Kinds Of Toothpaste Research Articles

Effect of whitening toothpaste and toothpowder on nanofiller composite resin discoloration after immersion in black tea

Background: One of the factors of discoloration on composite resin is extrinsic factors, such as black tea. Various ways are used to restore the color of composite resin, for example, toothpaste or toothpowder with whitening ingredients. Adding whitening ingredients such as activated charcoal or pearl essence in toothpaste or toothpowder can remove pigments, chromophores, and stains on composite resin with an abrasion effect on the composite surface.Method: This research was an experimental laboratory with a pretest and post-test control group design. This study used 12 samples of nanofiller composite resin (Palfique LX5 B1) in a cylindrical shape with 10 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness. The research was conducted by immersing the samples in black tea for 4 hours with repetition for 13 days. After immersing, the samples were divided into 3 groups: group I was brushed with charcoal toothpaste, group II was brushed with whitening toothpowder, and group III was brushed with non-whitening toothpaste. Brushing was done for 3 minutes with repetition for 13 days. The color parameters were measured using VITA Easyshade V 3 times.Result: The Shapiro-Wilk normality test showed the data normally distributed (p>0,05). The repeated ANOVA test showed no significant color change (p>0,05).Conclusion: Charcoal toothpaste, whitening toothpowder, and non-whitening toothpaste affect the color change of nanofiller composite resin, but there is no significant color change between the three kinds of toothpaste.

Evaluation of the effect of different toothpastes on the frictional resistance of aesthetic archwires: an in vitro study

there has been a trend for using aesthetic orthodontic treatment by many patients recently. The aim of this study was to evaluate the brushing effect of three brands of toothpaste on the frictional resistance of two brands of aesthetic archwires (in wet conditions). in this study, two brands of fully coated aesthetic archwires, Teflon-coated and Epoxy-coated archwires, were utilized in the study. Forty segments from the straight ends of each archwire were cut (total of 80 wires), inserted into ceramic brackets and ligated with the conventional figure "O" elastomeric ligatures (bonded on CNC blocks). Every ten pieces for each type of aesthetic archwire were brushed for one minute daily for thirty days with three types of toothpaste (Ortho. Kin, GUMOrtho and LACALUT White & Repair) and distilled water (except ten pieces for each type of aesthetic archwire were brushed only with distilled water and without toothpaste). These CNC blocks were tested using an Instron Tinius Olsen machine with distilled water. The tests used for statistical analysis were an Independent t-test and an ANOVA test at a 0.05 level of significance. The study showed no significant difference in static and kinetic frictional resistance between the coated archwire and the kinds of toothpaste. The orthodontists can use either Epoxy or Teflon-coated archwires for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment (working stage) who are using either type of toothpaste (Ortho. Kin, GUMOrtho or LACALUT White & Repair) for maintenance of oral hygiene. Keywords: Aesthetic archwires, Friction, Toothpaste

Effectiveness of Xylitol Toothpaste on the Growth and Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175

Background: Several toothpaste ingredients have also been proven to prevent dental caries. An alternative material like xylitol can reduce biofilms and caries’ formation. Objective: This study aims to test the antibacterial xylitol toothpaste against Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Materials and Methods: The type of this research was true experimental by using two kinds of toothpaste with xylitol active ingredient (samples 1 and 2) and toothpaste with fluoride (sample 3). The toothpaste was diluted using the serial dilution method, and then the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericide concentration (MBC), minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC), and minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) were examined. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson correlation with a significance value of p0.005. Results: The MIC values of samples 1, 2, and 3 were 0.39%, 0.78%, and 0.39%, respectively. The MBC of samples 1, 2, and 3 were 12.5%, 25%, and 6.25%, respectively. The results of MBIC samples 1, 2, and 3 were 1.56%, 1.56%, and 0.78%, respectively. The results of MBEC samples 1, 2, and 3 were 6.25%, 6.25%, and 1.56%, respectively. There was a difference in the decrease of the mass of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 biofilm after administration using xylitol and fluoride toothpaste, with a p-value of 0.0295. Additionally, there is a correlation between the time of administration of xylitol toothpaste with the changes in the mass of the biofilm Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Conclusion: Xylitol toothpaste can inhibit the growth and eradication of Streptococcus mutans biofilm ATCC 25175.

Comparative Evaluation of Abrasiveness among Three Dentifrices: An In Vitro Study.

