Kinetic Visual Acuity Research Articles

The impact of additional visual tasks in physical exercise on balance ability among 9-10-year-old children: the mediating effect of visual acuity.

This study aimed to explore the effects of additional visual tasks in physical exercise on the vision and balance ability of children, and to verify whether children's vision mediated the influence of physical exercise on their balance ability. The study randomly selected 86 students aged 9-10 years old from a school in Suzhou city, dividing them into an experimental group (n = 43) and a control group (n = 43). The experimental group participated in physical exercise with additional visual tasks, while the control group engaged in routine physical exercise. The experiment lasted for 16 weeks, with kinetic visual acuity (KVA), uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), static balance, and dynamic balance measured before and after the experiment. The results showed that after the experiment, the experimental group had significantly improved kinetic visual acuity (KVA), uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), static balance, and dynamic balance. In contrast, the control group had significantly decreased kinetic visual acuity, no significant improvement in uncorrected distance visual acuity, and no significant difference in dynamic balance and static balance. In the experimental group, there was a moderate positive correlation between kinetic visual acuity and uncorrected distance visual acuity, and a moderate positive correlation between uncorrected distance visual acuity and both static and dynamic balance. The study also found that uncorrected distance visual acuity partially mediated the effect of additional visual tasks during physical exercise on static and dynamic balance among children. In conclusion, adding visual tasks to physical exercise had a positive effect on improving children's vision and balance ability. Kinetic visual acuity and uncorrected distance visual acuity were positively correlated, and uncorrected distance visual acuity was positively correlated with both static and dynamic balance. Uncorrected distance visual acuity partially mediated the effect of physical exercise on children's balance ability.

Effects of physical activity combined with different visual target presentation durations of ciliary-muscle training on visual acuity in children.

This study aimed to identify the effect of different durations of visual target presentation during ciliary-muscle training on children's kinetic visual acuity (KVA), uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), axial length, and accommodative facility. Based on the ciliary-muscle regulation mechanism, an intervention program involving ciliary-muscle training with different durations of visual target presentation combined with physical education classes was designed. The intervention aimed to determine the effect of different ciliary-muscle training durations on children's visual acuity. A total of 153 children aged 10-11 years from a school in Suzhou (a major city located in southeastern Jiangsu Province, East China) were enrolled as participants in this 32-week intervention study. This study measured the participants' UDVA and KVA before, during (after the 16th week), and after (after the 32nd week) the experimental intervention. The accommodative facility was measured during and after the intervention. After 32 weeks of the intervention, the KVA and UDVA of each experimental group were significantly improved (p < 0.05). A high percentage in the improvement of KVA was observed in the 3-s and 1-s groups (25.53%, 21.74%), and the highest percentage in the improvement of UDVA was observed in the 3-s group (2.96%). Axial length increased significantly in all groups (p < 0.05), and there was a low percentage increase in the 1-s and 3-s groups (0.82%). The accommodative facility was significantly improved in all experimental groups, with a higher improvement percentage in the 3-s and 1-s groups (3.01% and 2.61%, respectively). After dividing the children in each group according to their visual acuity, the KVA of children in the 1-s group was significantly improved, the UDVA of children with myopia was significantly increased, and the accommodative facility of children with mild and moderate myopia was significantly improved. Moreover, the KVA, UDVA, and accommodative facility of children with mild and moderate myopia in the 3-s group were significantly improved. The KVA of children with emmetropia and the accommodative facility of children with mild and moderate myopia in the 5-s group were also significantly increased. In school physical education classes, the 1-s, 3-s, and 5-s ciliary-muscle regulating exercise could effectively improve the kinetic visual acuity, uncorrected distance visual acuity, and accommodative facility of children aged 10-11 years. Among them, the effects of the 1-s and 3-s durations are better than that of the 5-s duration, as it can reduce the growth rate of axial length and achieve better effects among children with mild and moderate myopia.

A Comparative Study on Visual Health and Physical Activity of Chinese and Japanese Children Aged 6-12 Years.

