressive Distribution Lag Model) has been applied instead of the Vector Error Correction model considering its robustness for 40 quarter sample sized integrated in this study. From the results, it has been confirmed that the inflation Movement in Saudi Arabia is more inclined to external factors than domestic factors.

Validation of satellite-derived solar irradiance datasets: a case study in Saudi Arabia

A robust dataset of Surface Solar Irradiance is essential for secure competitive financing for solar energy projects. Rating agencies and lenders alike require verification of the solar-resource dataset for utilizing each solar energy project, as this can be translated directly into expected electrical energy and revenues. The accuracy of the dataset and the variability of solar radiation, as recorded by historical solar data, play a significant role in estimating the future performance of the project and its budget. The historical observed solar irradiance datasets by local stations are the best and most reliable for a specific site, but they are not always available for long and continuous periods in any location, especially in arid areas. So, the importance of historical solar radiation datasets derived from satellite-based models arises here. This paper validates the historical modeled datasets of the three most famous satellite-based commercial prediction models (SolarGIS, SUNY, and Solcast) against the observed dataset by six ground stations in Saudi Arabia under different climatic zones. The validation method has been implemented using the standard error metrics: Maximum Absolute Error (MAE) and relative Maximum Bias Error (rMBE). The validation process showed that, in the case of GHI, the discrepancy between observed and predicted values is narrow, while in the case of DNI, the discrepancy is wide. Also, the predicted GHI values are more accurate than predicted DNI values, and -in general- the values predicted by the SUNY model are less accurate than those predicted by SolarGIS and Solcast models for both GHI and DNI. The resultant of this validation process could be accepted not for the six locations under study only but, also for deserts and arid areas across Saudi Arabia and might be extended to similar arid areas around the world.

Regional distribution of housing types and characteristics in Saudi Arabia

Purpose This study aims to explore and analyze the disparities in the distribution of housing types and characteristics among households in Saudi Arabia, taking into consideration the regional perspective. Design/methodology/approach This study uses quantitative data obtained from the General Authority for Statistics, specifically from the Saudi 2022 Statistical Census. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentages) as well as inferential statistics, including correlation analysis (Pearson correlation) and t-tests. Findings The study found a distinct preference among Saudis for villas, with 85.3% choosing this housing type, while only 14.7% of non-Saudis opted for villas. The statistical analysis confirmed the significance of housing type for Saudi citizens (t = 2.561, p = 0.037), while non-Saudis did not show a statistically significant preference (t = 1.703, p = 0.132). The Pearson correlation results revealed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.641, p = 0.009) between regional landmass and the number of houses, and a very strong positive relationship (r = 0.984) between population and the number of houses across the 13 regions. As expected, with increasing population, there was a significant increase in the number of houses (p = 0.001). Originality/value This study fills a research gap by investigating regional disparities in housing characteristics in Saudi Arabia. The findings are valuable for policymakers, housing developers and the housing market in understanding these disparities. The insights from this research can inform decision-making to promote equitable access to housing types and foster social inclusivity in the housing sector.

Psychiatric Mental Health Nurses' Perceptions and Experiences of Inpatient Mental Health Care Safety Culture in Saudi Arabia.

Although patient safety culture is gaining attention globally, more studies are needed to investigate its relevance to the nursing care of mental health (MH) patients. This study aimed to illustrate the perceptions and experiences of nurses who work in inpatient mental health care (IMHC) concerning the patient safety practices that are employed to avert safety hazards encountered during the provision of care in IMHC settings. Eighteen postgraduate students working as MH nurses in nonprofit hospitals comprised the study sample. The participants had a minimum of 2 years' nursing experience in IMHC settings. Each participant was interviewed individually using a guided interview technique. The inductive data underwent thematic analysis. Patient protection and a safety perspective were the overarching themes that emerged from the data. Three principal themes and 9 subthemes were illuminated: (a) patient care safety knowledge and background, (b) improving MH care, and (c) development of MH nursing care. The findings of this investigation may assist in providing guidance for the further research into and development of a patient safety culture appropriate for IMHC nursing practice, including increased structured educational experiences, judicious risk assessment, assignment of staff to include a mixture of skills and experience levels during assignments, use of standardized handoff procedures, engagement with multidisciplinary care providers, blame-free reflective information sharing and mentoring, and attention to the built environment with consideration of patient and staff safety needs.