A lot of herbal and medicated toothpastes having natural and antisensitivity properties are creating niches for themselves in the market. However, toothpaste containing high content of abrasives can be harmful to the teeth. The present in vitro study was conducted to assess the abrasiveness of three commercially available dentifrices on human-extracted anterior teeth on sound and demineralized enamel. A total of 42 freshly extracted teeth were mounted on acrylic resin and randomly divided into three groups (group I, Colgate; II, Glister; and III, Dant Kanti). Each group consisted of one test tooth (partially) and one control tooth (completely) covered with nail varnish. The study had two phases. Phase 1-baseline average roughness (Ra) value was assessed with a profilometer of all the samples. Phase 2-further, teeth were immersed in the demineralizing solution for 4 days to allow the formation of an artificial carious lesion. Tooth brushing was performed by a customized automated toothbrushing model on all the teeth for 28 days. Ra value was again evaluated with Profilometer. Data were analyzed, and a statistically significant result was observed with demineralized teeth in all three groups (p = 0.005). The intragroup comparison showed a significant difference with demineralized teeth of Colgate and Dant Kanti, (p =0.018) and (p =0.027), respectively. However, there was no significant difference in demineralized teeth of glister and sound teeth of all three groups. Glister was found to be the least abrasive of all three toothpastes, followed by Dant Kanti and Colgate. The particle size of the ingredients used in manufacturing toothpaste can lead to abrasion of the teeth.This, in combination with the hard bristles, can cause more harm to the teeth than good. The current study has compared the abrasive potential of three commercially available kinds of toothpaste. Hence daily use of these commercially available dental products should be used cautiously. Priyam S, Sankeshwari R, Jalihal S, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Abrasiveness among Three Dentifrices: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(2):264-269.

Experience in the toothpaste’s hygienic effectiveness assessment by oral fluid biochemical parameters

Relevance. The oral hygiene and prevention quality depends on toothpaste. The literature analysis shows the underuse of saliva biochemical parameters for assessing oral hygiene product effectiveness.Materials and methods. Thirty-three subjects aged 19 to 22 years participated in the study. The participants used four kinds of toothpaste by the same manufacturer to evaluate the toothpaste’s effectiveness. We conducted clinical examinations and collected saliva samples on the 1st, 14th and 28th days of the study. The saliva was collected on an empty stomach without stimulation in the morning. Then it was centrifuged. The supernatant was biochemically studied.Results. The study established the criteria for the toothpaste’s low effectiveness, which involve a signifcant increase in hygienic indices and total antioxidant activity, associated with a statistically signifcant trend towards an increase in lactate content. The criteria for a toothpaste with medium effectiveness are a signifcant decrease in one of the hygienic indices, associated with an alkaline pH shift, and an increase in the total antioxidant activity, without signifcant changes in the lactate content. The criteria for a highly effective toothpaste are a signifcant decrease in hygienic indices, and an alkaline pH shift, associated with a signifcant lactate decrease. Determination of total calcium and inorganic phosphorus in the oral fluid may be crucial for assessing the toothpaste remineralizing properties. The glucose content in mixed saliva yields little information for the toothpaste’s hygienic effectiveness assessment.Conclusion. We can recommend saliva biochemical parameters for assessing the oral hygiene status and the effectiveness of oral hygiene products during oral hygiene product comprehensive studies.

Фармакотерапія у стоматології: аналіз застосування лікарських засобів у стоматології в 2021 році