In this study, we compare the visual acuity levels and physical activity participation of Chinese and Japanese children. We collected data on static visual acuity, kinetic visual acuity, axial length, intensity, frequency, duration, amount, and physical activity items of 431 children aged 6-12 years from Chinese and Japanese schools in the same city. Our analysis examined the relationships involving age, visual function indicators, ocular biometric parameters, and extracurricular physical activity. We found the myopia rate higher in Chinese children than in Japanese children, increasing with age except in grade 4; kinetic visual acuity in Chinese children was lower than in Japanese children (p<.01). The axial length becomes longer with age in both groups, with Chinese children having a longer axial length than Japanese children. The amount of physical activity in Chinese and Japanese children aged 6-12 years fluctuates. The frequency, duration, and physical activity items are lower in Chinese children than Japanese (p<.01). Chinese and Japanese children's overall static visual acuity development level shows a decreasing trend, and Japanese children have better kinetic visual acuity and physical activity participation than Chinese children. Physical activity could have an impact on visual acuity.

Effect of physical activity combined with extra ciliary-muscle training on visual acuity of children aged 10-11.

This study is intended for exploring the effects of the physical activity combined with extra ciliary-muscle training with different frequencies on children's kinetic visual acuity and uncorrected distance visual acuity, and eventually figuring out the optimal frequency of ciliary-muscle training for each physical education class. To do the present research, A total of 160 students aged 10–11 from a school in Suzhou (a major city located in southeastern Jiangsu Province, East China) were randomly selected and divided into control group (n = 33), 15-frequency group (n = 44), 30-frequency group (n = 40) and 60-frequency group (n = 43), and the latter three experimental groups participated in a specially designed physical activity plan based on the training principles of ciliary muscle, while the control group participated in normal physical activity as usual. The experimental intervention period was 16 weeks, and all students' kinetic visual acuity and uncorrected distance visual acuity were measured before and after the experiment. The result showed that the kinetic visual acuity of the students in the 30 and 60-frequency groups got improved significantly after the experiment (p < 0.05), with the highest improvement occurring in the 30-frequency group, while there was no significant change in the 15-frequency group and the control group; The uncorrected distance visual acuity of the students in the 30 and 60-frequency groups was significantly improved after the experiment (p < 0.05), and the improvement range in these two groups was similar. In contrast, there was no significant change in the 15-frequency group, while the control group showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05). Physical activity combined with extra ciliary-muscle training has a positive effect on improving children's vision; at the same time, ciliary-muscle training with different frequencies bring out different outcomes on children's vision improvement, among which ciliary-muscle training with frequency of 30 in each physical education class is the best choice to enhance children's kinetic visual acuity and uncorrected distance visual acuity.

Effect of Photochromic Contact Lens Wear on Indoor Visual Performance and Patient Satisfaction.

IntroductionTo quantitatively assess visual performance and patient satisfaction during photochromic contact lens (CL) wear in an indoor environment.MethodsThis observational study comprised 82 eyes of 41 healthy subjects (mean age ± standard deviation, 21.7 ± 0.7 years) who had no ophthalmic diseases except for refractive errors at Kitasato University in 2021. We prospectively compared visual acuity, kinetic visual acuity, functional (time-dependent) visual acuity, the maintaining rate of visual acuity, the response time, contrast sensitivity function, higher-order aberrations, and patient satisfaction score for overall vision in such subjects during photochromic and non-photochromic CL wear in such an environment.ResultsThe kinetic visual acuity at 30 km/h was 0.32 ± 0.21 and 0.41 ± 0.24 in the photochromic and non-photochromic CL groups, respectively (p = 0.008). The kinetic visual acuity at 60 km/h was 0.32 ± 0.21 and 0.41 ± 0.24, respectively (p = 0.034). The functional visual acuity was 0.00 ± 0.21 and 0.05 ± 0.25, respectively (p = 0.030). The average response time was 1.19 ± 0.15 s and 1.23 ± 0.15 s, respectively (p = 0.029). The patient satisfaction score for overall visual performance was 4.22 ± 0.11 and 3.59 ± 0.68, respectively (p < 0.001). Otherwise, we found no significant differences in visual acuity, the maintaining rate, higher-order aberrations, or contrast sensitivity function (p = 0.116, p = 0.053, p = 0.371, or p = 0.943). We found no apparent complications such as ocular discomfort, superficial punctate keratitis, conjunctival injection, or infectious keratitis during the observation period.ConclusionsAccording to our experience, the photochromic CL showed good visual quality, especially in terms of kinetic and functional visual acuities and subsequent high patient satisfaction, even in an indoor environment, suggesting its viability of visual correction not only in daily activities but also in indoor sports activities.

Sports and Kinetic Visual Acuity.

