Kinematic Viscosity Data Research Articles

Reporting of experimental viscosity data and modeling of transport properties of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-methoxypropane (HFE-356mmz) using extended corresponding states (ECS) and residual entropy scaling (RES) technique

As a novel low GWP working fluid 1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-methoxypropane (HFE-356mmz) is regarded as a promising candidate for high-temperature heat pumps and organic Rankine cycle. Recently, the experimental kinematic viscosity and thermal conductivity data of HFE-356mmz were published in the literature. However, at the time of that publication it was not possible to develop any mathematical model of the transport properties due to unavailability of an equation of state. In this work, we report dynamic viscosity data of HFE-356mmz together with mathematical models for dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity using the extended corresponding states (ECS) and the residual entropy scaling (RES) technique. With R134a used as the reference fluid for ECS method, the transport shape factors and the other adjustable parameters were calculated by utilizing latest multi-parameter Helmholtz-energy-explicit-type equations of state for HFE-356mmz. Furthermore, slight modification of the original RES method has been adopted that removes the implicit dependency on the tuned ECS method. By using the adjustable parameters, the tuned ECS and RES transport equations can represent the experimental data within reported uncertainties. The average absolute deviations (AAD) for viscosity and thermal conductivity were found to be 0.85% and 0.76% using the tuned ECS and 0.83% and 0.44% using the modified RES method respectively.

Thermodynamics, excess properties, spectra and computational chemistry of 1,2-propanediol + 1,2-propane diamine binary system

The basic density ( ρ ), kinematic viscosity ( v ) and surface tension ( γ ) data of the 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PPD) (1) + 1,2-propane diamine (1,2-PDA) (2) binary system at T = (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K were reported under atmospheric pressure (889 hectopascals in Hohhot, China). After that, the absolute viscosity ( η ), excess volume ( V m E ), viscosity deviation (Δ η ), surface tension difference (Δ γ ), apparent molar volume ( V φ,1 and V φ,2 ), partial molar volume ( V 1 ¯ and V 2 ¯ ), isothermal expansion coefficient ( α p ) and excess Gibbs free energy ( ΔG *E ) of the binary system were further calculated. Meanwhile, the Redlich-Kister (R-K) equations were fitted to V m E , Δ η , and Δ γ values, and the corresponding equation coefficients were obtained to estimate the errors between the experimental and calculated values. Finally, the binary system was characterized by FTIR, UV-vis, FLS, 1 H NMR, Raman spectroscopic techniques, and the bond energy and bond length between molecules were calculated by Gaussian 09 software to discuss the intermolecular interaction between 1,2-PPD and 1,2-PDA. The results show that hydrogen bonding interaction does exist among molecules in the form of -O H···N-. Herein, the work provides a basis for engineering design and also provides fundamental data for the application of the binary system.

Comparison of volatility characteristics and temperature-dependent density, surface tension, and kinematic viscosity of n-butanol-diesel and ABE-diesel fuel blends

Climate strategies and targets are impossible to meet with the continuously expanding energy and transportation sectors without renewable liquid fuels. Butanol is a potential alternative fuel, however, its production cost is currently high. Therefore, acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE), an intermediate fermentation product, can also be used as fuel, which is economically more competitive. This paper provides temperature-dependent measurement data of material properties of various n-butanol and ABE blends with EN 590 diesel fuel. The key findings are the following. Distillation curves and initial boiling points match up to 25% volume fraction of biofuel for n-butanol and ABE blends. Initial boiling point decreases exponentially with biofuel content and has no considerable change above 25% and 50% biofuel volume fraction for n-butanol and ABE blends, respectively. Curve fitting was performed for initial boiling point, density, surface tension, and kinematic viscosity data to provide an empirical model for simulations. The simple mixing rule was applicable to density and surface tension. Nissan-Grunberg equation for viscosity is only recommended with the binary interaction parameter that is negative for n-butanol and positive for ABE blends. Ohnesorge number has a minimum at 25% n-butanol volume fraction, showing a minimum in average droplet size, which is optimal for clean operation.