Актуальність. Щорічно фармацевтичний ринок України поповнюється новими, сучасними лікарськими засобами, а раціональність їх використання залишається актуальною проблемою для лікарів у всьому світі. Впровадження на фармацевтичний ринок та застосування у практиці лікарів-стоматологів великої кількості лікувальних засобів актуалізується у наданні медичним фахівцям своєчасної та повної інформації не тільки щодо клінічної ефективності медичного препарату, а й особливостей застосування, безпечності у використанні та виникнення можливих побічних реакцій. Мета дослідження: проведення моніторингу, порівняльного аналізу результатів призначень фармацевтичних препаратів і засобів догляду за ротовою порожниною лікарями-стоматологами України у 2021 році. Матеріали та методи. Опитування лікарів-стоматологів та аналіз результатів дослідження проводились під егідою громадської організації «Асоціація стоматологів України», групи компаній «MedExpert» та Української рейтингової агенції. До участі у дослідженні було залучено 4026 респондентів — лікарів-стоматологів з усіх областей України. Серед опитаних було 70,25 % жінок і 29,75 % чоловіків. За демографічним розподілом найбільша кількість респондентів була з міста Києва (1003 особи), Львівської (577 осіб), Київської (482 особи) областей, найменша — з Кіровоградської (16 осіб) та Луганської (14 осіб) областей. Дослідження було проведено поетапно, шляхом заповнення анкети-опитувальника, підготовленої ГО «Асоціація стоматологів України», під час науково-практичних заходів, конференцій фахових шкіл для стоматологів в онлайн-режимі у першій половині 2021 року. Предметом дослідження було визначення призначень основних фармацевтичних лікарських препаратів і засобів догляду за порожниною рота. Респондентами виступали лікарі-стоматологи різних спеціальностей, здебільшого терапевтичного та хірургічного профілю. Результати. Дослідження показали, що лікарі-стоматологи широко використовують фармацевтичні препарати в своїй щоденній практиці; значна кількість лікарів-стоматологів регулярно призначають антибактеріальні препарати, а саме комбіновані антибіотики — ципрофлоксацин з тинідазолом (48,36 %), пеніциліни (40,86 %), метронідазол (34,53 %). Для лікування больового синдрому велика частка лікарів-стоматологів використовують нестероїдні протизапальні засоби групи німесулідів (85,89 %). Практично всі стоматологи у своїй щоденній практиці застосовують засоби для місцевого лікування інфекційно-запальних процесів: хлоргексидин (82,51 %), метрогіл дента (67,51 %), місцеві протизапальні препарати (холісал) (47,54 %). Проведений аналіз призначень засобів догляду за порожниною рота — зубних паст, ополіскувачів, зубних щіток. ­Висновки. Результати аналізу призначень фармацевтичних препаратів і засобів догляду за порожниною рота свідчать про їх широке впровадження в щоденну практику лікарів-стоматологів, інформування лікарів-стоматологів про сучасні фармацевтичні препарати і засоби догляду за порожниною рота, дані щодо їх показань і протипоказань, ймовірну взаємодію фармацевтичних препаратів, що впливатимуть на досягнення високоефективних результатів лікування.

The Potential of Aloe vera as an Active Ingredient in Toothpaste Formulations: A Narrative Review

Context: Tooth brushing is a primary method to prevent the onset of oral diseases. Aloe vera is commonly used in dentistry as an herbal alternative due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial actions; recently, it has been used in toothpaste formulations as an active agent. This review aimed to investigate the clinical effects of A. vera as an active ingredient in toothpaste formulations. Evidence Acquisition:: The data used in this review was extracted from articles published until 2020. We searched official databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and Science Direct, using the “Aloe vera”, “dentifrice”, and “toothpaste” keywords. After screening titles and abstracts, relevant studies were used for full-text review. Results: Although conflicting results have been reported on the usage of A. vera toothpaste in different studies, the majority of findings suggest that A. vera effectively reduces periodontal indices and removes different organisms, including Streptococcus mutans. However, the overall effects of this herbal toothpaste were found to be equal to those of other commercial toothpaste. Conclusions: Aloe vera toothpaste is as beneficial as other kinds of toothpaste. Therefore, it can be used as an adjunct agent in toothpaste due to its established effects on improving periodontal problems and reducing different oral cavity micro-organisms.

Teeth Whitening and Antibacterial Effects of Juglans regia Bark: A Preliminary Study.

Objectives Natural folk medicines with antimicrobial effects have been under investigation during the past decades. The aim of this study was to evaluate the teeth whitening and antimicrobial effects of ethanol extract of Persian walnut “Juglans regia” barks. Materials and Methods Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using a broth microdilution assay which was conducted through a 2-fold serial dilution method, and a whitening experiment was done in vitro on extracted teeth, with a pH test being performed on 2-fold dilutions of the ethanol extract. Result It was found that the MIC for Enterobacter and E. coli and Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas was found to be 5 mg/ml and 2.5 mg/ml, respectively. Both dilutions were found to be acidic, and the extract of Juglans regia bark also demonstrated the ability of teeth whitening. Conclusion This study supports the use of Juglans regia bark as a natural product in dentistry because of the confirmed antimicrobial ability as well as its whitening effect. Clinical Relevance. Herb extract might be incorporated within commercially available kinds of toothpaste to enhance its whitening and antimicrobial effects.