Kinetic vision acuity (KVA) is an index developed in Japan that refers to the capacity to recognize a moving object that moves back and forth against the observer. This review outlines the history of KVA and studies on KVA conducted at the Faculty of Health and Sports Science of Juntendo University, i.e. characteristics of KVA in athletes, factors associated with KVA, sports and age-dependent decline of KVA, and effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and astaxanthin on KVA. KVA was defined in the early 1960s, and the measurement device was invented in 1968. Studies at the Faculty of Health and Sports Science began in the 1990s. In track-and-field athletics and skeleton, a winter downhill event, higher-ranked athletes had higher KVA than lower-ranked athletes. Although KVA cannot be predicted from static visual acuity or reaction time, a significant correlation was found between KVA and the peak latency of visual-evoked potentials. KVA could not be improved by training and did not change between age of 8 and 17 years. In contrast, habitual practice in kendo may inhibit the age-dependent decline in KVA. DHA may also improve KVA in subjects with low KVA; however, astaxanthin did not improve KVA.

Optimal methods for estimating sports vision in kendo athletes

This study investigated whether the eight standard tests of sports vision used in Japan appropriately reflect sports vision; whether all eight tests are necessary; and if not, which combination yields the optimal model. Participants were kendo practitioners (exercise group, n = 41) and those with no exercise habits (non-exercise group, n = 65). The performance of the two groups on all eight tests were compared. The groups differed in static visual acuity, kinetic visual acuity, and eye/hand coordination. A high correlation (r = 0.75) was observed between static visual acuity and kinetic visual acuity, while contrast sensitivity was moderately correlated with static visual acuity and kinetic visual acuity (r = 0.6), and dynamic visual acuity was moderately correlated with eye/hand coordination (r = − 0.66). Logistic regression analysis indicated that it is not necessary to conduct all eight tests; the optimal model included static visual acuity, visual reaction time, and eye/hand coordination. Our results suggest that static visual acuity, visual reaction time, and eye/hand coordination are sufficient for assessing visual function in kendo practitioners. For other sports, it may be possible to construct discriminative models using the same method and determine which aspects of visual function and which training methods to emphasise in a given sport.

Kinetic visual acuity, stereopsis, and ocular deviation with an implantable collamer lens

To compare kinetic visual acuity, stereopsis, ocular deviation, and fusion amplitude before and after implantable collamer lens (ICL) surgery. Sanno Hospital. Retrospective analysis. The charts of adult patients who underwent implantation of an ICL with a central aquaport (V4c) for emmetropia were reviewed. The mean preoperative spherical equivalent and subjective astigmatism were -7.87 diopters (D)±3.13 (SD) and -0.75±0.78 D, respectively. All measurements were obtained with full refraction before surgery and without spectacle correction after surgery. The kinetic visual acuity was measured with the AS-4D device. Stereopsis and ocular deviation were measured with the Titmus Stereotest and an alternate prism cover test, respectively. Fusion amplitude was determined from breakpoints measured using a prism. The study comprised 29 adult patients (58 eyes). One month postoperatively, the mean safety and efficacy indices were 1.13 ± 0.20 and 0.96 ± 0.25, respectively, and 57 eyes (98.7%) were within ±0.5 D of the target correction. The mean kinetic visual acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) was 0.30 ± 0.21 preoperatively and 0.20 ± 0.15 (Snellen 20/40 versus 20/32) postoperatively and the mean stereopsis (seconds of arc), 48.5 ± 1.6 versus 41.5 ± 1.1; both improved significantly (P < .001 and P = .012, respectively). The mean distance ocular deviation (-4.0 ± 3.8 prism diopters [Δ] versus 2.8 ± 3.6 Δ; P = .002) and near ocular deviation (-6.5 ± 6.7 Δ versus 5.4 ± 6.9 Δ; P = .04) decreased significantly. The fusion amplitude increased for near vision only. ICL implantation improved kinetic visual acuity and stereopsis, decreased ocular deviation, and increased near fusion amplitude.

