Kinesio Taping Research Articles

Effectiveness of Maitland Mobilizations Along with Kinesio Taping on Reducing Pain and Disability in Subjects with Periarthritis Shoulder

Background: Frozen shoulder is a condition in which insidious and progressive pain and loss of active and passive mobility are manifested in the glenohumeral joint, presumably due to capsular contracture. Diabetes mellitus patients are more affected. Various methods were effective in treating frozen shoulder. The present study was done in frozen shoulder patients to determine the additional effect of Kinesio taping and Maitland mobilization in managing frozen shoulder. Frozen shoulder tends to develop in three phases, coming on slowly. Each stage may last several months. Method: The present study included 30 subjects with frozen shoulder. The individuals were randomly divided into 2 groups. GROUP A-experimental group, which received Maitland mobilization and Kinesiotaping treatment, while GROUP B is the control group that received only Maitland mobilization. Both groups first received hot moist packs for 20 minutes and an ultrasound for 5 minutes. Exercises were advised. Subjects received 4 weeks of intervention for 3 days/week. Before and after the intervention, SPADI outcome measures were measured. Result: There was a significant difference showing improvement in the mean of shoulder pain and disability index scale SPADI before and within the groups with p<0.0001. There was a statistical difference when post-intervention means were compared between the groups. Conclusion: Maitland mobilization with Kinesiotaping reduces pain and disability in subjects with peri-arthritis shoulder. KEYWORDS: Frozen shoulder, Maitland mobilization, Kinesiotaping, Shoulder pain and disability index scale (SPADI).

Effects of Foot Orthoses and Kinesio Tape on Spatiotemporal and Kinetic Gait Parameters during Running in Individuals with Flatfoot

Flatfoot is a common condition that influences gait and can cause discomfort for patients under higher loaded condition, such as running. Identifying the most effective treatment necessitates a comprehensive analysis of each therapy's impact on gait. Our research delved into the effects of Foot Orthosis and Kinesio Tape on the spatiotemporal and kinetic aspects of gait in individuals with flatfoot during running. Twenty female rearfoot strike runners with flatfoot participated in the running tasks at 3.3±5% m/s on the Zebris Medical GmbH treadmill. Gait data were collected under three conditions: shoe (A), shoe with Foot Orthoses (B), and shoe with Kinesio Tape (C). A one-way repeated measures ANOVA was employed to analyzed the gait parameters during the stance phase. Under conditions B and C, the foot rotation angle significantly decreased compared to condition A. Additionally, in condition B, it was significantly lower than in condition C. Under conditions B and C, the maximum force and pressure of forefoot significantly increased, whereas it in the midfoot significantly decreased, relative to condition A. Foot Orthosis and Kinesio Tape both effectively diminished peak midfoot pressure during running. Additionally, Foot Orthosis surpassed Kinesio Tape in enhancing foot stability and function throughout the running. These findings offered valuable insights for the selection of intervention measures for patients with flat feet during running.

Effects of Kinesio-taping and rigid-taping on vertical jump in individuals with pes planus: A randomised crossover comparison.

The effects of Kinesio-taping (KT) and rigid-taping (RT) on vertical jump performance have been investigated; however, remain unclear. The study was designed to compare the effects of KT and RT on vertical jump in individuals with pes planus. A total of 74 participants were diagnosed with pes planus. The foot posture index (FPI) was used to determine pes planus. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. Before taping, the vertical jump height and power were measured using a VertiMetric device as baseline data. Jump measurement was repeated after Kinesio-taping (KT) and rigid taping (RT) application to group 1 and group 2 respectively in the first period and after crossing in the second period following a 1-week washout. Crossover and equivalence analyses were used for data analysis. KT and RT showed a statistically significant increase in jump height and power. However, the effect of the RT was higher compared to KT (p < 0.05). While both taping techniques increased jump height and power, RT was more effective than KT in improving jumping performance in individuals with pes planus, possibly because of its direct supporting function on the MLA. RT may also improve performance in various sports or clinical settings to accelerate recovery after injury or lower the risk of injury caused by poor foot posture.