Determination of tranexamic acid in essential cosmetics by pre-column derivatization capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection

N-Methylation of tranexamic acid yields an unique derivative, which generates strong co-luminescence signals in the presence of an electrochemiluminescence reagent such as Ru(bpy)32+. Using this principle, we established a highly selective analytical method based on pre-column derivatization capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection for determining the tranexamic acid content in essential cosmetics. The addition of a ternary ionic association gel, Mg2+-trehalose-SiO32-, in the components of background electrolyte greatly improved the electrophoretic separation efficiency. Under the optimized assay conditions, two electrophoretic peaks attributed to the derivatives of tranexamic acid and its internal standard (sarcosine) were completely separated in 500 s, and their electrophoretic peak intensities ratio showed a good linear relationship with the initial concentration of tranexamic acid in the range of 10-750 μmol/L (correlation coefficient r2=0.9993). The limit of detection was estimated to be 3.6 μmol/L (S/N=3). Moreover, the internal standard method was further applied to the quantitative determination of tranexamic acid content in three kinds of toothpaste and two kinds of nutrient solutions in facial masks. The results showed that the average tranexamic acid content in three toothpaste samples was 4.05, 0.24, and 6.06 mg/g, while that in two facial masks was 51.3 and 7.98 mg/mL. The recoveries for the above-mentioned samples were within the range 92.5% to 104.0%, implying satisfactory results.

Effect of Different Toothbrushing Routines on Interproximal Fluoride Concentration

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different toothbrushing routines and different kinds of toothpaste on the interproximal fluoride concentration after toothbrushing and its clinical relevance to the recommendations given to patients regarding the process of toothbrushing. Eight adults participated a total of 8 times in order to test different toothbrushing routines with different amounts of toothpaste (1 or 2 cm), durations (1 or 2 min) and amounts of water after toothbrushing (10 or 20 mL). An additional 8 adults participated 6 times in total to test different forms of toothpaste administration (paste, gel and foam) with different amounts of water after toothbrushing (no rinsing or 10 mL). Interdental saliva samples were collected from proximal sites 25/26 and 46/45 using small paper points, before and up to 60 min after toothbrushing. The fluoride concentration was measured by an ion-specific electrode. The area under the curve, saliva fluoride concentration versus time, was calculated. Differences between the groups were tested by ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. An increase in fluoride concentration of 47.2% was observed when the amount of toothpaste increased from 1 to 2 cm (p < 0.01), 26.8% when increasing the duration from 1 to 2 min (p < 0.01) and 41.2% when reducing the amount of water rinsing from 20 to 10 mL (p < 0.01). The paste and gel resulted in higher fluoride concentration (p < 0.01) compared with foam. These findings suggest that the amount of toothpaste, the duration and the amount of water have a significant effect on fluoride concentration after toothbrushing. Furthermore, despite the lower amount of fluoride, the gel gives almost the same fluoride concentration after toothbrushing as the toothpaste. The results confirm the importance of giving clear advice to patients regarding the process of toothbrushing.

In vivo evaluation of fluoride and sodium lauryl sulphate in toothpaste on buccal epithelial cells toxicity

Objectives: The present study addresses the effect of fluoride and sodium lauryl sulphate content of toothpaste on oral epithelial cells in vivo conditions.Subjects and method: Forty volunteers were assigned into two experimental groups, each of them applying the different brand of toothpaste. Every group has been using three different types of toothpaste (non-fluoride and non-SLS, fluoride and non-SLS, and the fluoride and SLS) of the same brand for 6 months, each for 2 months. The buccal epithelial cells were sampled at baseline and 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days after the beginning of the research. Effect on DNA damage was analyzed by micronucleus assayResults: After 60 days of use, for both tested kinds of toothpaste with fluoride and without SLS, all studied parameters were not significantly different from the results obtained at the time when the participants used a non-fluoride toothpaste. While, after 60 days of use, for one kind of toothpaste with SLS and fluoride, was observed significantly higher incidence of pyknotic cells (2.20 ± 0.95, 0.00 ± 0.00 vs. 0.05 ± 0.22, respectively; p = .001), cells with karyorrhexis (2.35 ± 1.14, 0.85 ± 0.93 vs. 0.40 ± 0.68, respectively; p = .001), and nuclear buds (1.35 ± 0.68, 0.45 ± 0.51 vs. 0.45 ± 0.60, respectively; p = .001), compared to toothpastes of the same brand with fluoride and without SLS, and without fluoride and without SLS, for the same period.Conclusions: Based on the results, can be concluded that there is no fluorine-dependent cytotoxic or genotoxic effect, while SLS dentifrice increases the number of nuclear morphological changes in buccal epithelial cells.