December consultation #5

To compare kinetic visual acuity, stereopsis, ocular deviation, and fusion amplitude before and after implantable collamer lens (ICL) surgery.Sanno Hospital.Retrospective analysis.The charts of adult patients who underwent implantation of an ICL with a central aquaport (V4c) for emmetropia were reviewed. The mean preoperative spherical equivalent and subjective astigmatism were −7.87 diopters (D) ± 3.13 (SD) and −0.75 ± 0.78 D, respectively. All measurements were obtained with full refraction before surgery and without spectacle correction after surgery. The kinetic visual acuity was measured with the AS-4D device. Stereopsis and ocular deviation were measured with the Titmus Stereotest and an alternate prism cover test, respectively. Fusion amplitude was determined from breakpoints measured using a prism.The study comprised 29 adult patients (58 eyes). One month postoperatively, the mean safety and efficacy indices were 1.13 ± 0.20 and 0.96 ± 0.25, respectively, and 57 eyes (98.7%) were within ±0.5 D of the target correction. The mean kinetic visual acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) was 0.30 ± 0.21 preoperatively and 0.20 ± 0.15 (Snellen 20/40 versus 20/32) postoperatively and the mean stereopsis (seconds of arc), 48.5 ± 1.6 versus 41.5 ± 1.1; both improved significantly (P < .001 and P = .012, respectively). The mean distance ocular deviation (−4.0 ± 3.8 prism diopters [Δ] versus 2.8 ± 3.6 Δ; P = .002) and near ocular deviation (−6.5 ± 6.7 Δ versus 5.4 ± 6.9 Δ; P = .04) decreased significantly. The fusion amplitude increased for near vision only.ICL implantation improved kinetic visual acuity and stereopsis, decreased ocular deviation, and increased near fusion amplitude.

Kinetic visual acuity is correlated with functional visual acuity at higher speeds

ObjectiveTo measure the kinetic visual acuity (KVA) which is the ability to identify approaching objects and the functional visual acuity (FVA) which is continuous VA during 1 min under binocular...

Effects of Blue Light on Dynamic Vision.

Dynamic vision is crucial to not only animals’ hunting behaviors but also human activities, and yet little is known about how to enhance it, except for extensive trainings like athletics do. Exposure to blue light has been shown to enhance human alertness (Chellappa et al., 2011), perhaps through intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which are sensitive to motion perception as revealed by animal studies. However, it remains unknown whether blue light can enhance human dynamic vision, a motion-related ability. We conducted five experiments under blue or orange light to test three important components of dynamic vision: eye pursuit accuracy (EPA, Experiment 1), kinetic visual acuity (KVA, Experiment 1 and 2), and dynamic visual acuity (DVA, Experiment 3–5). EPA was measured by the distance between the position of the fixation and the position of the target when participants tracked a target dot. In the KVA task, participants reported three central target numbers (randomly chosen from 0 to 9) moving toward participants in the depth plane, with speed threshold calculated by a staircase procedure. In the DVA task, three numbers were presented along the meridian line on the same depth plane, with motion direction (Experiment 3) and difficulty level (Experiment 4) manipulated, and a blue light filter lens was used to test the ipRGCs contribution (Experiment 5). Results showed that blue light enhanced EPA and DVA, but reduced KVA. Further, DVA enhancement was modulated by difficulty level: blue light enhancement effect was found only with hard task in the downward motion in Experiment 3 and with the low contrast target in Experiment 4. However, this blue light enhancement effect was not caused by mechanism of the ipRGCs, at least not in the range we tested. In this first study demonstrating the relationship between different components of dynamic vision and blue light, our findings that DVA can be enhanced under blue light with hard but not easy task indicate that blue light can enhance dynamic visual discrimination when needed.

Effectiveness of VR Training for Kinetic Visual Acuity in Visual Motion Task

Effectiveness of VR Training for Kinetic Visual Acuity in Visual Motion Task

젊은 근시안에서 동체시력과 동적시력의 특징

목적: 젊은 근시환자를 대상으로 동체시력(Dynamic visual acuity, DVA)과 동적시력(Kinetic visual acuity, KVA)의 특징을 알아보고, 안구 인자와 임상 검사 결과들이 동체시력과 동적시력에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 20-32세 사이의 80명 근시안을 대상으로 하였다. 동체시력과 동적시력을 측정하기 전, 나안시력과 구면등가굴절력, 안압을 측정하였고, 광학저간섭성 반사계(optical low coherence reflectometry)를 통해 안축 길이, 각막 두께, 수정체 두께, 전방 깊이, 동공크기를 측정하였으며, 빛간섭단층촬영(Cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography)을 시행하여 황반부 두께를 측정하였다. 동체시력 분석기(제작 문장일, 심현석, 김영청)와 동적시력 측정기 AS-4A (KOWA, Tokyo, Japan)를 이용하여 단안과 양안의 동체시력과 동적시력을 각각 측정하였고, 1주 후와 4주 후에 반복하여 측정하였다. 결과: 단안시와 양안시 비교에서, 단안 동체시력보다 양안 동체시력이 더 좋았으나 동적시력은 차이가 없었다. 남자가 여자보다 동체시력과 동적시력이 기준일, 1주 후, 4주 후에서 모두 우수하였다. 동체시력은 근시가 낮을수록, 안축 길이가 짧을수록, 동공 크기가 클수록 우수하였고, 동적시력은 근시가 낮을수록, 안축 길이가 짧을수록 우수하였으나 동공 크기와는 관련을 보이지 않았다. 결론: 동체시력과 동적시력은 성별, 근시 정도, 안축의 길이, 동공 크기에 따라 차이를 보였다. 동체시력과 동적시력을 측정하고자 할 때 임상적, 안구 생체 요소가 영향을 준다는 것을 고려해야 할 것이다.