Biomechanical Analysis of Rectus Femoris Kinesio Taping Effects on Post-Muscle Fatigue Stop-Jump Task Performance

Objectives: This study aims to compare the effects of kinesio tape (KT) on the rectus femoris muscle in athletes and novices under pre- and post-fatigue conditions. Methods: Nineteen male volunteers took part, and fatigue was assessed using the Borg CR10 Scale. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected using Vicon MX13+ infrared cameras (250 Hz) and Kistler force platforms (1500 Hz), respectively. Visual 3D v5.0 software analyzed the data, focusing on parameters like angular displacement, ground reaction forces (GRFs), impulse, and joint moments during a stop-jump task. A two-way mixed-design ANOVA was used to assess group, fatigue, and KT effects. Results: There was a significant effect after applying KT. The results showed significant differences in knee flexion range of motion (ROM), hip flexion moment, vertical impulse, and peak vertical GRFs between pre- and post-fatigue conditions (all p &lt; 0.05). The trained group exhibited less knee valgus ROM, higher hip flexion velocity at initial contact, and prolonged time to peak proximal tibia anterior shear force. Conclusions: KT application was found to reduce lower limb loading, improve force acceptance and joint stability, and alleviate fatigue-induced disparities. These findings highlight the potential of KT in enhancing lower limb strength and performance, particularly under fatigue.

Is Dorso-Volar Kinesiotape Added to the Home Exercise Program Effective in the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? Randomized Controlled Electrodiagnostic Study

Abstract Objective We aimed to compare the short- and medium-term efficacy of dorso-volar kinesiotape (KT) added to home exercises (HE) with sham-KT and HE alone in the treatment of mild or moderate carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in terms of pain, symptom severity, function, gripping strength, and electrophysiological parameters. Materials and Methods A total of 120 patients (99 females, 21 males) were divided into three groups dorso-volar KT and HE (n=40), sham-KT and HE (n=40), and HE (n=40). Pain (The visual analog scale [VAS]), symptom severity (Boston symptom severity scale [SSS]), functional status (Boston functional status scale [FSS]), nerve conduction study (NCS), hand, finger muscle strength were evaluated pretreatment, at the end of treatment (4th week), and in the third month posttreatment. Results There were statistically significant improvements in VAS (p&lt;0.001), Boston SSS (except HE group) (p&lt;0.001), and Boston FSS (p&lt;0.001) in all groups posttreatment compared to pretreatment, and more in the dorso-volar KT group than pretreatment and the posivite improvement continued at a decreasing rate in the third month posttreatment. At the end of treatment the dorso-volar KT group showed statistically significant improvement in Boston SSS (p&lt;0.001, p&lt;0.001) and Boston FSS (p&lt;0.001, p&lt;0.001) compared to the sham-KT and HE groups. Conclusions The combination of dorso-volar KT and HE program makes a more effective and durable contribution to the improvement of CTS symptom severity, pain and functional status, as well as handgrip strength and NCS parameters compared with sham-KT and HE program.

Three-dimensional Morphometric Analysis of the Effectiveness of Kinesio Taping on Postoperative Discomfort Following Mandibular Third Molar Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Split-mouth Study

This study investigates the efficacy of Kinesio taping (KT) in reducing postoperative discomfort, including edema, trismus, and pain, following mandibular third molar extraction. A prospective randomized split-mouth design was employed, involving 7 patients with impacted mandibular third molars. KT was applied immediately postsurgery, and outcomes were assessed on the third and seventh postoperative days using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, 3D morphometric analysis for swelling, and caliper measurements for trismus. Results showed significant reductions in pain, swelling, and trismus on the KT-treated side compared with the control side. The most notable differences were observed on day 7, where KT demonstrated superior effectiveness in alleviating symptoms. The control group showed improvement over time, but the KT-treated group experienced faster and more pronounced recovery. In conclusion, KT proved to be a safe and effective method for improving postoperative recovery following mandibular third molar surgery, offering a low-cost, accessible option to enhance patient comfort and quality of life.