Effects of Toothpaste Containing Granular Calcium Carbonate on Oral Health

Aims and Objectives: To investigate the oral health effects of using toothpaste containing granular calcium carbonate (CaG). Materials and Methods: The subjects were adult volunteers. Two kinds of toothpaste, Paste P and Q were used. Paste P contained 13% CaG, which had a mean diameter of 250 µm and a breaking strength of 20 gf. Paste Q had the same formulation without CaG. Study 1 was to evaluate the ability to remove dental plaque by toothpaste with a single use, and it was a crossover study. The subjects were 50 adults. Plaque levels were assessed using the Quigley–Hein Index (QHI). Study 2 was to investigate the effects of CaG in toothpaste on gingival health. The subjects were 60 adults. The subjects used Paste P for 3 days before the baseline assessment. On the baseline assessment, the subjects whose gingival sulci were found to contain CaG were asked to continue using the Paste P for 6 months. The pocket depth, the gingival index (GI), the QHI, and the presence of CaG in the gingival sulci at 1, 3, and 6 months from the baseline were examined. Results: In study 1, the CaG-containing toothpaste produced a significantly lower mean QHI than the control. In study 2, the QHI and GI of the gingival sulci in which CaG was detected were significantly lower than those of the gingival sulci in which CaG was not detected. Conclusion: Toothpaste containing CaG removed greater amounts of plaque and did not have adverse effects on periodontal tissue.

Antifungal activity of some toothpastes and antiseptic solutions against yeasts isolated from the oral cavity of cancer radiated patients

This study aimed to investigate the antifungal efficacy of different types of toothpaste andsome antiseptic solutions with varying concentrations against yeast isolated from the oral cavityof radiated patients suffering from head and neck cancer in radiotherapy unit in Suez CanalUniversity teaching’s hospital, Egypt. Eight different species of yeast were isolatedtaxonomically, assigned to 1 phylum, two classes, one order, and three families and identifiedphenotypically. The antifungal activity of five kinds of toothpaste and three antiseptic solutionswere investigated by agar well diffusion method against the eight isolated yeasts namely:Candida glabrata, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. kefyr, C. guilliermondii, C. parapsilosis,Dipodascus geotrichum and Geotrichum beigelii and expressed as the value of the clear zonediameter, however, Their activity was expressed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).Results showed that toothpaste no 1, 3, 4 and 5 were effective against all tested taxa by variableinhibitory degrees. However, no. 2 showed efficacy only against C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii,and C. parapsilosis, Antiseptic solution no 1 showed the highest efficacy against all testedspecies except C. kefyr while no. 2 was effective against all the tested species except two taxaand finally no. 3 exhibited good antifungal activity against all the tested taxa. In conclusion, werecommended the use of toothpaste contained sodium monofluorophosphate, or sodium fluoride,as an active component followed by a mouthwash which contained Chlorohexidine orCetylpridinium or miswak as active components to prevent colonization and development of oralcandidiasis, especially in cancer patients.

The efficacy of miswak (Kayu sugi) containing toothpaste on dental plaque accumulation

Introduction: Salvadora persica, also known as miswak (Kayu sugi), has been used as natural toothbrushing compound for centuries. Many research suggested that it contains medically beneficial properties such as abrasives, antiseptics, astringent, detergent, enzyme inhibitors, and fluoride. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of miswak containing toothpaste on dental plaque accumulation. Methods: The total of 30 subjects consisted of male students of Bandung Institute of Technology, aged between 18 – 26 years old. The plaque value was measured using the Turesky Gilmore &amp; Glickman Index Modification of Quigley &amp; Hein at baseline (day 0), day 1, day 3, and day 7. Commercial toothpaste (Pepsodent®) was used as the control group in this pre and post-test designed, single-blind study. Results: After analysed using the paired t-test, the data showed that the mean plaque index of respondents using miswak and non-miswak containing toothpaste from baseline until day 7, were 1.70/1.19 and 1.61/1.44 respectively (p &lt; 0.05). The mean plaque index reduction of respondents using miswak and non-miswak containing toothpaste from baseline until day 7, were 0.39 and 0.25 respectively (p = 0.00). Conclusion: Both kinds of toothpaste were able to reduce plaque, but miswak containing toothpaste was found to be more effective in reducing dental plaque accumulation.

