Kinds Of Utterances Research Articles

Philosophical incantations (Itihāsa and Epode). The power of narrative reason in the Mahābhārata

ABSTRACT Both the itihāsa-s of the Mahābhārata and the Platonic philosophical ‘epode’ are often used to persuade in conditions where emotion threatens to incapacitate the person for argumentative discourse. Narrative reason has its own conditions of success and failure, opening up a discursive arena in which all kinds of utterances are welcome. Emphasizing the psychagogic function of the ‘once-upon-a-time’ reason, it is worth asking who the real protagonist of the story is and whether the story has a duty or a dharma of its own to fulfill. Dharma and all the dilemmas it brings along with it constitute one of the fundamental problems that make up the whole Mahābhārata. In this essay I wonder about the dharma of the Mahābhārata itself—a literary work which gives itself the name ‘triumph’ (jaya)—and the cultural mission it fulfills in the lives of those who hear it, read it, study it, and share it with others.

An Analysis of Speech Act in the Movie "Turning Red"

A movie consists of a dialogue between its characters. Both the speaker and the listener use many different kinds of utterances. In communication, we use utterances in action, also known as speech actions. This research aimed to determine the types of speech acts performed by the characters and determine the function of the speech acts performed by the characters in Turning Red's movie. A movie can deliver a message to the audience as one form of communication. It contains a variety of genres, making it an interesting topic to be a research. In this case, understanding speech act theory becomes essential for solving the issue. Speech acts are things that can be accomplished through speech. There are three types of speech acts: locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary. The movie has been chosen since it is a children's genre movie representative of Asian parenting style and leaves the deepest messages to children. The data were taken directly from the movie dialogue, focusing on the speech acts uttered by the characters and the context of the occurrence of the utterance. In collecting the data, the researchers transcribed the data comprehensively, which were analyzed using content analysis on the movie Turning Red. The researchers analyzed some illocutionary acts in the movie conversation. The data was divided into five types: directive, representative, declarative, commissive, and expressive. Teachers can create relevant and engaging learning experiences that build pragmatic competence and improve students' communicative skills by adding actual speech acts from movies into language lessons. It helps to understand how movies can be used as valuable instruments in English language teaching, especially in the development of language acquisition.

LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS IN @onlyjiungs TWITTER ACCOUNT

This study aimed to identify the language function in tweets from @onlyjiungs. The @onlyjiungs Twitter account's tweets served as the study's source of data. Purposive sampling and the descriptive qualitative approach were utilized in this study to get the answers to its research questions. The findings indicated that among the 31 data, the referential function (14 utterances, or 45,2%) is most frequently used, followed by the expressive function (11 utterances, or 35,5%), the phatic function (2 utterances, or 6,4%), the metalingual function (0%), the conative function (2 utterances, or 6,4%), and the poetic function (2 utterances, or 6,4%). The tweets from @onlyjiungs met every requirement in Hymes' (1974) theory of context SPEAKING, showing that context SPEAKING on a tweet from @onlyjiungs answers every requirement of the theory. The tweets were taken from September 2021 through October 2021. The goals of @onlyjiungs' tweets were intended to be represented and expressed in the final sections of the Twitter post outcomes. The following social act update about Jiung's life was provided by @onlyjiungs. She underlined a particular statement she made in the tweets. Because, they were intended for teens their age, @onlyjiungs's tweets are also frequently written in a casual tone. The typical Twitter tweet mostly focused on describing the purpose of and the message included inside it. The kind of utterances from those tweets generally had a stronger referential function since those Twitter postings' primary purpose was to notify @onlyjiungs' followers who are the readers. Keywords: language functions, context, pragmatics, twitter

Interaction in acting training and its different manifestations in novice and professional actors.