Comparative analysis of Kinesio taping and dry-needling: effects on pain and disability in patients with mechanical low back pain

Background &amp; Objective: Low back pain (LBP) is an ever-increasing menace in the young men as well as women. Many factors causing it have been identified, the most common being improper spinal posture. LBP has been targeted by physicians, anesthetists, surgeons and rehabilitation medicine specialists. We compared the effects of Kinesio Taping and dry needling on pain reduction and disability improvement in patients diagnosed with mechanical chronic LBP. Method: A randomized control trial (RCT) was conducted at Rawal General and Dental Hospital and Al-Nafees hospital in Islamabad from January 2020 to October 2021. Probability-based sampling method was used to select participants for the study (simple random sampling). Thirty patients, aged 18 to 75 y were included. Sample size was calculated with Epitools. The selected patients were divided in two groups i.e., 15 patients in the Kinesio taping group (KT group) and 15 in the dry needling group (DN group). Two patients in the needling group were dropped. Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Roland-Morris Disability Index Questionnaire (RMDQ) were used to assess the pain and the disability at baseline, two weeks post-intervention and four weeks post-treatment. Chi-Square test was use to find association. Results: The mean age of the patients was 39.60 ± 13.69 y for KT group and 37.15 ± 12.54 y for DN group. The mean BMI for KT group was 27.15 ± 6.70 kg/m2 and for DN group 27.52 ± 5.13 kg/m2. Before treatment, there were no differences between the groups for NPRS and RMDQ. Both dry needling and Kinesio taping produced significant improvements in NPRS and RMDQ after two and four weeks of treatment (P &lt; 0.05). However, statistical analysis results showed that there was no association between pain and disability in patient with non-specific low back pain. (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: Both, Kinesio taping and dry needling, significantly reduced pain and disability after two- and four-weeks treatment in patients with low back pain, but there was no statistical differences between the pain and disability in both groups. Keywords: Disability; Dry Needling; Kinesio Tape; Low Back Pain; Numeric Pain Rating Scale; Physiotherapy Citation: Asad A, Irshad A, Hassan T, Kiran Q, Kouser S, Hassan F. Comparative analysis of Kinesio taping and dry-needling: effects on pain and disability in patients with mechanical low back pain. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2024;28(5):933−938; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v28i5.2561 Received: April 26, 2024; Reviewed: July 16, 2024; Accepted: July 18, 2024

The Influence of Kinesiology Tape on Posture and Breathing Mechanics in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized Trial

Background and Purpose: Kinesiology tape (KT) has been used clinically to improve posture, mobility, and muscle strength. Limited research has investigated the effect of KT on respiratory function. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of KT on posture and breathing in healthy individuals. Methods: Ninety-two adult participants were randomly assigned to a KT, sham tape (ST), or control group. Data collection occurred over 2 sessions. Baseline measurements included chest wall expansion (CWE) at the sternal angle (SA) and xiphoid process (Xi), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and tragus (TWD) and acromion (AWD) to wall distances. Next, KT or ST was applied to the upper back and neck, or no tape was applied based on group assignment. Measurements were then repeated. Participants returned for a final round of measurements 48 hours later. Mixed-measures ANOVAs were used to determine the influence of tape at baseline (T0), immediately post-taping (T1), and 48 hours post-taping (T2). Post hoc analyses used the Tukey method. Results: Analysis showed significant differences between T0 and T1 (P = .004) and between T1 and T2 (P = .004) for AWD on the left. CWE-Xi data showed within group differences T0-T2 (P = .004) and T1-T2 (P = .004). MIP data showed within group differences between T0 and T1 (P = .001), T0 and T2 (P &lt; .001), and T1 and T2 (P &lt; .001). Discussion: KT had a limited and inconsistent impact on posture where there was a decrease in AWD on the left from T0 to T1 and then an increase from T1 to T2. No other changes in posture were found. Taping did not affect CWE at the SA. There was an evident training effect for CWE-Xi and MIP, where all groups saw increases over time. Conclusion: This method of KT application is not supported as an intervention for influencing posture and enhancing inspiratory breathing mechanics in healthy adults. Further investigation of KT in other populations is needed.

