Kinds Of Rates Research Articles

The compositionality of English phrasal verbs in terms of imageability

There has been considerable discussion about the degree to which English phrasal verbs (PVs) tend to be semantically “compositional” or “non-idiomatic” versus “non-compositional” or “idiomatic”. Much of this discussion relates to evidence that many learners of English as an additional language (L2) find PVs particularly difficult to acquire. This article reports a novel empirical study of the compositionality of PVs which makes use of published and newly collected subjective ratings of lexeme “imageability” (i.e., the extent to which a lexeme evokes mental imagery). The premise is that a PV cannot be wholly compositional if its imageability differs greatly from the imageability of its constituent words (CWs). The study focuses on 150 frequent PVs. Key data are meaning-specific imageability ratings of these PVs and their CWs. Results of multiple linear regression analysis indicate that for native-speakers about 13% of PV imageability is attributable to CW imageability. Literality, measured by two kinds of ratings, emerged as a much stronger predictor. These results suggest that any psychologically real PV compositionality in terms of imageability tends to be weakly accessible to native-speakers engaged in off-line reflection. The results suggest lines of enquiry with respect to treatment of PVs in contexts of instructed L2 acquisition.

Statistics of overtake events by a tagged agent

We consider a one-dimensional infinite lattice where at each site there sits an agent carrying a velocity, which is drawn initially for each agent independently from a common distribution. This system evolves as a Markov process where a pair of agents at adjacent sites exchange their positions with a specified rate, while retaining their respective velocities, only if the velocity of the agent on the left site is higher. We study the statistics of the net displacement of a tagged agent $m(t)$ on the lattice, in a given duration $t$, for two different kinds of rates: one in which a pair of agents at sites $i$ and $i+1$ exchange their sites with rate $1$, independent of the velocity difference between the neighbors, and another in which a pair exchange their sites with a rate equal to their relative speed. In both cases, we find $m(t)\sim t$ for large $t$. In the first case, for a randomly picked agent, $m/t$, in the limit $t\to \infty$, is distributed uniformly on $[-1,1]$ for all continuous distributions of velocities. In the second case, the distribution is given by the distribution of the velocities itself, with a Galilean shift by the mean velocity. We also find the large time approach to the limiting forms and compare the results with numerical simulations. In contrast, if the exchange of velocities occurs at unit rate, independent of their values, and irrespective of which is faster, $m(t)/t$ for large $t$ is has a gaussian distribution, whose width varies as $t^{-1/2}$.

TREVPAR’s Rates Development, Average Income and OCC of Brazilian’s Resorts During 2014/2015 Two-Year-Time

This article talks about the sales performance and income generation of Brazilian resorts based in enterprises associated with the Associação Brasileira de Resorts-ABR (Brazilian Association of Resorts -BAR) during 2014-2015. The article purpose understands how much the circumstantial factors interfere in rates generation in the hotel industry. The sales performance was measured by the occupancy rates related to the income through the TREVPAR’s average income meters. These resorts were analyzed, first, in a general group of performance and, later, were segmented and analyzed into subgroups according to their geographical location – country side or the beach - and the daily rate - all-inclusive or other kind of rates (half board, etc). After rates obtained, it was concluded that the circumstantial and sector factors has strong influence in the resorts income. In addition to the overall performance of sales indices, could be noted that when put into subgroups, the resorts had different performances along the tow-year-period.

Thermodynamics and phase coexistence in nonequilibrium steady states

I review recent work focussing on whether thermodynamics can be extended to nonequilibrium steady states (NESS), in particular, the possibility of consistent definitions of temperature T and chemical potential μ for NESS. The testing-grounds are simple lattice models with stochastic dynamics. Each model includes a drive that maintains the system far from equilibrium, provoking particle and/or energy flows; for zero drive the system relaxes to equilibrium. Analysis and numerical simulation show that for spatially uniform NESS, consistent definitions of T and μ are possible via coexistence with an appropriate reservoir, if (and in general only if) a particular kind of rate (that proposed by Sasa and Tasaki) is used for exchanges of particles and energy between systems. The program fails, however, for nonuniform systems. The functions T and μ describing isolated phases cannot be used to predict the properties of coexisting phases in a single, phase-separated system.

Eco-material selection using fuzzy TOPSIS method

In the classical multiple attribute decision-making or MADM methods, the ratings and the weights of the criteria are known precisely. However, in eco-material selection exercises, the available data are typically inadequate because of the selection dual quantitative and qualitative natures. Some of the qualitative selection criteria can be rated in several classes rather being expressed by exact numerical values; hence the application of fuzzy concepts in decision-making seems attractive to deal with such kind of ratings. Thusly, the presented study attempts to propose an eco-material selection approach specific to the automobile body panels using a fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), to incorporate both numerical and rating-based criteria into one holistic sustainability model. TOPSIS and fuzzy logic can aid the material selection process in translating the design goals and parameters into usable numbers that in turn can be used to rank candidate materials in their closeness to the ideal solution. An additional uniqueness of this study stems from using the fuzzy-TOPSIS as a scoring tool without any assigned weights for the different selection attributes, in order to avoid the bias that is typically associated with other classical MADM, such as quality function deployment, analytical hierarchy process and digital logic.