Solid-liquid equilibrium and kinematic viscosity of binary mixture of fatty acid alkyl esters

The separation and recovery of fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE) is of great significance for various industries. Crystallization is a well-suited separation process for fatty acid mixtures which may be evolved by the understanding of solid-liquid equilibrium (SLE). The SLE and kinematic viscosity (v) at (T=298.15–318.15 K) and (P=0.1 mPa) for binary mixture of FAAE: methyl decanoate (1)+ethyl decanoate or methyl dodecanoate or methyl tetradecanoate (2) has been studied. The deviation in kinematic viscosity (Δv) data was derived using experimental v data. The measured SLE exhibit general single eutectic point like other organic mixtures. The SLE data fit well with universal quasi-chemical (UNIQUAC) equation. The v values were interrelated using different equations recommended by Heric-Brewer, Krishnan-Ladda, and Lulian et al. Theoretically estimated values using these empirical equations are in accordance with the experimental values with percentage standard deviation less than 0.35. The v were also analyzed by means of the McAllister equation. The Δv data were also fitted with the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation. All three binary mixtures showed negative Δv values.

Aqueous viscosity of carbohydrates: Experimental data, activity coefficient modeling, and prediction with artificial neural network-molecular descriptors

Food waste is a rich source of carbohydrates. This material can be reprocessed in order to produce purified compounds or other materials with high added value. The implementation of processes that enable this transformation depends on kinematic viscosity data and robust mathematical modeling. In order to meet part of this demand, the objective of this work was to study the kinematic viscosity of binary and ternary solutions involving sucrose, sorbitol, xylose and xylitol in the temperature range between 303.15 K and 363.15 K at concentrations of 0.5 mol‧kg−1 to 3.0 mol‧kg−1. In the correlation of experimental data, the Eyring equation was associated to the Margules, van Laar, Wilson and NRTL models. In the simulation, an artificial neural network associated with molecular descriptors was developed. The experimental results showed to be dependent on the number of OH groups present in the sugar. The mathematical modeling proved to be efficient in the treatment of the experimental data, with the NRTL model being the one with the best performance. Artificial neural networks were satisfactory in the simulation of the data, with the 7–7–5-1 architecture being the one with the best data prediction capacity.

Measurement and modelling of solid-liquid equilibria, density and viscosity of fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters

The solid-liquid equilibria (SLE), densities and viscosities of few selective methyl or ethyl esters, required for the reformulation of biodiesel fuel, have been studied at different temperatures and at atmospheric pressure 0.1 MPa. The SLE, density (ρ) and kinematic viscosity (ν) of ethyl decanoate (1) + methyl laurate (2) or methyl myristate (2) binary systems were measured at different temperatures from 298.15 K to 318.15 K and were further used to derive other thermodynamic properties like excess molar volume (VmE) and deviations in dynamic viscosity (Δη). The experimental SLE data showed single eutectic point and correlated well with common nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) and universal quasi-chemical (UNIQUAC) equations. The kinematic viscosity (ν) data were best correlated with McAllister equation and deviations in dynamic viscosity (Δη) were described by Singh approach whereas excess molar volume (VmE) data were predicted well with Prigogine–Flory–Patterson (PFP) theory for the composition x1 ≤ 0.5634. The derived thermodynamic properties were also correlated with Redlich-Kister polynomial.

Investigation of the Effects of Acid Content and Annealing on the Properties of Nanostructured TiO2 Sol

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) sol was prepared using tetrabutyl titanate as a precursor via an acid catalyzed sol-gel process. Investigation of the effects of acid content and annealing on the properties of nanostructured TiO2 materials. The influence of acid content on the sol density, viscosity, stability and particle size were studied and based on the kinematic viscosity data, Gibbs energies of activation for viscous flow (ΔG*) were also calculated. Furthermore, the prepared samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. The results showed that the increase of acid content nearly had no obvious influence on the chemical structure of TiO2 sol. With the increase of annealing temperature, titanium dioxide changes from amorphous phase to crystalline phase, anatase coexists with rutile at 600 °C, sample absorbance increases, and the edge of UV-Vis spectra shows red shift. Ti-O-Ti bond is the main structure of TiO2 sol, and the formed TiO2 molecule has linear structure.

Proton-transfer in 1,1,3,3 tetramethyl guanidine by means of ultrasonic relaxation and Raman spectroscopies and molecular orbital calculations.