Assessment of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of conventional and whitening kinds of toothpaste on oral mucosa cells

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate possible DNA damages to oral epithelial cells exposed to whitening kinds of toothpaste considering the effect of conventional non-whitening toothpaste.Materials and methods: Sixty volunteers were assigned into three experimental groups, each of them using a different regular toothpaste for the initial 2 months, followed by the use of whitening kind of toothpaste of the same brand for next 2 months. The oral epithelial cells were sampled prior and 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after the beginning of the use of tested kinds of toothpaste. Chromosomal damages were analyzed by micronucleus assay.Results: For just one kind of tested whitening toothpaste was observed the significant increase in the number of micronucleated cells after 60 days of use compared values obtained 60 days of usage of conventional non-whitening toothpaste (6.35 ± 3.67 and 2.8 ± 1.91; p < .05). There was no statistically significant difference in other micronucleus assay endpoints between tested types of toothpaste at either of the sampling times during the period of toothpaste application.Conclusions: Based on the results, it can be concluded that the use of certain whitening kinds of toothpaste may cause a limited biologically insignificant genotoxic effect on buccal epithelial cells.

The Prevalence of Antibiotic and Toothpaste Sensitivity found in Oral Streptococcal Isolates in Healthy Individuals in the Okada Community of Nigeria

Background: This study aimed to determine the prevalence, antibiotic, and toothpaste sensitivity of oral streptococcal isolates in healthy individuals in the Okada community of Nigeria. Methods: Oral samples were collected from 230 volunteers and were subjected to standard microbiological tests. Antibacterial sensitivity tests were carried out on the streptococcal isolates that were obtained using a disk diffusion technique, and eight kinds of toothpaste (A-H) were screened for their antibacterial effects on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Results: The prevalence of oral streptococci found in this study was 26.1% and the predominant species was S. salivarius (13.9%). S. salivarius was highly resistant to cloxacillin (100%) and Augmentin (96.9%), whilst resistance to gentamicin and erythromycin was low at 21.9% and 3.1% respectively. S. mutans were completely sensitive to gentamicin whilst resistance to erythromycin was 33.3%. The entire Streptococcus species showed the lowest resistance to erythromycin (20.0%), followed by gentamicin (31.7%). At 100 mg/mL all toothpaste samples had antibacterial effects on S. mutans. At 50 mg/mL all samples except toothpastes G and H inhibited the bacterium. Toothpastes A and E had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of 25 mg/mL. Conclusions: Toothpastes A and E were the most effective toothpastes of the eight assessed in this study.

Nanomolar Cu2+ and F− naked-eye detection with a 1,8-naphthalimide-based colorimetric probe

Based on hydrolysis reaction by Cu2+ and intermolecular hydrogen bond, a dual functional colorimetric probe, a novel 1,8-naphthalimide derivative was designed and synthesized for Cu2+ and F− naked-eye recognition with high sensitivity and excellent selectivity. The probe can detect Cu2+ and F− quantitatively in concentration range of 0–16.7μM and 0–23.3μM, and the detection limit could be as low as 370nM for Cu2+ and 720nM for F−. The detection of F− on chromatography plates and the preliminary application of 1 to detect fluorine contents in several kinds of toothpaste, tap water and Eyebrow Lake have been successfully demonstrated.

세치제의 Sodium Lauryl Sulfate함유 정도에 따른 구강환경변화

This study used 3 kinds of experimental toothpaste prepared with different contents of SLS, i.e. A (0%), B (1.1%), C (2.2%). These 150 subjects were subdivided again into three groups. After 4 weeks application of the three kinds of toothpaste, it was found that there were differences in dental plaque test (PHP) among the 3 groups; that is; a higher SLS content was associated with a lower PHP index. In addition, it was found that all 3 groups showed a reduction in simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S). After 4 weeks application of the three groups of toothpaste, it was found that a higher SLS content was associated with a lower salivary flow, but there was no significant variation in salivary mucosity and pH. Further, it was found that SLS was negatively correlated with salivary flow, which supports the theory that SLS may induce xerostomia.