Three-Dimensional Assessment of the Effects of Kinesio Taping on Mandibular Condylar Volume with Skeletal Class II Malocclusions

This study aimed to perform a three-dimensional assessment of the effects of Kinesio taping (KT) on mandibular condylar volume during Twin Block (TB) appliance therapy in individuals with skeletal Class II malocclusions. Thirty children (16 female, 14 male) aged between 10 and 15 years (12.80 ± 1.08) who were scheduled for TB therapy were randomly assigned to two groups of 15 patients each. One group (Group 1) received KT on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) area with TB therapy while the other group (Group 2) only received the TB. KT was applied in cycles of 3 days, followed by 1 day off for 3 months. All patients underwent computed tomography (CT) scanning before KT and TB therapy (T0) and 3 months later (T1). Changes in right and left condylar volumes were measured (cm3) using a GE Advantage Workstation (General Electric Medical Systems, USA) and compared between the two groups using the Mann–Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The KT group showed a significant differences in condylar volumes for both right (mean 0.13; p = 0.015; [0.04: 0.22]) and left condyle (0.30; p = 0.001; [0.18: 0.42]) from baseline (T0) to 3 months (T1). The comparisons between Group 1 and Group 2 revealed no statistically significant difference in initial and final condylar volumes for both the right (0.13; p &gt; 0.05; [−0.16: 0.09]) and the left condyle (0.30; p &gt; 0.05; [−0.04: 0.42]). Kinesio taping, which demonstrated a relative and slight increase on condylar volume, may provide clinical benefits such as a reduction in the duration of functional appliance use, decreased risk of relapse, and effective correction of overjet.

Immediate Effects of Kinesio Tape and Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization on Pain and Proprioception in Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare the immediate effects of single-session Kinesio Tape (KT) and instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) interventions on pain and proprioception in patients with chronic neck pain (CNP). MethodsForty patients with CNP aged 21 to 44 years were included in this study. The participants were divided into 2 groups as the IASTM and KT groups. The participants in the KT group took part in one session of KT application to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, while those in the IASTM group took part in one session of IASTM application to the same muscles. The pain levels of the participants during activity were recorded using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and their cervical region proprioception levels were assessed using the Cervical Range of Motion device. Pain severity and proprioception were assessed before and after the interventions. ResultsNo statistically significant difference was found between the pretreatment pain and proprioception values of the 2 groups (P > .05). After the treatments, there was a significant improvement in proprioception in both groups (P ≤ .001). Similarly, there was a significant improvement in VAS values in both groups after the treatments (P ≤ .001). The VAS and proprioception values of the 2 groups were not significantly different in the post-treatment measurements (P > .05). ConclusionIt was concluded that the IASTM and KT interventions had an immediate effect on pain and proprioception in the participants who had CNP, while neither intervention was superior to the other.

Effectiveness and clinical relevance of kinesio taping in musculoskeletal disorders: a protocol for an overview of systematic reviews and evidence mapping.

Kinesio taping (KT) has been extensively applied in the management of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Although plentiful systematic reviews (SRs) have evaluated its efficacy, there are no convincing conclusions due to dispersed and inconclusive results, and its clinical relevance remains unclear. Hence, there is a need to summarise all the SRs for comprehensive and consistent evidence. This overview aims to appraise the overall effectiveness of KT in MSDs and provide evidence maps to visualise the findings. Electronic databases (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE, Embase, Epistemonikos, PEDro, Scopus and ISI Web of Science) and reference lists will be searched from inception to September 2024 for the SRs of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The SRs involving comparisons of the effectiveness between single or adjunctive KT and other interventions for patients with MSDs will be included. The primary and additional outcomes to be considered will be the core outcome set, and the patient-reported outcome measure and patient-important outcome, respectively. Two reviewers will independently screen and select studies, extract the data and evaluate the reporting and methodological quality of eligible SRs as well as the risk of bias of included RCTs. For the SRs without meta-analysis, we will collate the number of RCTs that showed any differences in outcomes. For the SRs with meta-analysis, we will provide the original summary of evidence (eg, pooled effects and heterogeneity) for outcomes with an evaluation of missing results and clinical relevance. The certainty of each outcome will be measured, and user-friendly maps of findings will be presented graphically. Formal ethical approval for this study is not required since the data will be only collected from published literature in public databases. The results will be disseminated in the peer-reviewed academic journal, and relevant datasets will be preserved in the online repository. CRD42024517528.

