Kinesthetic Aftereffect Research Articles

筋運動感覚残効が砲丸投げのパフォーマンスに及ぼす影響

The purpose of this study was to examine kinesthetic after-effects on shot-put performance. In experiment 1, involving 22 male university students, it was examined whether any kinesthetic after-effects would be evident in terms of throwing distance when shots of different weights were thrown. The results demonstrated a kinesthetic after-effect: the participants felt that it was easier to throw a standard-weight shot (4.0 kg) after throwing a heavier shot (5.45 kg), and they performed better in terms of throwing distance. However, no difference in throwing distance was evident when the standard-weight shot was thrown after throwing a lighter one (2.72 kg), although a kinesthetic after-effect was observed. In experiment 2, involving 16 male university students, it was examined whether any kinesthetic after-effect or improvement of throwing distance would result from throwing different weights of heavier shots (5.0 kg and 6.0 kg) before throwing the standard-weight shot (4.0 kg) 5 times. Kinesthetic after-effects and improvements in throwing distance were observed. However, there was no difference in the distances of the five throws corresponding to the weights of the shots. In experiment 3, involving 27 male university students, it was examined whether any kinesthetic after-effect or improvement in throwing distance would be evident when there was a difference in time interval after throwing a heavier shot (6.0 kg). Although kinesthetic after-effects and improvements in throwing distance were observed, there was no difference according to time interval. The above results suggest that shot-put performance would improve due to after-effects caused by throwing heavier shots. This improvement in performance might be explained by ‘post-activation potentiation’ and ‘perceptional illusion’ resulting from throwing heavier shots.

Kinesthetic aftereffects induced by a weighted tool on movement correction in baseball batting

We investigated the kinesthetic aftereffects of a weighted tool on interceptive performance. Eight college baseball players performed three warm-ups before the interceptive task: a normal warm-up, a recalibrated warm-up with a standard 850-g bat and a 1200-g weighted bat, and a weighted warm-up with a 1200-g bat. For the interceptive task, subjects were asked to swing the standard bat coincident with the arrival and position of a moving target. After the warm-ups with the weighted bat, participants felt that the bat was lighter and swung faster. When participants needed to correct their swings to the target’s velocity change, larger timing errors were produced in the weighted than in the normal practice condition. These results indicate that warm-ups with a weighted tool create adverse effects for the movement (re)programming processes in interceptive action. This suggests that warm-ups with a weighted tool for an interceptive task affect the central nervous system and not the peripheral system.

Sensory processing during kinesthetic aftereffect following illusory hand movement elicited by tendon vibration

We investigated how the human sensory–motor system elicits a somatosensory aftereffect. Tendon vibration of a limb excites the muscle spindle afferents that contribute to eliciting illusory movements of the limb. After the cessation of vibration, a transient sensation in which the vibrated limb returns towards its original position (kinesthetic aftereffect) is often experienced, even in the absence of the afferent inputs recruited by the vibration. We vibrated the tendon of either the right wrist extensor or flexor muscle that elicited an illusory flexion or extension movement, which was followed by its corresponding extension or flexion aftereffect. First, we psychophysically investigated how the preceding illusory movement affects the aftereffect. Second, we examined the cortico-spinal excitability during the aftereffect to evaluate its changes from the time during the illusion. We measured the amplitude of the motor-evoked potential that is evoked by a single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to the hand section of the contralateral motor cortex (M1). All 19 subjects experienced the aftereffect, and the amount of aftereffect was approximately 70% of the preceding illusion. During the illusion, the cortico-spinal excitability increased more in non-vibrated than in vibrated muscle, so as to reflect the illusory directions. During the aftereffect, the excitability was significantly reduced only in the non-vibrated muscle, with no change in the vibrated muscle, which, in turn, caused an opposite pattern in the unbalanced excitability between the two muscles, and the degree of unbalanced excitability was correlated with the sensation of aftereffect. The kinesthetic aftereffect seems to be elicited by a sensory process that is determined by the preceding illusory movements. Motor–cortical processing of the unbalanced sensory information from the stimulated and non-stimulated muscles may contribute to the elicitation of kinesthetic aftereffect.

Caffeine differentially affects kinesthetic aftereffect in high and low impulsives

The effects of caffeine on kinesthetic aftereffect (KAE) were examined. Following a between-subjects design, high and low impulsive male postgraduate students were administered placebo and four doses of caffeine (1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/kg body weight) in a laboratory situation. A double blind procedure was adopted for drug administration. The study supports the following conclusions: (1) caffeine reduces KAE in high impulsive subjects; (2) the larger dose of caffeine (4 mg/kg) enhances KAE in low impulsive subjects; (3) caffeine produces profound effects on the performance of high impulsives; (4) caffeine leads to different dose-response trends in the two groups.

