Kind Of Salts Research Articles

Prediction and validation of monoclonal antibodies separation in aqueous two-phase system using molecular dynamic simulation

In order to predict how mAbs partition in 20% ethylene oxide/80% propylene oxide (v/v) random copolymer (EO20PO80)/water aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), a molecular dynamic simulation model was developed using Gromacs and then validated by experiments. The ATPS was applied with seven kinds of salt, including buffer salt and strong dissociation salt that were commonly employed in the purification of protein. Na2SO4 was shown to have the best effects on lowering EO20PO80 content in the aqueous phase and enhancing recovery. The content of EO20PO80 in the sample solution was decreased to 0.62%±0.25% and the recovery of rituximab increased to 97.88%±0.95% by adding 300 mM Na2SO4 into back extraction ATPS. The viability determined by ELISA was 95.57% at the same time. A strategy for constructing a prediction model for the distribution of mAbs in ATPS was proposed in consideration of this finding. Partition of trastuzumab in ATPS was predicted by the model created using this method and the prediction result was further validated by experiments. The recovery of trastuzumab reached 95.63%±2.86% under the ideal extraction conditions suggested by the prediction model.

Thermodiffusion of aqueous solutions of various potassium salts.

Thermophoresis or thermodiffusion has become an important tool to monitor protein-ligand binding as it is very sensitive to the nature of solute-water interactions. However, the microscopic mechanisms underlying thermodiffusion in protein systems are poorly understood at this time. One reason is the difficulty to separate the effects of the protein system of interest from the effects of buffers that are added to stabilize the proteins. Due to the buffers, typical protein solutions form multicomponent mixtures with several kinds of salt. To achieve a more fundamental understanding of thermodiffusion of proteins, it is therefore necessary to investigate solutions of buffer salts. For this work, the thermodiffusion of aqueous potassium salt solutions has been studied systematically. We use thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering experiments in a temperature range from 15 °C to 45 °C to investigate the thermodiffusive properties of aqueous solutions of five potassium salts: potassium chloride, potassium bromide, potassium thiocyanate, potassium acetate, and potassium carbonate in a molality range between 1 mol/kg and 5 mol/kg. We compare the thermophoretic results with those obtained for non-ionic solutes and discuss the thermophoresis of the salts in the context of ion-specific solvation according to the Hofmeister series.

Stress-strain constitutive model of concrete corroded by saline soil under uniaxial compression

Abstract Stress-strain constitutive relationship is one of the basic mechanical properties of concrete materials, and the stress-strain relationship of concrete subjected to salt corrosion has changed significantly. Saline soil in Western China has the characteristics of many kinds of salt and high concentration, which makes the damage to concrete more serious. In this paper, the uniaxial compressive stress-strain constitutive relation of corroded concrete in saline soil area of Western China is studied, and the constitutive model based on ion diffusion, chemical reaction and mechanical analysis was also given. Firstly, the causes and mechanisms of the change of stress-strain curve of corroded concrete were analyzed via the stress-strain curve, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and porosity. Then, the corroded concrete specimens were divided into three parts from the outside to the inside, namely, the corrosive damage part, the corrosive enhancement part and the non-corrosive part. Combined Fick's diffusion law and chemical reaction, the formulas for calculate the critical failure depth and the internal expansion stress were given. The corrosion effects of the corrosive damage part and the corrosive enhancement part were expressed by the critical failure depth and the internal expansion stress respectively. Finally, based on the meso-statistical parallel bar constitutive model of non-corroded concrete, a stress-strain constitutive model of corroded concrete in saline soil region of Western China was established considered the corrosion effect.