In this work, we report on the structure and dynamics of the 1,1,3,3 tetramethyl guanidine (TMG) aqueous solutions in a wide concentration and temperature range by combining vibrational and ultrasonic spectroscopies. The experimental Raman spectra have been compared with the corresponding spectra obtained by ab initio quantum mechanical and density functional theory electronic structure calculations. This comparison indicated that only a single mechanism occurs when dissolving TMG in water and this is the proton transfer reaction, while the formation of byproducts during hydrolysis of TMG is dubious. This observation is further supported by the concentration dependence of the Raman spectra. The analysis of the ultrasonic relaxation data also revealed that the system exhibits a single relaxation process associated with this proton transfer reaction. It has been also observed that both relaxation amplitude and frequency exhibit a clear monotonous increase with increasing amine concentration in the solutions supporting the concept of the proton transfer reaction. The corresponding activation enthalpy was estimated directly from the temperature dependence of the acoustic data and found equal to ΔH*=5.56±0.34kcal/mol, which seems to be reasonable for hydrogen-bond formation. Furthermore, the concentration dependence of the acoustic parameters and kinematic viscosity data has been used as a probe for the molecular association in these solutions. The results have been discussed in relation to the ability or inability of water molecules to form stable clathrates after the addition of amine molecules in the solutions.

Density, viscosity and intermolecular interaction of polyethylene glycol 300 + N, N-Dimethylformamide binary mixture

ABSTRACT The density (ρ) and kinematic viscosity (v) data of polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG) + N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) binary mixture were determined under atmospheric pressure and six temperatures of T = (293.15–318.15) K. From these experimental results, the thermodynamic parameters like excess molar volume (V m E), apparent molar volume (Vφ, 1 and Vφ, 2) and partial molar volume ( and ), viscosity deviation (Δη) and excess Gibbs activation free energy (ΔG*E) were systemically counted, in which the standard deviation between the experimental and calculated data was estimated by fitting the Redlich-Kister formula. The intermolecular interaction of DMF with PEG was analysed by FTIR and UV-vis spectral technologies.

Measurement and modeling of viscosity for binary mixtures of diisopropyl ether with n-alkanes (C7–C10)

The kinematic viscosity (ν) of binary mixture of diisopropyl ether+n-heptane or n-octane or n-nonane or n-decane was measured at 298.15 K, 308.15 and 318.15 K. Using experimental data, the deviation in kinematic viscosity (Δν) was calculated. The Δν follows the sequence: n-heptane<n-octane<n-nonane<n-decane. The kinematic viscosity data were correlated by using various empirical equations suggested by Heric-Brewer, Krishnan-Ladda, Lulian et al. Predicted data using these empirical equations agree well with the experimental data. Kinematic viscosity data was also analyzed by applying the McAllister equation. Dynamic viscosity (η) for binary mixture of diisopropyl ether (DIPE)+n-heptane or n-octane was calculated using density data reported in earlier papers. Deviation in dynamic viscosity (Δη) was also calculated. Bloomfield and Dewan model was used to predict dynamic viscosity, and the predicted values agree well with experimental data for the present binary systems. The Δν and Δη values were fitted to Redlich-Kister polynomial equation. The effect of temperature on kinematic viscosity was also studied.

Effect of water content on the performance and structure of nanosized TiO2 sol

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) sol was prepared using tetrabutyl titanate as a precursor via an acid catalyzed sol–gel process. The influence of water content on the sol density, viscosity, stability and particle size were studied and based on the kinematic viscosity data, Gibbs energies (ΔG*) of activation of the viscous flow was also calculated. Furthermore, the obtained TiO2 materials were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results showed that, with the increase of water content, the sol viscosity and zeta potential were increased and the particle size distribution was narrow. When the molar ratio of H2O/Ti reached 4, the prepared sol was transparent, uniform and stable, and the sol average particle size gets the minimum. Ti–O–Ti bond was the primary structure of TiO2 sol and the formed titanium molecules possessed the line-typed structure. The increase of water content nearly had no obvious influence on the chemical structure of sol. The TiO2 gel material was the amorphous state and it turned into anatase type after calcination at 350°C.

DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW CORRELATION TO PREDICT VISCOSITY OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS

Knowledge of temperature dependence of liquid viscosity plays an important role in a variety of engineering problems in oil and gas transportation. In this work an experimental database was established, which consists of kinematic viscosity for several petroleum fractions in kerosene and gas oil ranges. A new correlation was developed to predict the effect of temperature on Kinematic Viscosity of petroleum fractions of a wide boiling range from 30 to 200 C. This correlation is based on the correlation of viscosity of pure hydrocarbons that had been developed by Mehrotra (1995). Fitting parameters have been evaluated for 235 experimental data points from 31 true boiling point fractions of Libyan crude oils and for 144 data points Arab heavy, Arab medium, and Arab Berri crude oils. In addition, fitting parameters have also been evaluated for both Libyan and Arabian and other world crude-oil fractions. The proposed correlation fits the kinematic viscosity data with an overall average relative error of 2.7 % for the 33 Libyan crude oil fractions and 2.4 % for the 167 Arabian crude oils fractions, and 3.0 % for the 35 other world fractions.