Kinesthetic aftereffect and augmenting/reducing: a two-session procedure, and hence identification of stimulus-governed subjects, is contraindicated.

A few of the recent researchers of kinesthetic aftereffect (KAE) as an index of augmenting/reducing have continued to employ a two-session procedure. Findings that have accrued in the past decade indicate (a) The first administration of KAE is a reliable (internally consistent) and valid index of augmenting-reducing; (b) there are carry-over effects from the first to the second administration that bias the second session's preinduction scores; (c) KAE scores from sessions after the first do not relate to first-session scores (low retest reliability) and do not measure augmenting/reducing; and (d) unless special procedures are undertaken to avoid using the biased second- (or later-) session preinduction scores, a KAE procedure involving more than one session is contraindicated. When we reached a similar conclusion earlier (Baker et al., 1974), Petrie (1974) disagreed, arguing that a two-session procedure was needed to identify and eliminate an atypical subgroup, the "stimulus governed." The case for determining which subjects are stimulus-governed is assessed and found wanting. Except in special circumstances, a one-session KAE procedure, in which all preinduction trials precede the first exposure to aftereffect induction, is indicated.

Age Change in Kinesthetic Aftereffect in Young Adults

Prior research indicated that young adults show larger kinesthetic aftereffect than do the elderly. The present study explored whether, within a young adult sample, kinesthetic aftereffects vary with age. A significant correlation was observed between kinesthetic aftereffect scores and age for both males and females: Larger aftereffects were observed with increase in age. This finding confirms informal observations reported by Koehler and Dinnerstein (1947), the pioneer researchers into kinesthetic aftereffects.

Variations on the Petrie Aftereffect Procedure for Measuring the Augmenter/Reducer Personality Dimension

In Study I the kinesthetic aftereffect was assessed by using a wide inducing block and the Petrie (1967) measurement procedure without its initial 45-min rest period. In Study II the aftereffect was examined by employing a wide inducing block and the so-called traditional procedure (Herzog and Weintraub, 1982), following repeated inductions with a narrow inducing stimulus. In both studies, aftereffect scores generally were correlated as predicted with other indexes of the augmenter/reducer personality dimension, although the magnitudes of the relationships were somewhat lower when compared to those of typical findings. Based on research to date, suggestions are offered for increasing the magnitude of relationships between the aftereffect and questionnaire measures of augmenting/reducing.

Kinesthetic aftereffects and evoked potentials constitute parallel measures of augmenting-reducing

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Sensation seeking and augmenting-reducing: Evoked potentials and/or kinesthetic figural aftereffects?

Sensation seeking and augmenting-reducing: Evoked potentials and/or kinesthetic figural aftereffects?

The myth of kinesthetic aftereffect's nonreliability

The myth of kinesthetic aftereffect's nonreliability

Kinesthetic aftereffect: one phenomenon or two?

Kinesthetic (figural) aftereffect (KAE) studies almost always involve an aftereffect-inducing stimulus (I) that is wider or narrower than the test stimulus (T). I ≠ T has been presumed to be a necessary condition for KAE’s occurrence. We contend that this, in part, reflects researchers’ failure to use an appropriate control condition (here, I = T): Effects due to size difference and effects due to induction per se have been confounded. In a new study, which explored the relationships of I > T and I < T relative to an I = T control condition, I < T did, but I > T surprisingly did not, differ from I = T. Two different KAE phenomena apparently exist: an aftereffect induction phenomenon and a contrast effect. There is also an effect for the I = T condition of decrease in width judgments.

Kinesthetic aftereffects and individual differences in carryover effects.

Prior research has found that individual differences in long-lasting carryover effects occur in the kinesthetic aftereffect (KAE) task both when the aftereffect inducing block was wider (I greater than T) and narrower (I less than T) than the test block. The present study found that such individual differences in carryover effects also occur for a no-aftereffect-induction control condition, with a magnitude approximately equal to that found for the I greater than T and I less than KAE variants used here.

Test of the validity of the Vando R-A Scale.