Corrosion Behavior of 45 Steel in Molten Nitrate Salts with 3wt% Impurities at 773.15K

In this paper, the corrosion behavior of 45 steel in molten HitecXL salt (1# salt) and HitecXL salt with 3wt%MgCl2 (2# salt) at 773.15K is studied by gravimetric methods. The cross section characteristics, the elements distribution features and corrosion products of the samples after corrosion are analyzed by SEM, XRD and EDS. The results show that the corrosion kinetics curves of 45 steel for 84 h in 1# and 2# salt all obey the linear law. The cross section morphology show that the corrosion layer depths of the samples are about 10μm and 25μ, respectively. Cl− react with O2 dissolved in the molten salts to form Cl2.then, Cl2 can react with Fe or the oxides of Fe to form FeCl3, which make 45 steel have bigger corrosion rate in 1# salt. The corrosion mechanisms of 45 steel in two kinds of salt are the loss of Fe.

A modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation applied to protein adsorption

Ion-exchange chromatography has been widely used as a standard process in purification and analysis of protein, based on the electrostatic interaction between the protein and the stationary phase. Through the years, several approaches are used to improve the thermodynamic description of colloidal particle-surface interaction systems, however there are still a lot of gaps specifically when describing the behavior of protein adsorption. Here, we present an improved methodology for predicting the adsorption equilibrium constant by solving the modified Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation in bispherical coordinates. By including dispersion interactions between ions and protein, and between ions and surface, the modified PB equation used can describe the Hofmeister effects. We solve the modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation to calculate the protein-surface potential of mean force, treated as spherical colloid-plate system, as a function of process variables. From the potential of mean force, the Henry constants of adsorption, for different proteins and surfaces, are calculated as a function of pH, salt concentration, salt type, and temperature. The obtained Henry constants are compared with experimental data for several isotherms showing excellent agreement. We have also performed a sensitivity analysis to verify the behavior of different kind of salts and the Hofmeister effects.

A versatile viscometric method for the study of dissolved proteins, exemplified for casein micelles in ammoniacal solutions

Viscosities of casein solutions were measured within the dilute range in ammoniacal water and in saline solvents containing different amounts and different kinds of salt. All these data are modeled quantitatively by means of an approach accounting for the polyelectrolyte character of casein micelles. Two parameters are required: The intrinsic viscosity [η ] and a viscometric interaction parameter β. The behavior of casein is compared with that of chain-like polyelectrolytes. For both polymers one observes a pronounced reduction of [η ] with increasing salt concentration. However, for casein the decline of [η ] is less pronounced by more than an order of magnitude and depends on the chemical nature of the salt. In the case of low solvent salinities, the β values are in both cases positive (less than exponential increase of the viscosity with rising solute concentration). However, for casein β changes from positive to negative (more than exponential increase) with rising salt concentration. Reasons for the dissimilarities between the two types of polyelectrolytes are discussed.

Secretory Expression, Purification, Characterization, and Application of an Aspergillus oryzae Prolyl Aminopeptidase in Bacillus subtilis.

cDNA coding a prolyl aminopeptidase (PAP) was cloned from Aspergillus oryzae and over expressed in Bacillus subtilis with a 6×His tag in N-terminus. The recombinant prolyl aminopeptidase was secreted to extracellular by adding 2mM CaCl2 and 5% D-sorbitol in TB medium; the enzyme activity in fermented supernatant increased from 7.2 to 41.5UmL-1. It has been purified 4.3-fold through Ni-chelating affinity chromatography with a recovery of 47.3%. The purified enzyme is stable below 50°C and within pH6-11, and with the highest activity at pH7.5 and 50°C. Several kinds of salt can activate enzyme activity in a certain concentration and the relative activity was 127.02% even when the concentration of NaCl reached 4.36M. It cleaved N-terminal Pro residues from many peptides but shown different hydrolysis rates for various Pro-X dipeptides or peptides which are of different lengths. It combined with alkaline protease and leucine aminopeptidase to hydrolyze casein, many free amino acid especially proline and small peptide of hydrolysate increased significantly.