Peripheral Visual Fields in ABCA4 Stargardt Disease and Correlation With Disease Extent on Ultra-widefield Fundus Autofluorescence

To evaluate the disease extent on ultra-widefield fundus autofluorescence (UWF-FAF) in patients with ABCA4 Stargardt disease (STGD) and correlate these data with functional outcome measures. Retrospective cross-sectional study. Setting: Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan. Sixty-five patients with clinical diagnosis and proven pathogenic variants in the ABCA4 gene. Observational Procedures: The UWF-FAF images were obtained using Optos (200 degrees) and classified into 3 types. Functional testing included kinetic widefield perimetry, full-field electroretinogram (ffERG), and visual acuity (VA). All results were evaluated with respect to UWF-FAF classification. Classification of UWF-FAF; area comprising the I4e, III4e, and IV4e isopters; ffERG patterns; and VA. For UWF-FAF, 27 subjects (41.5%) were classified as type I, 17 (26.2%) as type II, and 21 (32.4%) as type III. The area of each isopter correlated inversely with the extent of the disease and all isopters were able to detect differences among UWF-FAF types (IV4e, P= .0013; III4e, P= .0003; I4e, P<.0001= 3.93e-8). ffERG patterns and VA were also different among the 3 UWF-FAF types (P < .001= 6.61e-6 and P < .001= 7.3e-5, respectively). Patients with widespread disease presented with more constriction of peripheral visual fields and had more dysfunction on ffERG and worse VA compared to patients with disease confined to the macula. UWF-FAF images may provide information for estimating peripheral and central visual function in STGD.