Comparing repeated end range movements and Kinesio taping effects on head and neck movement pattern and discomfort in smartphone users

IntroductionUsing smartphones has increased exponentially, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is a relationship between neck flexion angle during working with a smartphone and neck musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, this study compares the effect of Kinesio taping and Repeated End Range Movements (RERM) on head and neck flexion angles changes during texting and discomfort after texting with a smartphone. MethodTwenty-four smartphone users participated in this cross-over study. All of 24 subjects were experimented with the control, RERM and taping conditions. They filled Numeric Rating Scale questionnaire before and after 30 min of texting. In addition, their head and neck flexion angles were measured during the task by photogrammetry. ResultsIn the RERM group, individuals felt significantly less discomfort than the control group after the task (P = 0.032). Although the slope of average head and neck flexion angles linear regression lines of all the three groups was positive before the break time, it became negative in the taping and control groups after the break time. In addition, the linear regression of average head and neck flexion angles of the RERM group was significantly different (P < 0.001). ConclusionRERM can effectively maintain normal head and neck movement pattern during and reduce neck discomfort after texting on smartphone.

Effect of Kinesio Taping on Spasticity and Postural Control in Stroke Patients with Hemiplegic Foot

Effect of Kinesio Taping on Spasticity and Postural Control in Stroke Patients with Hemiplegic Foot

Self-powered highly stretchable ferroelectret nanogenerator towards intelligent sports

Ferroelectret nanogenerators (FENGs), recognized for their porous structures that facilitate charge retention, thereby creating giant electric dipoles and exhibiting remarkable piezoelectric properties, are utilized in the development of various flexible transducers. However, despite their flexibility, most developed ferroelectret nanogenerators lack adequate stretchability and satisfactory transverse piezoelectric properties, significantly inhibiting their widespread deployment in wearable or skin-mounted electronics. Here, we introduce a highly stretchable ferroelectret nanogenerator (HS-FENG) built from laser-induced graphene (LIG), Ecoflex and anhydrous ethanol, demonstrating exceptional flexibility and stretchability, along with longitudinal and transverse piezoelectric effects. The stretchability of HS-FENG can reach a record of 468 %, while the quasi-static piezoelectric coefficients d33 and d31 are approximately 120 pC/N and 70 pC/N, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the developed FENG with remarkably high stretchability. Furthermore, leveraging the performance of the created HS-FENG, we construct a skin-mounted intelligent kinesiology tape capable of effectively monitoring motion signals from human muscles and joints, thereby offering a deeper understanding of movement for users across different levels of physical activity, from professional athletes to individuals undergoing rehabilitation. The development of intelligent kinesiology tape exemplifies the potential of HS-FENG technology in enhancing professional athletic training and personalized healthcare. It contributes to the advancement of inconspicuous skin-mounted biomechanical feedback systems and human-machine interfaces, marking progress in the field.

The effectiveness of kinesio taping in addition to conventional treatment in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial

Aims: This study aimed to compare the effects of kinesio taping in combination with conventional treatment on pain intensity, lumbar range of motion (ROM) and flexibility, disability, and depression levels in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) with conventional treatment alone. Methods: The 48 individuals with CLBP included in the trial were randomized into the control group (CG, n=24) and the kinesio taping group (KTG, n=24). The CG received only conventional treatment for four weeks, while the KTG received kinesio taping for four weeks in addition to conventional treatment. Before and after the four-week treatment periods, patients were assessed with respect to pain intensity (visual analogue scale), lumbar ROM (goniometric measurement), flexibility (hand-ground distance), disability (Oswestry disability index), and depression (Beck depression inventory). Results: After the treatment programs, there were significant improvements in pain intensity, lumbar ROM and flexibility, disability, and depression levels in both the CG and KTG groups (p

Tension-Free Weight-Bearing Model of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head in Rats.