Integrating smart contracts into the legal framework of Saudi Arabia

Integrating smart contracts into the legal framework of Saudi Arabia

Prevalence, factors associated and management of needle phobia among the general population in Saudi Arabia and Egypt

ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the prevalence of needle phobia among Saudi and Egyptian adult populations. In addition, underlying causes and strategies that can be utilized to address needle fear were investigated.MethodsA cross-sectional online survey study was conducted in Saudi Arabia and Egypt between 1 May and 30 June 2023. Participants aged 18 years and above and living in Saudi Arabia and Egypt were eligible to complete the survey. Participants were invited to participate in this study through social media platforms (Facebook, X, Snapchat, and Instagram). A convenience sampling technique was used to recruit the study participants. A 21-item questionnaire consisting of four sections including a Likert scale score was used to answer the research objectives. Numeric data were presented as mean ± SD. For categorical variables, percentages were used. Comparison between groups were made by Student’s t-test or Mann Whitney test according to data distribution. Chi squared tests for categorical values were conducted. A binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate factors associated with needle phobia.ResultsA total of 4065 participants were involved in this study (Saudi Arabia: 2628 and Egypt: 1437). Around one-third of the study participants (36.5%) confirmed that they have needle phobia. Most of the study participants (81.1%) reported that they have had needle phobia since they were under 18 years of age. Pain, general anxiety, and fear of making a mistake during the procedure were the most commonly reported contributors for fear of needles during or before a medical procedure. Around 15.8% of the study participants reported that they have tried to get rid of phobia from needles. Non-surgical alternatives (such as oral medications and patches) and using smaller/thinner needles were the most commonly reported interventions that reduced fear of needles. Binary logistic regression analysis identified that females, those who are aged (41–50 years), widowed, those with bachelor’s degrees and higher education, and those unemployed were more likely to have needle phobia compared to others.ConclusionOur study highlighted the high prevalence of needle fear within an adult population in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Females, those who are aged (41–50 years), those widowed, those with higher education degrees, those unemployed, those working in the health sector and people with low income were more likely to have needle phobia compared to others.

Knowledge and Awareness of Varicose Veins and Its Risk Factors in Al-Qunfudah, Saudi Arabia

Knowledge and Awareness of Varicose Veins and Its Risk Factors in Al-Qunfudah, Saudi Arabia

A quantitative study examining the effects of sleep quality on construction workers’ performance in the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

A quantitative study examining the effects of sleep quality on construction workers’ performance in the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Toward Decontamination in Coastal Regions: Groundwater Quality, Fluoride, Nitrate, and Human Health Risk Assessments within Multi-Aquifer Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia

Toward Decontamination in Coastal Regions: Groundwater Quality, Fluoride, Nitrate, and Human Health Risk Assessments within Multi-Aquifer Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia

Biodegradation and antimicrobial capability-induced heavy metal resistance of the marine-derived actinomycetes Nocardia harenae JJB5 and Amycolatopsis marina JJB11.

Currently, heavy metal-resistant (HMR) marine actinomycetes have attracted much attention worldwide due to their unique capabilities. In this study, 27 marine-derived actinomycetes were isolated from coastal beaches in the Arabian Gulf of Al-Jubail in Saudi Arabia and screened for resistance to 100 mg/L of the heavy metals Cd2+, Cr6+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, and Ni2+ using different assay techniques. Six isolates were selected as HMRs, of which two isolates, JJB5 and JJB11, exhibited the highest maximum tolerance concentrations (200- > 300 mg/L). Both isolates were the highest among six-HMR screened for their biodegradation potential of plastics low-density polyethylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride, recording the highest weight loss (15 ± 1.22 - 65 ± 1.2%) in their thin films. They also showed the highest biodegradability of the pesticides acetamiprid, chlordane, hexachlorocyclohexane, indoxacarb and lindane, indicating promising removal capacities (95.70-100%) for acetamiprid and indoxacarb using HPLC analysis. Additionally, the cell-free filtrate (CFF) of both isolates displayed the highest antimicrobial activity among the six-HMR screened against a variety of microbial test strains, recording the highest inhibition zone diameters (13.76 ± 0.66 - 26.0 ± 1.13 mm). GC‒MS analyses of the ethyl acetate extract of their CFFs revealed the presence of diverse chemical compounds with a multitude of remarkable biological activities. Based on their spore morphology and wall-chemotype, they were assigned to the nocardioform-actinomycetes. Furthermore, their phenotypic characteristics, together with 16S rRNA gene sequencing (OR121525-OR121526), revealed them as Nocardia harenae JJB5 and Amycolatopsis marina JJB11. Our results suggest that marine HMR actinomycetes are promising candidates for various biotechnological applications.