This study aimed to identify the characteristics of interactions during acting training and the underlying intrapersonal changes evoked by a training process that emphasizes paying attention to a partner (the Meisner technique). This was operationalized by conducting a post-hoc analysis and categorizing the utterances made by novice and professional actors during acting training based on video and audio recordings. In Study 1, novice participants tended to change their way of communication as the course progressed, decreasing the number of utterances that simply described the partner's behavior and increasing those that speculated about the partner's inner state. We then used a different focus placed on the interaction, as implied by the different kinds of utterances used, to describe the divergences between novice and professional actors regarding their interaction characteristics. In Study 2, results showed that while professional actors devoted themselves more to the connection with their partner and demonstrated more balanced communication, novice actors relied on general inference to speculate about others' affective states. By comparing the characteristics of the utterances between novice and professional actors as they played different roles or made switches (i.e., changing from passive to active utterance in communication), this study suggests that an important impact of acting training on social abilities relates to its potential to increase the levels of involvement in on-going interactions.

Echoing Retorts in Hárbarðsljóð and Lokasenna

Echoing Retorts in <i>Hárbarðsljóð</i> and <i>Lokasenna</i>

’Doing Questioning’ in the Emergency Department (ED)

ABSTRACT Eliciting information from patients is fundamental to medical professionals’ capacity to deliver good healthcare outcomes in Emergency Departments (EDs). There are different kinds of utterances that “do questioning”, and health professionals can variously attend to the medical agenda and the interpersonal aspects of their interactions with those attending the ED in the way that they construct these utterances. We investigate a corpus of ED interactions to determine the prevalence and range of utterances produced by doctors and directed at patients that “do questioning.” We developed a questioning utterance typology, informed by previous research on the formulation of such utterances and extended according to observations of our data. We subsequently manually coded 4,355 questioning utterances and report the variety of forms that such utterances can take, considering how these are distributed across doctors at different levels of seniority. We found that doctors at different seniority levels favored similar questioning utterance types and the most frequently used appeared to restrict the contributions of patients. We conclude that our extended typology of questioning utterances has value for understanding the ways in which doctors may encourage patients to provide more extensive responses.

Don't Stop Thinking About Tomorrow: Attitudes De se and De motu

AbstractThis paper argues that the classification of propositional attitudes into the de re, de dicto, and de se is incomplete. De se attitudes are widely agreed to be closely connected to de re attitudes. But there is a species of belief that is linked to agent‐centered action in the way that de se beliefs are, but is also associated with entities, places, and especially times, under a description. These mark out a fourth kind. One way to think about what makes them distinctive is that, despite being ‘essentially indexical’ they can be retained across different contexts of evaluation without having diagonal content. The paper also discusses the connection between such beliefs and the kinds of utterances (like ‘Don't put off for tomorrow what you can do today’) that are contested as examples of what David Kaplan called ‘monsters.’

NILAI-NILAI PENDUKUNG KESANTUNAN DALAM BAHASA BANJAR:TINJAUAN PRAGMATIK

Everyone needs speak politely. A person speaks and behaves politely for self-actualization. The use of language politeness is not only determined by the choice of words, but also by the attitude of the speaker to the speech partner or interlocutor. The objective of this study is to describe the supporting values of language politeness in the Banjar language. This study uses a descriptive method; it is a descriptive quantitative, this research consists of three steps, namely 1) collecting data, 2) data analysis, and 3 presenting the results of data analysis. This research data consists of various kinds of utterances in various social communication situations in the Banjar language speaker. This study uses a pragmatic theory, especially regarding the politeness scale of language by Robin Lakoff. The results show that the supporting values of politeness in the Banjar language are based on 1) humility, 2) empathy, 3) respect, 4) sacrifice and 5) introspective manner.