Influence of salts, anion polyacrylamide and crude oil on nanofiltration membrane fouling during desalination process of polymer flooding produced water

The effective management of polymer flooding produced water (PFPW), co-produced in the process of polymer flooding oil extraction, will become a subject to solve urgently. To study membrane fouling properties, a commercial NF membrane (NF90) was adopted to treat model PFPW in this work, with different kinds of salt, anion polyacrylamide (APAM) and crude oil as target foulants. AFM, SEM-EDS, ATR-FTIR and contact angle were employed to analyze various membrane autopsies. The results showed that the membrane fouling was dominantly induced by APAM, as well as salts and crude oil. Various mutual influences between ions and APAM including charge screening, complexation, molecule coiling up and anti-scaling effect would aggravate or mitigate fouling in different combinations. The hydrophilic APAM could produce a “shielding effect” against crude oil because of its rapid adhesion on membrane surface under the strong hydrogen binding and complexation assisted by calcium. Membrane fouling induced by the three target foulants could improve salt rejection by strengthening size exclusion. In addition, the Donnan effect caused by APAM and nonpolar action caused by crude oil can also contribute in salt removal. Finally, fouling mechanism was proposed and some suggestions were put forward.

Effects of Various Kinds of Salt on the Quality and Storage Characteristics of Tteokgalbi.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of various kinds of salt on the quality and storage characteristics of tteokgalbi. The tteokgalbi was prepared using four types of salt: 1.5% purified salt (control, C), 1.5% five-year-old solar salt (FS), 1.5% Topan solar salt (TS), and 1.5% French Guérande solar salt (GS). The moisture, crude lipid, crude ash, crude protein and calorie contents, water holding capacity, and cooking loss were not significantly different between control and all other treatments. As for the textural characteristics, the use of GS increased the hardness of the tteokgalbi. According to the sensory evaluation, the use of TS had the best score in springiness. Tteokgalbi made with TS and GS had the two highest scores in flavor and total acceptability. During 15 d of storage, the contents of 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) and the total microbial counts increased, while the pH decreased. The TBA values of the tteokgalbi containing TS and GS were lower than that of C. Lightness (L) and yellowness (b) values decreased during storage, but redness (a) displayed no significant difference during storage. Overall, the best results, in terms of TBA value and sensory attributes, were obtained for the tteokgalbi containing TS and GS.

The ammonia leaching of alloy produced from waste printed circuit boards smelting process

The ammonia leaching tests were carried out to recover valuable metals from alloy obtained from smelting reduction process of mobile phone printed circuit boards. Leaching factors such as kinds of salt, ammonia concentration, and the interaction of metals, which are components of PCB, were investigated to improve the leaching efficiency. In the leaching tests using metal powders such as Zn, Sn, Ni, and Pb to investigate the interaction of metals, zinc was easily dissolved in ammonia solution, whereas Sn and Ni were not detected or the Pb concentration decreased rapidly. The metal concentrations increased with an increase in NH3 concentration from 1 to 5 kmol m− 3. The content of Cu could increase to 98% under the leaching conditions: 2 kmol m− 3 NH4Cl and 5 kmol m− 3 NH3 solution with 0.1 kmol m− 3 CuCl2 at 200 rpm and 30°C with 1% pulp density.