Densities and Viscosities for Binary Liquid Mixtures of Butan-1-ol + Propane-1,2-diol, + Butane-1,2-diol and 2-Methylpropan-1-ol + Propane-1,2-diol, + Butane-1,2-diol from 298.15 to 333.15 K at 0.1 MPa

This paper presents densities and viscosities of binary mixtures of butan-1-ol (or 2-methylpropan-1-ol) with propane-1,2-diol, and butane-1,2-diol from 298.15 to 333.15 K at 0.1 MPa over the entire concentration range. A vibrating tube densimeter provides the densities while a glass capillary viscometer provides the efflux time which is related with the kinematic viscosity. Experimental densities and viscosities of the pure components agree with data reported in the literature within an average absolute percentage deviation of 0.03% and 1.16%, respectively. The excess molar volumes and viscosity deviation calculated from experimental data present negative deviations from ideality in the entire temperature range. The Redlich–Kister equation is used to represent the composition behavior of excess molar volumes and the viscosity deviations. The Nava-Rios equation correlates our kinematic viscosity data within an overall average absolute percentage deviation of 1.085% while the McAllister equation correlates the kinematic viscosity within 1.541%.

Excess properties and spectroscopic studies for a binary system of polyethylene glycol 200 and N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone at different temperatures

Abstract This work reports density (ρ) and viscosity (η) data for binary system of polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG) and N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) over the whole concentration range, at 288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, and 308.15 K as a function of composition at atmospheric pressure. From the experimental density and viscosity data, excess molar volume (V m E ), viscosity deviation (Δη) and the excess Gibbs free energies of activation for viscous flow (ΔG* E ) were calculated, and the results were fitted to a Redlich– Kister equation to obtain the coefficients and estimate the standard deviations between the experimental and calculated quantities. Based on kinematic viscosity ( ϑ ) data, enthalpy of activation for viscous flow (ΔH*), entropy of activation for viscous flow (ΔS*), and Gibbs energies of activation for viscous flow (ΔG*) were also calculated. In addition, the interactions between the unlike molecules of the PEG and NMP which were supported by FTIR spectra for the binary system of PEG and NMP were studied.

Density, viscosity and excess properties for the binary system 2-butoxy ethanol + water at T = (298.15–318.15) K and mixture’s spectroscopic studies

ABSTRACTThis report presents the density and viscosity data of binary system 2-butoxy ethanol (BOE) + water (H2O) over the entire composition range at T = (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K. On the basis of density and viscosity values, the excess molar volumes (), viscosity deviations (∆ν) and excess Gibbs free energies of activation (ΔG*E) were calculated. The computed results were fitted with the Redlich–Kister equation to derive the coefficients and estimate the standard deviations between the experimental and calculated values. The values of were negative, whereas the values of ∆ν were positive over the entire composition range. On the basis of the kinematic viscosity data, enthalpies, entropies and Gibbs energies of activation for the viscous flow were also calculated. Moreover, the intermolecular interaction of BOE with H2O was discussed on the basis of UV-Vis and FTIR spectral data.

Prediction and Optimization of the Effects of Combining Ultrasonic Waves and Solvent on the Viscosity of Residue Fuel Oil by ANN and ANFIS

In the present work, the influences of temperature, solvent concentration and ultrasonic irradiation time were numerically analyzed on viscosity reduction of residue fuel oil (RFO). Ultrasonic irradiation was applied at power of 280 W and low frequency of 24 kHz. The main feature of this research is prediction and optimization of the kinematic viscosity data. The measured results of eighty-four samples, including 336 data points, were developed by artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The ANN predictions were also compared with the ANFIS approach by means of various descriptive statistical indicators, including absolute average deviation (AAD), average relative deviation (ARD) and coefficient of correlation (R2). The AAD and R2 of the developed ANN model for kinematic viscosity prediction of overall set were 0.0107 and 0.99384, respectively. On the other hand, for ANFIS approach, the AAD of 0.02112 and R2 of 0.99279 were attained. Although accuracy and precision of the ANN model were more than the ANFIS approach, it has been illustrated that the proposed ANN and ANFIS models have a superior performance with acceptable errors on the RFO kinematic viscosity estimation. Findings of this research clearly revealed that the neural network and neuro-fuzzy approaches could be successfully employed for prediction and optimization of kinematic viscosity of RFO and high viscosity materials in oil processes.