The Shifts of Conventional Context Element Aspects: Towards a Cyberpragmatics Perspective

This study aims to describe the forms of shifting conventional context elements to a virtual external context in the cyberpragmatics perspective. The data of this study were manifestations of the shifts in the contexts. The substantive data source of this study was various kinds of utterances and the formulation of the context containing realizations of the shifts in the conventional external context. The locative data source was social media that published a variety of utterances and the context in which there was a shift in the context elements that could be collected by the researcher around the time of the study. The data collection method applied was the listening method, focusing on the free engaged and profound method of listening. The technique used in applying the listening method was the note-taking technique. The data were then classified and verified further. The verified data were then triangulated to experts of pragmatics, especially cyberpragmatics. Data analysis was carried out by applying distributional method to cover the linguistic dimension of this study. As for the non-linguistic dimension, the researcher applied the extralingual equivalent method. The results of this study were the manifestations of the context shifts as follow: (1) shifting aspects of context element of speech setting, (2) shifting aspects of context element of objectives of speaking, (3) shifting aspects of context element of speech participants, (4) shifting aspects of context element of speech atmosphere, (5) shifting aspects of context element of speech channel, (6) shifting aspects of context element of speech genre and (7) shifting aspects of context element of verbal acts.

Politeness Strategies In Youtube Comment In Catatan Najwa Eps. Melawan Stigma Corona

The purpose of this research was to find politeness strategies used by netizens in YouTube comments section based on Najwa Shihab’s YouTube Channel. This research was descriptive qualitative research based on politeness strategies phenomena in written language. Thirteenth strategies found in this research were expressing wish and gratitude, intensifying support and interest, softening request, being pessimistic, giving sympathy, using identity marker, being indirect, showing agreement, face-negative threatening acts, giving questions or asking reason, using impersonal forms, using joke, and giving praise. The data in this research used verbal impressions of netizens comments on Najwa Shihab YouTube Channel period April 2020. This research used the principle of courtesy Brown Levinson to classify and analyze the data according to its category. This research also was found that the obidience of positive face and threaten positive face are more dominant. These kinds of utterance are dominant in netizens comment is influenced by context.

A Conceptual Framework for Studying Evolutionary Origins of Life-Genres

The introduction claims that there might exist an evolutionary bridge from possible genres in nature to human cultural genres. A sub-hypothesis is that basic life-conditions, partly common for animals and humans, in the long run can generate so-called life-genres. To investigate such hypotheses a framework of interrelated key communicational concepts is outlined in the second, main part. Four levels are suggested. Signs are seen as elements in utterances. Further, sufficiently similar utterances can be perceived as kinds of utterances or genres. Genres are kinds of communication in a species' life-world. Utterance and genre are the framework’s key concepts. Both are seen as products and processes and as constituted by five reciprocal aspects: form, content, act, time, and space, the necessary elements to initiate and interpret communication. A model illustrates this integrative principle. Part three dwells with the idea of life-genres, and part four exemplifies and problematises how a chimpanzee’s ‘begging’ for meat, a fish’s nest-making, and kinds of birdsongs, could be seen as possible life-genres. The last, short part gives a brief summary, highlights challenges, and reflects over the framework’s relevance for biosemiotics.

Four Fundamental Modes of Participation in Mathematics Group Activities

This paper aims at contributing to the debate in Mathematics Education about the understanding of the dynamics of students’ group interactions by proposing an interpretative lens, which defines four modes of participating in a group on the basis of different kinds of utterances, gestures, postures, and glances that each student makes. We apply this lens to two selected cases of students working in a small group, and, by comparing and contrasting similarities and differences observed through our interpretative lens, we attempt to understand how, and under which circumstances, the students reach mathematical understanding as a group, or not.