Unlike humans, rats are animals that walk on all fours, while humans are bipedal animals that stand, and the hips are subjected to tremendous pressure when walking and standing. In rat steroid-induced femoral head necrosis models, the biomechanical characteristics of the human hip under higher pressure often need to be simulated. Some scholars try to emulate the state of human hip pressure by making rats bear a certain weight, but fixing the weight-bearing object on the rat is tough. Rats can easily break free of immobilization, and sticking the weight on the rats with adhesive tape will cause the rats to suffocate or die from intestinal obstruction. Our research group used elastic therapeutic tape to perform tension-free immobilization of weight-bearing objects in rats so that the rats could breathe freely and not break away from the immobilization under weight-bearing conditions. Compared to the usual steroid-induced femoral head necrosis rat model, we found that this weight-bearing intervention can aggravate the progression of femoral head necrosis in rats.

Effectiveness of Kinesio Taping in Acute Musculoskeletal Injuries in the Emergency Department: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study

Effectiveness of Kinesio Taping in Acute Musculoskeletal Injuries in the Emergency Department: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study

Ionic aggregates induced room temperature autonomous self-healing elastic tape for reducing ankle sprain

Traditional kinesiology tape (KT) is an elastic fabric tape that clinicians and sports trainers widely use for managing ankle sprains. However, inadequate mechanical properties, adhesive strength, water resistance, and micro-damage generation could affect the longevity of the tape on the skin during physical activity and sweating. Therefore, autonomous room-temperature self-healing elastomers with robust mechanical properties and adequate adhesion to the skin are highly desirable to replace traditional KT. Ionic aggregates were introduced into the polymer matrix via electrostatic attraction between polymer colloid and polyelectrolyte to achieve such elastic tape. These ionic aggregates act as physical crosslink points to enhance mechanical properties and dissociate at room temperature to provide self-healing functions. The obtained elastic tape possesses a tensile strength of 3.7 MPa, elongation of 940 %, toughness of 16.6 MJ∙m−3, and self-healing efficiency of 90 % for 2 h at room temperature. It also exhibits adequate reversible adhesion on the skin via van der Waals force and electrostatic interaction in both dry and wet conditions. The new elastic tapes have great potential in biomedical engineering for preventing and rehabilitating ankle sprain.

Effect of Pediatric Physical Therapy Interventions on Congenital Muscular Torticollis: A Systematic Review.

This review explores the current pediatric physiotherapy approaches for treating infants with congenital muscular torticollis (CMT). CMT is a common musculoskeletal condition characterized by an unequal position of the neck due to unilateral shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Our comprehensive literature search assessed articles published between 2014 and March 2024. The review emphasizes various pediatric physical therapy interventions, such as manual therapy, stretching, soft tissue mobilization techniques, kinesio taping, and microcurrent therapy, along with parental education. The effectiveness of these interventions was assessed in terms of improving the cervical range of motion, reducing muscle tightness, correcting head posture, and improving functional outcomes in infants with CMT. The review underlines the need for early diagnosis and prompt initiation of physiotherapy interventions in order to improve treatment outcomes and reduce long-term musculoskeletal complications associated with CMT. Future research directions are also highlighted to improve our understanding and treatment of this common pediatric condition.

Evaluating the Impact of Posterior Edentulism on Temporomandibular Disorder-Related Bruxism, Tinnitus, and Depression

Purpose: The impact of posterior edentulism on the management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) remains unclear, with a paucity of studies examining the influence of posterior edentulism on TMD symptoms. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between posterior edentulism and bruxism, tinnitus, and depression in TMD patients and to compare treatment outcomes in two groups with and without posterior edentulism. Material and methods: In a quasi-experimental controlled trial, 26 patients with TMD participated in a six-week intervention, including manual therapy, massage, postural exercises and kinesio taping. The patients were divided into 13 in the posterior edentulous group and 13 in the full dentate group. The participants attended 12 physiotherapy sessions, twice a week, over six weeks. Outcome measures, including bruxism, tinnitus, joint clicking, Beck Depression Inventory, and cervical range of motion, were evaluated at baseline and the end of the six weeks. Results: The six-week physiotherapy program significantly improved bruxism, tinnitus, cervical range of motion, and depression (p