奥行き方向の動体視力トレーニング支援システムの開発

奥行き方向の動体視力トレーニング支援システムの開発

동적시력(KVA)과 동적 입체시의 비교 평가

목적: 본 연구는 동적시력(kinetic visual acuity, KVA)과 동적 입체시(dynamic visual acuity)를 측정하여 그 상관성과 양안의 굴절부등이 KVA, 동적 입체시와 상관성이 있는지를 조사하였다. 방법: 성인 남녀 63명(남30, 여33)을 대상으로 굴절이상자는 완전교정 후 KVA 측정장치(KOWA AS-4A)와 Howard-Dolman Test(하워드-돌먼 입체검사, H-D Test)를 2.5 m 검사거리로 하여 KVA와 동적 입체시를 각각 측정하였다. 결과: KVA는 전체 평균 <TEX>$0.49{\pm}0.25$</TEX>, 남자 <TEX>$0.58{\pm}0.26$</TEX>, 여자 <TEX>$0.40{\pm}0.22$</TEX>이였고, LogMAD(Log minimum angle of displacement)동적 입체시는 전체 평균 <TEX>$1.27{\pm}0.44$</TEX>(<TEX>$28.44{\pm}25.03$</TEX>초), 남자 <TEX>$1.28{\pm}0.44$</TEX>(<TEX>$28.23{\pm}23.34$</TEX>초), 여자 <TEX>$1.27{\pm}0.45$</TEX>(<TEX>$28.63{\pm}26.83$</TEX>초)로 KVA는 남녀 간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였으나(p=0.00) 동적 입체시는 유의한 차이가 없었고(p=0.97), KVA와 동적 입체시 사이의 상관성은 크지 않았다(r=0.03). KVA를 크기에 따라 Low, Middle, High로 구분하였을 때 세 그룹간의 동적 입체시도 유의한 차이는 없었다(p=0.99). 양안의 굴절부등의 양을 1 D미만과 1 D이상 두 그룹으로 구분하였을 때 KVA와 동적 입체시는 각각 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았고(p=0.11, p=0.09), 굴절부등과 KVA(r=0.33), 동적 입체시 (r=0.18)의 각각 상관성도 크지는 않았으나 동적 입체시보다 KVA가 굴절부등과 상관성이 좀 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 성인 남녀의 KVA는 남녀 간에 유의한 차이를 보였고, 남자가 여자보다 KVA가 더 높았으며, KVA의 크기에 따른 동적 입체시, 굴절부등에 따른 KVA와 동적 입체시는 각각 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았고 상관성도 크지 않았다. Purpose: On this study, we investigated the relationship between the kinetic visual acuity (KVA) and the dynamic stereoacuity and the effects of anisometropia with measuring KVA and the dynamic stereoacuity. Methods: For 63 adults (male 30, female 33), KVA and the dynamic stereoacuity were measured by using the kinetic visual acuity tester (KOWA AS-4A) and the Howard-Dolman test (H-D test) at distance 2.5 m after conducted full correction of subjects' refractive error respectly. Results: The means of KVA were <TEX>$0.49{\pm}0.25$</TEX> for total subjects, <TEX>$0.58{\pm}0.26$</TEX> for male, <TEX>$0.40{\pm}0.22$</TEX> for female, and LogMAD (Log minimum angle of displacement) dynamic stereoacuities were <TEX>$1.27{\pm}0.44$</TEX>(<TEX>$28.44{\pm}25.03sec$</TEX> of arc) for total subjects, <TEX>$1.28{\pm}0.44$</TEX>(<TEX>$28.23{\pm}23.34sec$</TEX> of arc) for male, <TEX>$1.27{\pm}0.45$</TEX>(<TEX>$28.63{\pm}26.83sec$</TEX> of arc) for female. KVA showed a statistically significant difference between male and female (p=0.00), but dynamic stereoacuity was no significant difference (p=0.97). No significant correlation was present between KVA and dynamic stereoacuity (r=0.03). Also there were no significant differences in the dynamic stereoacuity of the three group which were classified according to the low, middle, high range of KVA (p=0.99). The anisometropia were less than 1 D and over 1 D when divided into two groups, KVA and dynamic stereoacuity showed no significant difference between each (p=0.11, p=0.99). There was no significant correlation between anisometropia and KVA (r=0.33), dynamic stereoacuity (r=0.18) but the correlation between KVA and anisometropia revealed more higer than between dynamic stereoacuity and anisometropia. Conculsions: The KVA for adults showed a significant difference between male and female and male was higher than female for KVA. The dynamic stereoacuity due to the KVA, the KVA and dynamic stereoacuity due to anisometropia were not significant differences between each and also were not great correlations.

동적시력과 대비감도의 상관관계

목적: 동적시력(Kinetic visual acuity, KVA), 대비감도(Contrast sensitivity), 정지시력(정지시각 Static visual angle, SVA) 등의 상관관계를 분석해 보고자 하였다. 방법: 안경광학과 재학생 99명(남 51명, 여 48명)을 대상으로 Topcon CV-3000 포롭터를 이용하여 완전교정 후 명소시(<TEX>$100cd/m^2$</TEX>)상태에서 Vector Vision CSV-1000E를 이용하여 2.5 m 거리에서 대비감도를 측정하였다. 또한 KVA 측정장치(KOWA AS-4A)을 이용하여 동적시력을 측정하였다. KVA 정도에 따라, 0.1~0.3 L그룹, 0.31~0.60 M그룹, 0.61 이상을 H그룹으로 분류하고 대비감도, 정지시각, 굴절이상량 등의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 결과: KVA와 대비감도의 상관성은 3 cpd r=0.26, 6 cpd r = 0.48, 12 cpd r=0.38, 18 cpd r=0.47로 저주파수인 3 cpd를 제외하고, 모두 KVA와 SVA의 상관성 r = -0.37 보다 높았다. 주파수별 대비감도는 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd에서 각각 L그룹은 59.41, 92.22, 38.41, 14.39, M그룹은 66.03, 108.78, 53.51, 19.20, H그룹은 70.90, 146.10, 62.90, 25.33이였다. 결론: KVA와 대비감도의 상관성이 SVA보다 높으며, KVA가 높은 경우 저주파수 이외에서는 대체로 대비감도가 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. Purpose: The study was to analyze the correlation between kinetic visual acuity (KVA), visual acuity(static visual angle, SVA) and contrast sensitivity. Methods: Ninety-nine undergraduate students studying Ophthalmic Optics were fully corrected by the Topcon CV-3000 Phoropter. The contrast sensitivity was measured for the participants under the photopic condition (<TEX>$100cd/m^2$</TEX>) with Vector Vision CSV-1000E at 2.5 meter, while KVA was measured with KOWA AS-4A. The participants were classified into three groups L, M and H depending on the KVA (0.1~0.3, 0.31~0.6 and greater than 0.61, respectively) and were analyzed whether there was the correlation between the contrast sensitivity, visual acuity and refractive error. Results: The KVA was correlated with the contrast sensitivity for 3 cpd (r=0.26), for 6 cpd (r=0.48), for 12 cpd (r=0.38) and 18 cpd (r=0.47). Except for the low frequency of 3 cpd, they all were higher than the one of the SVA and the KVA (r = -0.37). The contrast sensitivity for 3, 6, 12 and 18 cpd was 59.41, 92.22, 38.41 and 14.39 in the group L, respectively. The contrast sensitivity in the group M was 66.03, 108.78, 53.51 and 19.20 and the one in the group H was 70.90, 146.10, 62.90 and 25.33 for 3, 6, 12 and 18 cpd, respectively. Conclusions: The correlation of the contrast sensitivity and the KVA was higher than the one of the contrast sensitivity and the SVA. It can be assumed that the contrast sensitivity will be high if the KVA is high, except for the case for low spatial frequency.