Solubility and Spectral Investigation of Dilute SO2 in the Binary System Polyethylene Glycol 600 + Water and System’s Density, Viscosity, and Surface Tension

Isothermal gas-liquid equilibrium (GLE) data were measured for dilute SO2 in the binary system polyethylene glycol 600 (PEG) + H2O at T = 298.15 K and p = 122.66 kPa, in which SO2 partial pressures were calculated in the range of (0 to 140) Pa. Based on the fitting GLE data, Henry’s law constants (Hx) of dilute SO2 in various PEG (1) + H2O (2) mixtures were obtained. Meanwhile, densities, viscosities, and surface tension of the binary system PEG (1) + H2O (2) were also measured over the whole concentration range at T = (298.15 to 323.15) K. From density and viscosity data, the excess molar volumes (VmE) and viscosity deviations (Δη) were calculated. Based on kinematic viscosity data, the enthalpy of activation for viscous flow (ΔH*) and entropy of activation (ΔS*) for the viscous flow were also obtained. Additionally, the important intermolecular interaction among PEG, H2O and SO2 were investigated using UV-Vis, FTIR, and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. Spectral results showed that the interaction between PEG and H2O resulted from hydrogen bonding, and the interaction of PEG with SO2 resulted from both the O→S charge-transfer interaction and intermolecular hydrogen bonding.

Excess Properties and Spectroscopic Studies for Binary System of Polyethylene Glycol 200 (1) + Dimethyl Sulfoxide (2) at T = (298.15 to 318.15) K

This work reports density and viscosity data for binary system of polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG) (1) + dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (2) over the whole concentration range at T = (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15) K as a function of composition under atmospheric pressure. From experimental density and viscosity data, the excess molar volume (VmE), viscosity deviation (Δη), the excess Gibbs free energies of activation for viscous flow (Δ(G*)E), and the apparent molar volumes (Vφ,i) were calculated. The VmE, Δη, and Δ(G*)E were fitted to a Redlich–Kister equation to obtain the coefficients and to estimate the standard deviations between the experimental and calculated quantities; meanwhile, based on the kinematic viscosity data, the viscous flow thermodynamic parameters were also calculated. In addition, based on FTIR and UV–vis spectra for the binary system of PEG (1) + DMSO (2) with various concentrations, the intermolecular interaction of PEG with DMSO was discussed.

Density, viscosity and spectroscopic studies of the binary system of ethylene glycol + dimethyl sulfoxide at T = (298.15 to 323.15) K

Densities and viscosities of the binary system of ethylene glycol (EG) (1)+dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (2) over the entire composition range were measured at T=(298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, 318.15, and 323.15) K and atmospheric pressure. Based on density and viscosity data, the excess molar volume, viscosity deviation, excess Gibbs free energy of activation for the viscous flow, and apparent molar volumes were calculated. These results were fitted to a Redlich–Kister equation to obtain the coefficients and to estimate the standard deviations between the experimental and calculated quantities. Meanwhile, from the kinematic viscosity data, the enthalpy of activation for viscous flow and entropy of activation for the viscous flow were also calculated. In addition, based on UV–vis and FTIR spectral results, the intermolecular interaction of EG with DMSO was discussed.

Excess Properties and Spectral Investigation for the Binary System Diethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether + Water atT= (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15) K

Density and viscosity data for the binary system diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME) (1) + water (2) were measured at T = (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15) K under atmospheric pressure. Based on the experimental data, excess molar volumes (VmE), and viscosity deviation (Δν) values were calculated. The VmE values are negative, while the Δν values are positive over the entire composition range. The calculated results were fitted to a Redlich–Kister equation to obtain the coefficients and estimate the standard deviations. Based on the kinematic viscosity data, enthalpy of activation for the viscous flow, entropy of activation for the viscous flow, and Gibbs energies of activation of the viscous flow were also calculated. Meanwhile, based on Fourier transform infrared spectral changes and UV–vis spectral changes for the binary system DEGDME + H2O with varied concentrations, intermolecular interaction of DEGDME with H2O was determined.