다양한 천일염으로 제조한 된장의 암세포 성장 억제 효과

사용 소금에 따른 된장의 암세포 성장 억제효과를 조사하기 위하여 4종의 천일염(1년 숙성 천일염, 4년 숙성 천일염, 토판염, 육염)을 사용하여 된장을 제조하였다. 대조구로는 정제염을 사용한 된장을 제조하여 실험을 수행하였다. 된장의 모든 제조 조건(원료, 제조방법, 발효 미생물, 발효조건 등)을 동일하게 하여주고 소금의 종류만을 달리하여 발효된 된장이 인체 위암세포(AGS)와 대장암세포(HT-29)의 성장 억제효과와 인간 정상세포(BJ)에 미치는 세포 독성을 조사하였다. 숙성된 된장을 물과 메탄올을 이용해 추출하여 사용 소금에 따른 된장의 암세포 성장억제효과를 MTT assay를 사용해 살펴보았다. 소금의 종류를 달리한 된장의 물 추출물과 메탄올 추출물은 AGS 위암세포, HT-29 결장암세포 대해서 모두 농도 의존적으로 높은 세포생육 억제율을 나타내었다. AGS의 경우 4년 숙성 천일염 된장의 물 추출물과 메탄올 추출물이 최대 처리 농도인 1.000 mg/mL에서 53%, 55%의 억제율을 나타내어 다른 종류의 소금에 비해 암세포 생육 억제효과가 매우 뛰어남을 확인하였다. 이어서 토판염, 육염, 1년 숙성 천일염, 정제염순으로 암세포 생육 저해 효과를 나타내는 것으로 관찰되었다. HT-29의 경우 AGS에 대한 암세포 성장 억제효과보다는 다소 낮지만 물 추출물의 최대 처리 농도 시 4년 숙성 천일염이 44%의 억제율을 보여 가장 높았으며 나머지 4종의 소금으로 제조한 된장들은 30~40% 정도의 억제 효과가 관찰되었다. 또한 메탄올 추출물에서도 위와 비슷한 경향을 보임을 확인하였으며 소금의 종류를 달리한 된장의 물 추출물과 메탄올 추출물은 모두 정상세포 BJ에 대해 세포독성을 거의 나타내지 않았으며 오히려 세포 성장효과를 보였다. 모든 추출물에서 우수한 암세포 생육 억제현상을 나타낸 4년 숙성 천일염 된장의 메탄올 추출물을 AGS, HT-29, BJ 세포에 처리하였을 때, 정상세포 BJ에 대해서는 처리 전후로 큰 차이가 관찰되지는 않았으나 세포 밀도의 감소와 함께 일부 세포 수축 현상을 관찰할 수 있었다. 따라서 이러한 결과들은 천일염 된장이 암세포 생육억제에 좋으며 그 중에서도 4년 숙성 천일염 된장이 가장 뛰어난 항암효과를 지님을 시사하고 있다. The growth inhibition effect of <TEX>$Doenjang$</TEX> that was prepared with various kinds of solar salt was investigated. <TEX>$Doenjang$</TEX> was prepared using the bacterial koji and five kind of salt with 12% salt concentration (w/w): purified salt <TEX>$Doenjang$</TEX>, one-year aged solar salt <TEX>$Doenjang$</TEX>, four-year aged solar salt <TEX>$Doenjang$</TEX>, topan solar salt <TEX>$Doenjang$</TEX>, and boiled solar salt <TEX>$Doenjang$</TEX>. The <TEX>$Doenjangs$</TEX> were fermented and aged for 18 months. The growth inhibition effects of the water extracts and the methanol extracts of the <TEX>$Doenjangs$</TEX> were measured on AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells, HT-29 colon carcinoma cells, and BJ human foreskin normal cells using MTT assay. The water and methanol extracts of the <TEX>$Doenjang$</TEX> samples showed growth inhibition effects on the cancer cells, in the following order of the samples with the strongest to the weakest effect: the four-year aged solar salt <TEX>$Doenjang$</TEX>, the topan solar salt <TEX>$Doenjang$</TEX>, the boiled solar salt <TEX>$Doenjang$</TEX>, the one-year aged solar salt <TEX>$Doenjang$</TEX>, and the purified salt <TEX>$Doenjang$</TEX>. The methanol extracts of the four-year aged solar salt Doenjang (AGS: 55% and HT-29: 48%) showed the strongest growth inhibition effect. In addition, decreased cancer cell numbers and morphological changes in the cancer cells (AGS and HT-29) were observed when the methanol extract of the four-year aged solar salt <TEX>$Doenjang$</TEX> was treated. None of the <TEX>$Doenjang$</TEX> extracts showed a growth inhibition effect on the BJ normal cells, though.