The relationship between personality traits and happiness: the mediating role of emotional regulation

BackgroundUnderstanding the factors contributing to happiness in the nursing profession is essential, particularly considering the high levels of stress associated with the job. This study aimed to explore the role of emotion regulation in mediating the relationship between personality traits and nurses’ happiness.ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the relationship between personality traits and happiness by examining the mediating role of emotion regulation.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 324 Jordanian and 408 Saudi nurses. Data, including the Big Five personality traits, happiness levels, and measures of emotional regulation, were collected through an online survey. The model’s fit and explanatory capability were verified by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using SmartPLS 3.ResultsIn the structural model, agreeableness had a significant effect on happiness, influencing both reappraisal and suppression. Extraversion strongly influences happiness, positively affects reappraisal, and negatively affects suppression. Neuroticism hampers happiness and reappraisal, and has a detrimental effect on suppression. Openness had a positive effect on suppression, whereas consciousness positively affected happiness. Mediation analysis revealed direct effects on happiness, with varying indirect contributions from emotional regulation. Multiple-group analysis revealed no significant differences between Jordan and Saudi Arabia in the association between personality traits and happiness.ConclusionThe findings emphasize the nuanced effects of agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, consciousness, and openness on happiness, mediated by emotional regulation. Implementing specific interventions to improve emotional regulation can increase nurses’ happiness regardless of their personality traits. The lack of significant differences between Jordanian and Saudi nurses implies that these relationships are consistent across cultures, offering valuable information for cross-cultural healthcare interventions.

Tree resources decline in Saudi Arabia: Climate change or pest attack causes?

Tree resources decline in Saudi Arabia: Climate change or pest attack causes?

The Impact of E-commerce on Organizational and Financial Performance in SMEs: Evidence from Saudi Arabia

The Impact of E-commerce on Organizational and Financial Performance in SMEs: Evidence from Saudi Arabia

The role and deployment timing of direct air capture in Saudi Arabia’s net-zero transition

Abstract The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has pledged to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2060. Direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) is critical for the country to meet its net-zero target given its reliance on fossil fuels and limited options for carbon dioxide removal (CDR). However, the role of DACCS in KSA’s national climate change mitigation has not been studied in the literature. In this study, we aim to understand the potential role of DACCS and the effect of its deployment timing in KSA’s transition toward its net-zero target using GCAM-KSA, which is a version of Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) with KSA split out as an individual region. We find that the annual DACCS CO2 sequestration in KSA reaches 0.28 to 0.33 Gt/yr by 2060 depending on its deployment timing. Early DACCS deployment, driven by its early and rapid cost reduction worldwide, could bring significant savings (~420 billion USD during 2020¬¬–2060) in the cost of climate change mitigation in KSA, approximately 17% reduction relative to delayed DACCS deployment. Our study suggests a strong role for KSA to proactively invest in the R&D of DACCS, initiate early DACCS deployment, and explore a broad suite of CDR options.

ACTION Teens Saudi Arabia: Perceptions, attitudes, motivators, and barriers among adolescents living with obesity, caregivers,and healthcare professionals in Saudi Arabia.

Obesity is predicted to affect approximately one-quarter of children/adolescents in Saudi Arabia by 2030, but there is limited evidence regarding the perceptions, attitudes, behaviours, and barriers to effective obesity care for adolescents living with obesity (ALwO), caregivers of ALwO, and healthcare professionals (HCPs). We report data from 500 ALwO (aged 12-<18 years), 500 caregivers, and 200 HCPs surveyed in Saudi Arabia as part of the global, cross-sectional ACTION Teens study (NCT05013359). Nearly all respondents recognized that obesity has a strong impact on overall health (ALwO 88%; caregivers 85%; HCPs 90%). Most ALwO and caregivers were aware of the ALwO's obesity status (95% and 99%, respectively) and worried about weight impacting the ALwO's future health (both ≥99%), and social media was their most commonly used source of weight-management information (60% and 53%, respectively). Among ALwO and caregivers who had discussed weight with an HCP in the past year, most experienced ≥1 negative feeling following their most recent discussion (61% and 59%, respectively). Although 81% of HCPs felt motivated to help their ALwO patients lose weight, 57% believed weight loss was completely the ALwO's responsibility (compared with only 37% of ALwO and 35% of caregivers). This may reflect the finding that only 24% of HCPs had received advanced training in obesity/weight management after medical school. Overall, while respondents had similar perceptions of the impact of obesity, we found HCPs' attitudes towards weight loss were not aligned with those of ALwO and caregivers, suggesting a need for improved communication and obesity education.