굴절이상 교정상태에 따른 동적시력 변화

목적: 남녀 대학생의 동공크기, 손의 반응력, 굴절이상, 교정시력, 우위안, 정지시각(static visual angle, SVA), 동적시력(kinetic visual acuity, KVA)등을 비교 분석하고, 굴절이상이 완전교정 된 상태에서 남녀 대학생의 KVA를 측정하고, 완전교정상태에 구면굴절력 <TEX>${\pm}0.50 $</TEX>D를 각각 변화시켜 KVA을 측정하여 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 안경광학과 남학생 40명, 여학생 40명을 대상으로 KVA 측정장치(KOWA AS-4A)와 손의 반응력 측정 프로그램, 자 타각적 굴절검사기기 등을 이용하여 KVA, SVA, 동공크기, 손의 반응력, 굴절이상, 교정시력, 우위안 등을 측정하였고, 양안 구면굴절력을 <TEX>${\pm}0.50$</TEX> D 변화시켜 KVA를 측정하였다. 결과: 전체 대상자의 양안 KVA는 <TEX>$0.45{\pm}0.22$</TEX>이고, 단안은 우안 <TEX>$0.36{\pm}0.19$</TEX>, 좌안 <TEX>$0.34{\pm}$</TEX>0.19로 양안이 단안보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다. SVA가 좋을수록 KVA가 유의하게 좋은 것으로 나타났으며, 굴절이상은 근시량이 작을수록 KVA가 좋았으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 난시에서는 -1.00 D 이하와 초과로 나눌 때 난시가 작을수록 KVA가 유의하게 좋았다. 굴절이상 교정상태에 따른 KVA는 완전교정일 때 <TEX>$0.45{\pm}0.22$</TEX>, 완전교정에 +0.50 D 추가할 때 <TEX>$0.26{\pm}0.15$</TEX>, 완전교정에 -0.50 D 추가할 때 <TEX>$0.48{\pm}0.22$</TEX>로 근시 교정을 강하게 할 때가 유의수준에서 KVA가 가장 높게 나타났으며, 다음으로 완전교정, 근시 저교정의 순으로 낮게 나타났다. 또한 남녀로 구별하여 비교해 볼 때도 유사한 결과를 나타냈으며 남자가 여자보다 KVA가 좋은 것으로 나타났다. KVA와 우위안 비우위안 차이는 없었다. 결론: 따라서, KVA는 원거리 SVA, 난시량, 굴절이상량과 관계가 있는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 우위안과는 관계가 없었다. KVA를 높이는 굴절이상 처방은 완전교정 또는 근시방향에서 약간 과교정 하는 것이 효과적인 것을 알 수 있었다. Purpose: This study are to analyze and to compare between pupillary size, reaction time, refractive error, corrected vision, dominant eye, static visual angle (SVA) and kinetic visual acuity (KVA) of male and female college students, to measure KVA of them in full correction and to identify changes of KVA by +0.50 D and -0.50 D spherical power addition respectively in full correction condition. Methods: KVA, SVA, pupillary size, reaction time, refractive error, corrected vision and dominant eye of 40 male and 40 female optical science students were measured by utilizing KOWA AS-4A, reaction time measurement program, subjective refractometer, and objective refractometer, and KVAs were measured when +0.50 D/-0.50 D were added in both eyes respectively. Results: Binocular KVA of whole subjects was <TEX>$0.45{\pm}0.22$</TEX>, and in monocular KVAs were <TEX>$0.36{\pm}0.19$</TEX> for right eye and <TEX>$0.34{\pm}0.19$</TEX> for left eye, and binocular KVA was significantly higher than monocular KVA. It appeared that the better SVA was, the better KVA was in significant way, and in terms of refractive error the less myopia amount was, the better KVA was, but it was not significant statistically. The lower astigmatism was, the slightly and significantly higher KVA was when dividing between equal or less than -1.00 D astigmatism group and over -1.00 D astigmatism group. In resulting from correction condition of refractive error KVAs were <TEX>$0.45{\pm}0.22$</TEX> for full correction, <TEX>$0.26{\pm}0.15$</TEX> for +0.50 D addition, <TEX>$0.48{\pm}0.22$</TEX> for -0.50 D addition which indicates that KVA in over myopia correction was significantly the highest and followed by full correction and under correction. Similar findings were revealed in both male and female, and KVA of male was better than female in comparing between male and female. There was no significantly different KVA between dominant eye and non-dominant eye. Conclusions: Accordingly, it is concluded that KVA is related with far distance SVA, astigmatism amount, and refractive error amount except a dominant eye. Through this research, it was found that prescription for enhancing KVA is to make full correction or to overcorrect slightly myopia.