辺縁性歯周炎に対する歯磨剤「デンキュア」の臨床効果について

In the present study the authors were concerned with the effect of “DENCURE” tooth paste on the chronic marginal periodontitis. Two kinds of tooth paste (DENCURE with tested agent and placebo) were selected for the experiment.They were instructed to clean teeth with the tooth paste for three minutes after each breakfast, lunch and dinner. This study was conducted with double blind method. The results were summarized as follows. (1) Significant curings in redness, swelling, bleeding, pus discharge and depth of gingival pocket were recognized with tooth paste (with tested agent and placebo). (2) In the whole patients, there were significant difference in recovery of redness, bleeding and depth of gingival pocket between “DENCURE” and placebo (p<0.01).(3) “DENCURE” was significantly much superior in the effect of the tooth paste agent to placebo (p<0.01).(4) No particular side effect was observed through this study.

HEALTH EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY

The Clinic on Printed Matter held at Cleveland in October had so many applicants for examination that only a small percentage of them could be accepted. As it was, the number of dodgers, leaflets, pamphlets, booklets, and posters admitted to the clinic was greater than the examining specialists could handle satisfactorily. Nevertheless, so many remediable defects were found as to make the experiment well worth while. The purpose of the clinic was to determine whether the subjects were in fit condition to do their work efficiently; whether this folder might be expected to bring in money; that booklet to teach health habits; this dodger announcing some form of meeting or clinic to get people to attend. To perform their tasks satisfactorily, it was necessary that they should be able to get themselves looked at, read, understood, believed, remembered and acted upon. The examining specialists were especially well equipped to diagnose the patients from these standpoints. The head of an advertising agency, the director of an art school, and the head of a printing firm who was also a former newspaper man, and the publisher of a journal of direct mail advertising, all of Cleveland, made up the group. All of them were accustomed to test publicity and educational material from the standpoint of its fitness by asking: "Will it make a favorable impression on the particular audience for whom it is intended?" Among their findings in regard to about thirty-five pieces examined, those that are of chief interest are the ones that seem to be most characteristic of a considerable percentage of health education printed matter in general. In advance of the public clinic the specialists held a consultation among themselves. All agreed on one chief weakness that was found to be characteristic, especially of those publications intended to teach disease prevention and cure. This was a general state of depression on the part of many of the subjects. Mr. William Feather, of William Feather Company, voiced the opinion of the group on this point not only in relation to his special phase of the clinic (which was copy) but also to the appearance of the publications. " I might enforce this point," said Mr. Feather, "by making a comment on the environment of this room in which we are meeting. The lights are dim and it is badly ventilated. The walls are gray. That seems to me to be the general aspect of much health teaching. Printed matter for some reason gets onto pale gray paper in gray ink and begins to suggest sickness. We haven't yet reached the positive side in which we suggest that health is the thing. "It is the easiest thing in the world to interest anyone in health. I am the victim of every advertisement that has the word health in it. I suppose I have bought twenty different kinds of toothpaste because I thought they would improve my health. I have worn ground gripper shoes, become a vegetarian, visited osteopaths, and taken all sorts of Turkish baths, and having read an article by Walter Camp suggesting twelve daily exercises I have taken them ever since. But you will notice if you compare the commercial advertisements with the public-health literature that the former always contains this appeal: 'Eat our yeast, raisins and breakfast foods; be beautiful and youthful.' The public-health advertisements, on the other hand, say: 'Avoid sickness, visit our clinics and use our facilities.' "There is one idea which I believe could be introduced into health literature or popular reading very effectively. All of us, even men, like to look well, and health is of course fundamental to beauty. Two or three years ago I came across a book called 'The Colored Girl Beautiful.' It was written by a woman whose business it was to lecture before colored girls' schools, and she found that as long as she talked about beauty she had 100 per cent attention. So, being a shrewd psychologist, she hooked everything up with the idea of beauty. " Every mother wants her baby to be healthy of course, but I think it would help her to take interest in giving the baby its daily bath and in going through the wearisome details of the day if she had the hope that all this was going to result in a beautiful child as well as a healthy child. " To read the commercial advertisements one would think that the only reason anyohe used soap to-day is because it will produce