Tres tasas máximas de ganancia en Sraffa

There is in Production of commodities by means of commodities three kind of rates but not two only. This question may be considered a surprise because Sraffa also work with only two maximum rates. This topic never had been discovered to my knowledge. These rates are as following: the standard rate, the maximun rate calculated making zero the wage rate and the maximum rate taking the minimum rate the surplus in % by every commodities. This article is about the relations among these kinds of rates.

Mechanism of the corrosion exfoliation of a polymer coating from a carbon steel

A mechanism of the atmospheric corrosion of a carbon steel under polymer (paint and varnish) coatings is studied. The potential distribution around an artificial coating defect was measured in situ with a scanning Kelvin probe (SKP). The potential gradient between the steel surface at the defect and under the coating determines the mechanism of the subfilm corrosion. Measuring the galvanic currents in a steel under coating-steel at defect model system revealed the spatial separation of partial electrochemical reactions. The separation was additionally confirmed by the elemental analysis of the metal surface upon removing the coating. The mechanism of corrosion exfoliation is shown to differ depending on the kind of rate, which determines the electrochemical reaction at the coating defect. In the presence of aqueous NaCl electrolyte, the defect acts as an anode, which results in the cathodic exfoliation of the coating. In the case of drier corrosion in an atmosphere at a humidity of 95%, the steel at a defect acts as a cathode with respect to the surrounding interface, which leads to the development of anodic zones around the defect.

What Is a Reaction Rate?

Experimentally, the rates of reactant consumption or rates of product formation are measured. These rates are related to, but different from, reaction rates. A reaction rate is a property of a given reaction, not of chemical species. The relationships between these two kinds of rates are not always simple. In a homogeneous closed reactor, a correct definition of a reaction rate is (dξ/dt)/V, where V is the reactor volume and ξ the extent of reaction. Open systems require a different approach to the concept of reaction rate and there is no simple equation that can be used as a general definition in all kinds of reactors. We propose a definition leading always and simply to the correct equations.

International comparisons of patients’ views on quality of care

To compare patients' views on quality of care in different countries using a theory-based instrument, while at the same time controlling for the following potential confounders: type of care system (private vs public), type of care (kind of health problem), gender, age, and subjective wellbeing. Patients capable of communicating in wards (medical and surgical departments) and day surgery departments in England, France, Norway, and Sweden were recruited consecutively, to participate in a programme run by the health-care company Capio. Ward patients: England (n=1236), France (n=1051), Norway (n=226), and Sweden (n=428). Day surgery patients: England (n=887), France (n=544), Norway (n=101), and Sweden (n=742). Average response rate across settings: approximately 75 per cent. Patients evaluated the quality of the care they actually received and the subjective importance they ascribed to different aspects of care. The questionnaire "Quality from the patient's perspective" (QPP) was used (modified short version). Cross-national comparisons were made within each of the two care contexts (wards and day surgery) separately for men and women. Quality of care evaluations were adjusted for age and subjective wellbeing. English and French patients scored significantly higher than Norwegian and Swedish on both kinds of ratings (perceived reality and subjective importance), in both kinds of care contexts, and in both sexes. Cross-national comparisons of patients' views on care can give meaningful guidance for practitioners only if they are context-specific and if well-known confounders are controlled for.

Human male mating strategies: I. Courtship tactics of the “quality” and “quantity” alternatives

Human males may adopt the “quality” strategy, a long-term pair bond with considerable paternal investment, or the “quantity” reproductive strategy, short-term pair bonds with little paternal investment. We hypothesized that (1) the two strategies require different courtship tactics, which can be derived from their different goals, and (2) the behavior used by quality courters is perceived as honest while the quantity strategist is often exploitative. Act nominations of 79 subjects and the investigators generated a set of 71 dating behaviors. Sixty-four other subjects classified each behavior by the theoretically derived tactics. Fifty-four males rated the likelihood of usage of each behavior by a man interested in marriage (quality courter) and by men interested in sexual relationships (quantity courters) who typically deceive, manipulate, or coerce women. Fifty-three other males rated each behavior on ethical scales of honesty, deception, manipulation, and coercion. Both kinds of ratings indicated that (1) tactics of quality courtship involve honest advertisement through mutual assessment, resource expenditure, and a delay in sexual relations, and (2) tactics of quantity courtship involve indirect or direct threats, psychological pressure, and talking about sex. Ethical ratings and the range of behaviors likely to be used by quality and quantity courters confirmed the hypothesis about ethical perceptions of the two strategies and suggested that quantity courters are opportunistic as well as exploitative.