Patient Opinions about Virtual Consultations in Saudi Arabia: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study

There have been no nationwide studies of patient opinions regarding telehealth in Saudi Arabia to identify the factors that might influence patients’ perceptions and satisfaction. This was a prospective cross-sectional study of adults in the general population who last engaged with a healthcare practitioner via a virtual appointment. The participants were recruited by convenience sampling across Saudi Arabia between November 2023 and January 2024, completing a questionnaire that gathered data on (i) basic demographic and virtual consultation information and (ii) telehealth service delivery and technology based on the Telehealth Usability Questionnaire. Of the 916 participants, 53.7% were female, with a mean age of 47.2 (14.1) years. Nearly half attended primary care appointments, with the remainder attending a range of hospital specialties. Over 90% preferred having a virtual appointment over an in-person visit. About half had telephone consultations, while about a third had video calls through hospital-provided platforms; &gt;90% found virtual appointments useful and convenient, easy to use, effective, reliable, and produced a favorable clinical interaction; and 97.4% were satisfied with their remote consultation experience despite the technical interruptions. The individuals who were less happy with their virtual consultation were significantly younger, lived in urban areas, attended specialty clinics, were seen by a psychologist, preferred in-person appointments, and had consultations by telephone. These data provide momentum to continue with and expand telehealth, especially through video calls, supported by educational initiatives.

Association of Perception, Interest, and Barriers of Learning and Practicing Yoga with Levels of Stress in Life among Residents Living in Saudi Arabia

Association of Perception, Interest, and Barriers of Learning and Practicing Yoga with Levels of Stress in Life among Residents Living in Saudi Arabia

Firm-level factors influencing CEO turnover in Saudi Arabia

Firm-level factors influencing CEO turnover in Saudi Arabia

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Arabic version of the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale-29

Purpose The Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale-29 (MSIS-29) is a patient self-reported outcome (PRO) that measures patients’ quality of life, and it is divided into two sub-scales for the physical (PHYS) and psychological (PSYCH) domains. This study aimed to translate the MSIS-29 into Arabic, cross-culturally adapt it, and examine its psychometric properties. Materials and Methods One hundred fifty patients with MS completed the MSIS-29-Ar, the Functional Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis (FAMS), and the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). After one week, 60 participants were asked to complete the MSIS-29-Ar again to examine test-retest reliability. Results The MSIS-29-Ar was clear and understandable among patients with MS in Saudi Arabia. The internal consistency for the MSIS-29-Ar-PHYS was excellent, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.955, and was good for the MSIS-29-Ar-PSYCH, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.891. The test-retest reliability for MSIS-29-Ar-PHYS was ICC2,1 = 0.97; 95% confidence interval (0.93, 0.99) and ICC2,1 = 0.95.; 95% confidence interval (0.897, 0.976) for MSIS-29-Ar-PSYCH domains. The minimal detectable change with 95% confidence (MDC95) was 10.28 and 13.37 for the MSIS-29-Ar-PHYS and MSIS-29-Ar-PSYCH, respectively. No floor and ceiling effects were observed. Convergent and divergent validity was supported by 75% of the predefined hypotheses and correlated with the other health-related quality-of-life measures, SF-36 and FAMS. Conclusion The MSIS-29-Ar questionnaire is a valid and reliable outcome measure among Saudi patients with MS. IMPLICATION FOR REHABILITATION Rehabilitation specialists can confidently interpret patient scores in the MSIS-29-Ar to measure physical and psychological factors impacting patients’ quality of life with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Patients with unchanged clinical status will have similar scores in the MSIS-29-Ar with repeated scale administrations over time. The MSIS-29-Ar can be used in clinical practice and research studies to measure factors that impact the quality of life in Arabic-speaking patients with MS.

An Uncommon Coexistence of Ischemic Stroke in a Multiple Sclerosis Patient With Duplicated Superior Cerebellar Artery: A Case Report From Saudi Arabia

An Uncommon Coexistence of Ischemic Stroke in a Multiple Sclerosis Patient With Duplicated Superior Cerebellar Artery: A Case Report From Saudi Arabia