The Anticancer Effects of Doenjang Made with Various Kinds of Salt

The Anticancer Effects of Doenjang Made with Various Kinds of Salt

The Anticancer Effects of Doenjang Made with Various Kinds of Salt

The Anticancer Effects of Doenjang Made with Various Kinds of Salt

Germinação, vigor e crescimento de cultivares de feijoeiro em soluções salinas

Para se isolar os efeitos de concentrações elevadas de diferentes sais em solução, com respostas à pressão osmótica, tipos de sais e pH, realizaram-se dois ensaios com duas cultivares de feijoeiro: Diamante Negro e OPNS 331. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de soluções de NaNO3, NaCl, NaHCO3, KNO3, KCl ou KHCO3, e um controle sem acréscimo de sais, em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições; no primeiro ensaio, estudaram-se a germinação e o vigor em soluções de 60 mmol L-1 e o crescimento em solução nutritiva salina e, no segundo, as sementes foram germinadas em água deionizada e as plântulas transplantadas para a solução nutritiva acrescida de 60 mmol L-1 dos sais, nos valores de pH indicados, com um tratamento adicional em que a solução nutritiva com NaCl teve seu pH elevado a 8,5, como o das soluções de bicarbonato, testando-se o efeito do pH. Nos dois feijoeiros estudados, foram avaliadas variáveis de crescimento das plantas. A salinidade promoveu redução no crescimento das duas cultivares de feijoeiro estudadas e os efeitos prejudiciais de concentrações salinas e pH elevados, podem ser hierarquizados segundo a ordem: pressão osmótica &gt; alcalinidade &gt; bicarbonato ≈ cloreto &gt; sódio.

Accelerated Effect of Ferric Salts on Degradation of Thiophosphate Fungicide, Tolclofos-methyl by Zerovalent Iron

In this work, the degradation of fungicide tolclofos-methyl (TM) by zerovalent metals (ZVMs) was first investigated prior to investigation of the effect of ferric salts during zerovalent iron treatment to better understand the feasibility of abiotic degradation mediated by ZVMs. Unannealed zerovalent iron (uZVI), annealed zerovalent iron (aZVI) and zerovalent zinc (ZVZn) were used as ZVMs sources. uZVI was found to be the most effective catalyst for degrading TM in aqueous solution. The TM degradation rate depends not only on the amount and sizes of uZVI used but also on the initial concentration of fungicide itself. By testing various kinds of salt, it was found that ferric sulfate and ferric chloride showed better results for degrading TM by uZVI in aqueous solution. The order of effectiveness of salts is FeCl3>Fe2(SO4)3>FeSO4>Al2(SO4)3.

제(除)간수 천일염 및 구운소금 절임 배추김치의 품질 및 in Vitro 항암 기능성 증진 효과

This study was carried out to improve quality and increase anticancer effect of baechu kimchi by changing various kinds of salt. The baechu cabbages were brined with purified salt (P), natural sea salt (NS), natural sea salt without bittern (NS-B) or baked (Guwun) salt (G) and mixed with other ingredients. Thereafter, the kimchis were fermented for 7 days at 15℃. The changes in pH and acidity of the P and G kimchis were slower than those of NS and NS-B kimchis. NS-B and G kimchis promoted the growth of Leuconostoc sp.; however, it inhibited the growth of Lactobacillus sp. when compared with P and NS brined kimchis. The sensory evaluation results indicated that NS-B and G kimchis were better than P and NS kimchi in taste, color and overall acceptability. Rheological property of texture (cutting strength) of NS-B and G brined kimchis was also much better. Anticancer effects of the kimchi juices and methanol extracts were investigated on AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells and HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells by MTT assay. NS-B and G kimchis significantly retarded the growth of both cancer cells compared to P and NS kimchis. From these results, kind of salt is very important when kimchi is prepared. It proved that removing bittern from natural sea salt is good ancient tradition when brining the cabbage. Using the baked salt is also a better method to improve the quality and anticancer effect of kimchi.

An investigation on the atmospheric corrosion behaviour of coatings of electrical equipment in the coast of Persian Gulf – Bandar Abbas

Electrical industry equipment in the southern parts of Iran have sustained severe damages as a result of corrosive soil containing different kinds of salt, in combination with the corrosive local atmosphere. The present paper is the result of investigations into the behaviour of coatings for various electrical insulators end‐fittings. In this research, the performance of Al‐Zn alloy coating was compared to conventional galvanized zinc coatings by means of atmospheric corrosion tests. The results demonstrated the higher corrosion resistance of the alloy coatings, compared to that of conventional galvanized coatings. Insulator end‐fittings generally are made of steel, which are coated with a hot‐dip galvanized coating. The combination of Al and Zn elements in this coating was demonstrated to possess better galvanic protection and lower corrosion rate than did pure zinc.