An experimental study of the alphabetical rating

Alphabetical and numerical ratings were compared by requiring observers to rate lightnesses using the letters of the Italian alphabet or integers in the ranges 0–20 or 1–21. Alphabetical and numerical ratings did not coincide. The hypothesis that the discrepancy depended on a judged difference between interletter and corresponding interinteger distances was tested by asking observers to produce sections of the alphabet. Relatively small letter-search effects were found in the second half of the alphabet. From the results, it seems possible to conclude that interletter and corresponding interinteger distances are equal, and that the discrepancy between the two kinds of ratings might depend on the properties of the output function that transforms internal representations of magnitude into overt responses.

Observer ratings of perceived exertion in relation to self ratings and heart rate

The results from a comparison made between observers' estimations of a bicycling subject's exertion and the self-raters' perceived exertion show that one can draw conclusions of an individual's exertion at physical work by using observer ratings. Six bicycling subjects (self-raters) cycled on a bicycle ergometer at six different power levels presented in random order. The estimations were made simultaneously by the observers and the self-rater during the last half minute at each power level. At the same time the self-rater's heart rate was registered. In accordance with earlier findings on physical work, the relation between heart rate and power level was linear. The estimations were made on a category-ratio scale as well as with magnitude estimation. The observers found the category-ratio scale easier to use and it seems as if the category-ratio scale is as reliable as magnitude estimation for these kinds of ratings.

Risk-based crime statistics: A forecasting comparison for burglary and auto theft

A major criticism of official statistics on crime is that they use inappropriate bases for computing rates. Here we investigate whether computing crime rates that contain in their denominators the number of exposures to risk of a specific event (e.g., residential burglary and auto theft) provides more accurate forecasts than employing the traditional FBI denominators as a base (e.g., the number of auto thefts and burglaries per 100, 000 persons living in the United States). Single equation, macrodynamic structural models are fitted to both the “traditional” and “alternative” forms of computing auto theft and burglary rates over the twenty-seven-year period from 1947–1974, in order to determine how well they perform on statistical and substantive grounds over the estimation period. Ex-post forecasts of the 1975–1979 observed crime rates, used to gauge the accuracy of these models, reveal few differences between the two kinds of rates in terms of how well they forecast. Both types of rates forecast well with the exogenous variables employed here and lead to similar substantive conclusions. The forecasts of the “traditional” rates are consistently, but only slightly, more accurate than those of the “alternative” rates (in most cases the differences are less than 1 percent). It is argued that the criticism of official data may be overstated and that little benefit accrues from the modification of the rate base for some purposes.

Evaporative antimony doping of silicon during molecular beam epitaxial growth

At T>700 °C Sb desorbs from the Si(111) surface at a rate KDNDS and incorporates in the growing surface (1.15 Å/sec) at a rate KINDS where KD =1.5×109 exp(−2.46/kT), KI =7.45×10−5 exp(−0.41/kT), and NDS is the Sb surface concentration cm−2. The sticking coefficient for Sb S=KI/KD =4.9×10−14 exp(2.05/kT), ranging from 10−3 at 700 °C to 3×10−5 at 850 °C. Transient time τ=K−1D ranges from 10 sec at 980 °C to 105 sec at 600 °C. Sharp, well-controlled doping profiles result for T>750 °C and bulk mobility is achieved up to ND ∼3×1018 cm−3.ND levels >1017 cm−3 require multimonolayer equivalent Sb coverage, but Si surface area appears to increase to provide Si-Sb bonding for all Sb atoms. For T<650 °C KI increases and S∼unity at 600 °C.

ON TWO INDEPENDENT SOURCES OF ERROR IN LEARNING THE SYNTAX OF A SECOND LANGUAGE1

The syntactic errors adults make in learning a foreign language are often those native children make as well. These “analogy” errors are just as important, as the adult progresses towards mastery of L2, as “interference” errors based on his L1. The former errors actually increase as learning progresses while the latter decrease steadily. The two contributions to a syntactic error can be measured by asking L2 and L1 speakers, respectively, whether a sample sentence is a plausible native utterance (literally translated for the latter). Judges' ratings of 40 common errors correlated .41 and .47, respectively, with the probability of actually committing them (R = .59). With students' L2 proficiency taken into account, along with the two kinds of ratings, syntactic errors were highly predictable (R = .78).