The purpose of this study was to gather evidence on the validity of the Vando R-A Scale, a paper-and-pencil measure of perceptual reactance. The Vando R-A Scale and Petrie's kinesthetic aftereffect measure of perceptual reactance were administered to 46 participants drawn from university undergraduates. The Vando R-A Scale was not a valid measure of perceptual reactance. The continued use of the Vando R-A Scale as an alternate measure of perceptual reactance is contraindicated.

Perceptual reactance and criminal risk-taking

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differential perception of criminal risk by individuals identified as Reducers, Augmenters and Moderates according to their tendency to subjectively alter perceived size. Serious young offenders of both sexes have been found to be overly represented by Reducers. One possible explanation for this is that Reducers, who have a greater tolerance for pain, are less aware of the experiencing of pain by others, rendering them likely to perceive potentially criminal situations as less risky than do Augmenters. The Behavior Prediction Scale and Petrie's kinesthetic aftereffect measure of perceptual reactance were administered to 46 Ss drawn from a university undergraduate population. Reducers were found most willing to take criminal risks. Moderates unwilling to, and Augmenters least willing to. This was not due to differences in sensitivity to the experiencing of pain by others, however, contrary to expectations. The implications of these findings and suggestions for further research are discussed.

Systematic Changes in Perceptual Reactance Induced by Physical Fitness Training

The effect of life-change events on perceptual augmentation-reduction was studied in 72 subjects (40 men, 32 women). In three experiments the kinesthetic figural aftereffect was measured prior to and after either a physical fitness program, a course in yoga, or training in Transcendental Meditation. Each program lasted a minimum of 8 wk. Subjects completing fitness training, all of whom were initially classified as augmenters, became reducers by the end of their program. Subjects enrolled in yoga and meditation courses remained relatively stable in their perceptual tendencies.

Misinterpretation of instructions in an aftereffect task.

Some subjects in studies of kinesthetic aftereffect erroneously believe the task is to show the width of the aftereffect inducing rather than the standard stimulus. Although such subjects may be encountered rarely, the errors they make are very large. Precautionary steps are indicated.

Perception of the Müller-Lyer illusion for augmenters and reducers: an exploratory study.

This study examined kinesthetic aftereffect performance and accuracy in judging relative line length of the Müller-Lyer illusion. The relationship between field articulation and scanning principles identified by Gardner (1961) was not confirmed.

16 PF correlates of perceptual reactance.

College students (n = 24 males, 36 females) volunteered to take the kinesthetic figural aftereffect task and the 16 PF in a survey of state versus trait personality correlates of perceptual reactance. A reliable emergence of the trait component of perceptual reactance over trials was noted. Perceptual reducers were outgoing, affected by feelings, happy-go-lucky, practical, and undisciplined, while augmenters were reserved, stable, sober, imaginative, and controlled. Findings tend to support the trait model of perceptual reactance, with interference from a state component.

Etude des paramètres temporels dans un effet consécutif tactilo-kinesthésique

Summary : Temporal factors in a tactile-kinesthetic aftereffect. The aim of this work is to study the effect of two temporal factors (inspection time and time after inspection) on the intensity of a tactile-kinesthetic aftereffect. The subjects' task was to compare two equal weights presented simultaneously to both hands by means of a Piéron's gravimeter (test stimulus). The inspection stimulus consisted of a single presentation, during a controlled time, of two unequal weights preceding the test stimulus. The results obtained show that the intensity of the effect increases linearly with increasing inspection times, while it decreases with increasing times after inspection : this effect desappears after a period of about 20 seconds. These results are consistent with those obtained in previous works. They are interpreted here within the sensory-tonic field theory of Wapner and Werner. Key-words : Kinesthetic aftereffect.

Individual differences in stimulus intensity modulation of the elderly.

The validity of the postulated perceptual style-personality dimension of modulation (augmenting vs. reducing) of stimulus intensity previously studied with young adults was examined in two elderly samples. It was hypothesized that in the elderly Stimulus Intensity Modulation (SIM) relates to degree of social engagement (assessed both behaviorally and by self-report), perceived life difficulty, attitudes toward death, and three previously validated behaviors (desired and obtained amount of sleep, future planning, and smoking). The Kinesthetic Aftereffect (KAE) task was used as the measure of SIM. Results from multivariate analyses of variance indicated a significant relationship between KAE and the validity variables. Additional correlational analysis indicate that there is a linear relationship between KAE and each of the domains, except attitudes toward death. Results from both studies are consistent with the views that KAE indexes the postulated SIM dimension and that the SIM approach can be applied fruitfully to the study of individual differences in the elderly.