Intervisit Variability of Visual Parameters in Leber Congenital Amaurosis Caused byRPE65Mutations

To determine the intervisit variability of kinetic visual fields and visual acuity in patients with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) caused by mutations in the RPE65 (Retinal Pigment Epithelium-specific protein 65kDa) gene. RPE65-LCA patients (n = 20; ages 11-40 years) were studied on at least two visits separated by fewer than 120 days using Goldmann visual field (GVF) and ETDRS visual acuity (VA) in a retrospective review. GVFs were quantified by computing the spherical coordinates of their vertices and calculating the solid angle subtended, and reported in normalized solid-angle units (nsu) as a percentage of average normal field extent. Repeatability coefficients were calculated using 95% confidence intervals on log(10)-converted variables. Visual field extents in RPE65-LCA spanned a wide range from 4 to 95 nsu. The repeatability coefficient was 0.248 (log(10)nsu), suggesting cutoffs for significant change (in nsu) of +77% for improvement and -44% for worsening. VA in RPE65-LCA ranged from logMAR = 0.14 to 1.96 (20/40 to 20/1250). The repeatability coefficient was 0.170 (logMAR) (±8.5 ETDRS letters). Comparisons with published studies of ungenotyped retinitis pigmentosa showed that the RPE65-LCA patients had higher variability in kinetic field extent. VA variability in RPE65-LCA fell within reported results for retinitis pigmentosa. Variability data for GVF and VA are provided to permit interpretation of the significance of increases and decreases of these functional outcomes in ongoing and planned clinical trials of therapy for LCA caused by RPE65 mutations.

A study of static, kinetic, and dynamic visual acuity in 102 Japanese professional baseball players

BackgroundIt seemed that visual functions might have some effects on the performance of baseball players. We measured static, kinetic, and dynamic visual acuity (SVA, KVA, and DVA, respectively) of Japanese professional baseball players to ascertain whether there would be any difference in SVA, KVA, and DVA among player groups stratified according to their performance level.MethodsThe subjects were 102 male professional baseball players with a mean age of 26 years who were members of a Japanese professional baseball club from 2000 to 2009. They were stratified into three groups according to their performance level: A (players who were on the roster of the top-level team all the time throughout the study period), B (players who were on the roster of the top-level team sometimes but not all the time), and C (players who were never on the roster of the top-level team). They were interviewed for the use of corrective visual aids, and examined for SVA, KVA, and DVA. The measurements of these parameters were compared among groups A, B, and C. We also investigated and analyzed the association of KVA or DVA with player position (pitchers or fielders) and with hand dominance for batting. KVA was compared between the pitchers and the fielders because they each require different playing skills. DVA was compared between the right-handed and the left-handed batters.ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference among groups A, B, and C. There was a statistically significant difference in KVA between the pitchers and the fielders (t-test; P < 0.05) There was no statistically significant difference in DVA between the right-handed and the left-handed batters.ConclusionsThere was no significant difference in the examined visual functions among player groups with different performance levels.