Jalāl ad-Dīn ad-Dawānī’s Solution to the Liar Paradox and Its Reception in Qāḍī Mubārak and Mullā Mubīn

AbstractI examine the views of Jalāl ad-Dīn ad-Dawānī (d. 1502) on the Liar paradox and their reception in the work of Qāḍī Mubārak (d. 1748) and Mullā Mubīn (d. 1810). Dawānī argues that the Liar sentence is neither true nor false since it is not the kind of utterance that is capable of bearing a truth-value (i.e., it is not truth-apt). In the course of justifying this view, he proposes a criterion for a sentence’s being truth-apt and attempts to counter a number of objections. I address two of these: one involves certain intuitively true or false self-referential sentences and the other is the ‘strengthened Liar.’ I then argue that both Qāḍī Mubārak and Mullā Mubīn present a version of the solution Dawānī gives in his Sharḥ at-Tahdhīb and, moreover, that Dawānī does not endorse this solution in all his other works. Furthermore, the solution they attribute to Dawānī differs slightly from the one he gives in his Sharḥ at-Tahdhīb in terms of how the major premise is justified. I present evidence which shows that this modification was inspired by Mīr Zāhid al-Harawī’s (d. 1689) gloss on Dawānī’s Sharḥ at-Tahdhīb.

The Understanding of Visual Metaphors by the Congenitally Blind.

Results from a narrow set of empirical studies suggest that blind individuals’ comprehension of metaphorical expressions does not differ from that of sighted participants. However, prominent accounts of metaphor comprehension yield different predictions about the blind’s ability to comprehend visual metaphors. While conceptual metaphor theory leads to predicting that blind individuals should lag behind their sighted peers in making sense of this particular kind of utterances, from traditional accounts of analogical reasoning it follows that blind individuals’ ability to comprehend the literal meaning of visual concepts might be sufficient to support their metaphorical application. In Experiment 1, 20 sighted and 20 congenitally blind participants were asked to select the most appropriate meaning for visual, grasping and filler metaphorical expressions. Results failed to reveal group differences for any type of metaphorical expressions. In order to implement a more stringent test of blind individuals’ ability to understand visual metaphors, in Experiment 2 blind and sighted participants were presented with very novel figurative expressions, as indicated by low or no occurrence in the “Google” corpus. In line with the results of Experiment 1, blind participants’ comprehension of visual metaphors was both high in absolute terms and comparable to that of sighted participants. We advance some speculations about the mechanisms by which blind individuals comprehend visual metaphors and we discuss the implications of these results for current theories of metaphor.

Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi and A Little Things Called Love in Kristeva’s Intertextuality

&lt;p&gt;The aim of this research is analyzing the phenotext, the genotext and finding the reason the symbol of culture which significance in modern era. Theory of intertextuality and semiotic are displayed to help this research. Phenotext and genotex are the part of intertextuality used in this research. Phenotext is a pattern which can be linked to the communication from subject to addressee. To find the data the researcher needs to choose what kinds of utterances in verbal form from the scene of both movies. The utterances can be find how the main character (subject) is faced with their pairs (addressee). In genotext, genotext is in a text points out the transfer from drive energy (body movement) includes the intonation or rhythm. The researcher can find how the main character articulates the structure which correlates with the physic structure such as body movement that belongs to symbolization of feeling expression and act. The data is taken from the scenes of Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi and A Little Things Called Love movies. The instrument of data is documentation The results of the study; in phenotext there are some dialogues used by the main character in verbal form, in genotext there are some visuals formula romance of in expressing the feeling with physic structure of both movies, and symbol of culture used by the main characters becomes the way of western for changing the mindset of Asian to follow their culture.&lt;/p&gt;

Use of implicit performative utterances at University of Padjadjaran and at University of Pennsylvania

The use of implicit performative utterances can be found in some announcements at Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad) in Bandung, Indonesia and at the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) in Philadelphia, U. S. A. In linguistics, there is a form of speech known as performative utterances (Austin, 1962). The word comes from the verb ‘perform’ and refers to the noun ‘action’; it is said that the word refers to a speech for performance or action. Performatives cannot be regarded as right or wrong statements, but refer to appropriate or inappropriate, legitimate or illegitimate actions. Implicit performatives are performative utterances with performative verbs but they are not explicitly stated. With an implicit performative, the sentence does not have an explicit performative verb, but it has illocutionary force which is known from the context. Knowing the context, the hearer assumes the performative verb that appears. The use of this kind of utterances in notices at Unpad and at UPenn is quite different. This paper examines the differences and the similarities between the announcements at Unpad and at UPenn which use implicit performative utterances.