Aseismic faulting following the 1973 Nemuro-Oki earthquake, Hokkaido, Japan (a possibility)

The possibility of delayed strain release by aseismic faulting following a main shock is studied in relation to the recent earthquake off Nemuro peninsula, Hokkaido, Japan 17 June, 1973. The main purpose of this paper is to obtain a comprehensive view of the land movement in eastern Hokkaido with respect to the seismic cycle there This region, particularly the Nemuro peninsula area, has been subject to extensive land subsidence in the past several decades. At Hanasaki, for example, it amounted to −60 cm in the past 70 years. The long-term accumulation of subsidence in the same area, as read from remaining marks of the ancient sea level, is only −2 m in the past 5000–6000 years. There-fore, the rate of the recent land movement is twenty times or more as high as the long-tern one, which is known from the geomorphological evidence. Such disagreement between the two kinds of rates leads us to expect a future uplift phase which will compensate the previous subsidence.

Population Growth in the Suburbs of Hiroshima

Growth of a city occurs side by side with the social increase of population in the city. The population growth is not confined to the city, but extends to its suburbs. Considered a social increase in population by restricting to inflow, the population increase in the suburbs consists of immigrants from the city and from the back country.Both the immigrants from the city and those from country-side consist of two kind of people. One is the kind of people who have their working places or schools to attend in the city, but were competed to move to the suburbs in order to improve their housing conditions or in search of better environment. Therefore, most of them continue to have a close relationship with the city by commuting. We will call them “city oriented immigrants”. The other is such people who move to the suburbs to get job there not in the city. They live close to their working places or schools, or to live in retirement. So, their relationship with the city activities is less close compared to the former kind of people. We term the former “overlowed immigrants”.The writer, first, examined the rates of overflowed immigrants and city oriented immigrants to the total immigrants of 18 towns around Hiroshima city. Secondly, he tried to divide the whole area of 18 towns into four by using the two rates of each town. Area I ; both rates of overflowed immigrants and city oriented immigrants to the total immigrants are very high. Area II ; both rates are medium. Area III ; rate of overflowed immigrants is fairly high, but rate of city oriented immigrants is low. Area IV ; both rates are low. He pointed out that these two kinds of rates will be useful as indicators for demarcation of the sphere of urban influence.

Number Magic: The Oversimplified Quantification of Complex Problems

CERTAIN highly cathected words have long been used to persuade and incite individuals and groups to action. We are for peace, health, and virtue and against aggressors, disease, and sin. In our Age of Science, however, numbers have become even more effective than words in art of persuasion. Percentages, rates, and ratios have become focal points toward which public attention is directed, and we hear daily of accident rates, wage rates, unemployment rates, divorce rates, interest rates, and so on. The magic of numbers refers to illusion of certainty and knowledge that is created by oversimplified quantification of complex problems. The simplicity or certainty attached to saying the rate is going up or the rate is going down is soul-satisfying, with its absence of conflict and contradiction. (Seldom are conflicting trends mentioned in same sentence.) Many indexes are relatively easy to compute. They are highly visible once computed; and attitudes are easily attached to them in form of things are getting better, with movement of rate in one direction, and things are getting worse, with movement in other direction. Whether any kind of rate could be computed and published periodically without having good or bad connotations attached to changes in trend is highly questionable. It would be an oversimplification in itself to attribute capacity of simple indexes to seduce and lull critical thinking processes solely to close relationship between quantitative and scientific. Since recorded history man has been fascinated by simplicity and orderliness of numbers and numerical relationships. In early Greek thinking orderly and good and beautiful were closely associated. Yet it would also be a mistake to overlook persuasiveness that indexes acquire through fact that language of science is, to a large extent, mathematical and statistical. With poor logic, reverse is too often naively accepted: that if something is stated in quantitative form, then it must be scientific, and hence closer to truth and certainty than if stated otherwise. The quantification of complex problems is one technique in obtaining an understanding of many factors usually found in any complex situation. The capacity to abstract essential elements of a situation and express them in symbolic form has enabled man to achieve solutions to many perplexing problems. It is not quantification

The Health of Youth

months, the work being continued for a sufficient time to obtain a record of illness for twelve consecutive months.3 Considering all illnesses (disabling and nondisabling) reported in these periodic canvasses, the least sickness occurred at 15-924 years, with an annual rate of 629 cases per 1,000 persons. This figure may be compared with 1,912 for infants and preschool children (under 5), 845 for the school ages (5-14 years), 797 for adult ages (,5-44 years), 785 for middle aged persons (45-64 years), and 979 for persons above 65 years (Fig. 1). If the data are limited to disabling illnesses, i.e., those causing inability to work, attend school, or pursue other usual activities, youth still shows the lowest rates. Likewise, rates for cases that cause the patient to go to bed for one or more days are lower in youth than at other ages. The data cited above are case rates; that is, they are based on a count of cases of various types. An entirely different kind of rate may be set up by computing the number of days lost from school or work or the number of