Mullite Precursor Synthesis in Aqueous Conditions: Dependence of Mullite Crystallization and Grain Size and Morphology on Solution pH and Precursor Salt

The synthesis behavior of mullite in an aqueous system was investigated. Two kinds of aluminosilicate precursor sols were prepared by the dissolution of two kinds of salt (aluminum chloride hexahydrate, AlCl3·6H2O, and aluminum sulfate with 14–18 molecules of water, Al2[SO4]3·14–18H2O) into the mixture of colloidal silica sol. The effects of the solution pH, which was controlled by addition of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), and the type of aluminum salt on the mullite crystallization and the grain size and morphology in the sintered materials are discussed in this paper. It has been discovered that in an aqueous system, the mullitization temperature strongly depends on the solubility and decomposition temperature of the aluminum salt used and that the pH of the initial sol impacts the grain size and morphology of mullite, in addition to the homogeneity of mixture. Mullite is synthesized at 850 °C without resorting to the addition of an organic additive or nonaqueous solvent.

Tolerance of Grasses to Calcium Chloride, Magnesium Chloride and Sodium Chloride

The tolerance of six cool-season grasses and six warm-season grasses to three kinds of salt was examined in solution culture. Among the cool-season grasses, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) was the most tolerant to all three salts. Among the warm-season grasses, bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) was the most tolerant to excess calcium chloride and sodium chloride, while bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) was the most tolerant to excess magnesium chloride. A positive and significant correlation was found between estimates of the concentration at which plant growth decreases by 50% (C50) in the presence of excess CaCl2 and those in the presence of excess NaCl. The C50 estimates in excess MgCl2, however, were not correlated with those in the other two salts. The results suggest that common physiological mechanism confers tolerance to both excess CaCl2 and excess NaCl, but a different mechanism to excess MgCl2.

Effects of Salt and Precursor pH on Synthesizing Behavior and Grain Morphology of Mullite in Aqueous System

The effects of the salt and the precursor pH on the synthesizing behavior and the morphology of mullite have been studied. Two kinds of mullite precursor sols were prepared by the dissolution of two kinds of salt (aluminum nitrate enneahydrate, Al(<TEX>$NO_3$</TEX>)<TEX>$_3$</TEX>ㆍ<TEX>$9H_2$</TEX>O; type I and aluminum sulfate 14∼18 water, (SO<TEX>$Al_4$</TEX>)<TEX>$_3$</TEX><TEX>$\cdot$</TEX><TEX>$14∼18H_2$</TEX>O; type II) into the mixture of colloidal silica sol, respectively. Precursor pH of the sols was controlled to the acidic (pH= 1.5∼2) and basic (pH= 8.5∼9) conditions. The co-products with nitrate and sulfate were completely eliminated at <TEX>$500^{\circ}C$</TEX> and <TEX>$850^{\circ}C$</TEX>, respectively, which was confirmed by TG/DTA results. The synthesizing temperature of mullite phase was found to be above <TEX>$1200^{\circ}C$</TEX> for pH= 1.5∼2 and above <TEX>$1300^{\circ}C$</TEX> for pH= 8.5∼9 in type I. However, in type II, the synthesizing temperature of mullite was decreased to <TEX>$850^{\circ}C$</TEX> for pH= 1.5∼2 and <TEX>$1100^{\circ}C$</TEX> for pH= 8.5∼9. The grain size of the mullite synthesized at pH= 8.5∼9 was larger than that at pH= 1.5∼2 in overall heat-treated temperatures, showing smaller grain size in type II. Aspect ratio of the mullite grains was more increased at pH= 1.5∼2 than pH= 8.5∼9 in type I, showing similar aspect ratio at both pH conditions in type II. It was found that the synthesizing temperature and grain size were predominantly governed by the initial precursor pH and decomposition of the salt, with minor effect on the grain morphology.