Intonation, information structure and syntax in yes-no questions in the Spanish of Barcelona

The aim of this work is to study the intonation of yes-no questions in Spanish of Barcelona, analysing the interface with informative and morphosyntactic structure. To this purpose, we present new data to describe this kind of utterances and we examine the state-of-the-art and controversial issues. Even if experimental phonetic and phonological research has paid particular attention to yes-no questions, there still exist some open problems. We use a transcription system which is closely linked to the phonetic realization of the intonation contour, running it in a semiautomatic mode by a program that provides a stylization algorithm and an annotation process. Our findings provide empirical evidence which shows that information structure and morphosyntactic level do affect prosodic realizations of utterances. We can definitely conclude that even if it presents various theoretical and methodological problems, the study of linguistic interfaces is very useful and it allows a deeper and a better description compared to the separated analysis of the same linguistic levels.

From Bakhtin to See the Co-construction of EFL Adult Learners’ Utterances

&lt;p&gt;The purposes of this study were to explore the effect of dialogic activities on EFL students’ utterances development by engaging with others, as well as the students’ perceptions in the dialogic learning environment. The theoretical framework guiding this inquiry consists of the on-site lecture from the instructor and voice board feedback from the peers and the instructor based on the dialogical theory of language concepts from Bakhtin’s dialogism which emphasizes a social and interactive situation of foreign language learning by engaging with others. In this study, we cover multiple data sources that give us an overview of students’ interaction in the dialogic activities: the questionnaire of voice board interactions, students’ interviews, and speaking tests. The results showed, on the whole, English language learners actually developed some kind of utterances by engaging their own and others. They transformed others’ utterances in the oral interaction for their own use in the Asynchronous Computer Mediated Communication (ACMC) environment. Additionally, the learners perceived the voice board activities helpful for the development of their speaking abilities, while the learners’ perceptions are mediated through the dialogical activities in which the learners are engaged in.&lt;/p&gt;

Krachtige taal

Abstract Powerful language: A literature review on language intensity in four research fields In recent decades, language intensity, intensification and intensifiers are studied in different research fields: in descriptive linguistics, evaluative literature, social psychology and text analytical discourse studies. However, questions raise about the interpretations researchers in those fields have regarding language intensity: their concepts are diverse. First, it is questionable what kind of utterances are strengthened through language intensity: evaluative or descriptive utterances. Secondly, there are differences between the studies whether language intensity only contain strengthening or also weakening elements. Thirdly, the amount in which the meaning of an utterance changes through language intensity is debatable. Lastly, language intensity studies differ in the linguistic elements that are considered as intensifying elements. In this literature review, the research traditions are compared: how is language intensification studied in various fields, where do they contribute and where are the bottlenecks? This article concludes with a proposal for a unified approach to language intensity, intensification and intensifiers as a stylistic phenomenon, in order to carry out more systematic research on this topic in the future.

Defining Markedness in Middle English

Reading Piers Plowman depends in part on being able to distinguish well-formed ‘unmarked’ Middle English usages from well-formed but ‘marked’ ones, and both kinds of utterances from ones that are simply scribal or even authorial errors. Not being native speakers of Middle English and lacking any fourteenth-century English grammar books or dictionaries, modern readers can make these judgements on behalf of Langland and his contemporaries only by examining late medieval usages, modern dictionaries, textual notes, and the like. Even with rigorous practices of historical reconstruction, then, we have little access to the daily language practices of medieval England or, more generally, to Middle English as a natural language. Focusing on two peculiar but well-established forms, this paper suggests that for as much as Piers Plowman reveals about medieval theology and social practice, the poem also tells us that there are things about medieval English that we do not, and perhaps cannot, know.