Kinds Of Pipes Research Articles

The divergency of microbiological influenced corrosion for diverse pipe materials in the drinking water distribution system

Microbiological influenced corrosion (MIC) was prevalent in the water supply industry, especially in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) where ferrous materials are the main component. The MIC behaviors for four popular pipe materials (304 stainless steel, 316 stainless steel, Q235 carbon steel, and nodular cast iron) were studied by the dynamic water supply network simulation in the paper. The biomass densities of surface coupons in the experimental period were ranked as follows: nodular cast iron (20,562 cells/mm2, ICC) > Q235 carbon steel (8697 cells/mm2, ICC) > 316 stainless steel (6350 cells/mm2, ICC) > 304 stainless steel (5520 cells/mm2, ICC). Microbial community structure was mainly influenced by environmental factors, especially in the pipe materials that significantly impacted dominant genera inhabited on experimental materials, among which the 316 stainless steel showed the best biostability. Moreover, the profile of polarization resistance and corrosion current exhibited a similar variation tendency, which increased in the first 30 days and then decreased later. The maximum corrosion current of each material was 2.10 × 10−4 A (304SS), 2.70 × 10−4 A (316SS), 2.58 × 10−4 A (Q235 carbon steel), and 1.30 × 10−4 A (nodular cast iron). SEM and XRD results confirmed that the surficial porous corrosion layer controlled the diffusion process of iron corrosion where β-FeOOH and γ-FeOOH were the main components of the corrosion product. Overall, the results of community diversity, electrochemical parameters, and corrosion layer structure showed that 316 stainless steel possessed the best biological corrosion resistance among the four kinds of pipes.

Numerical study on critical flow velocity of ice slurry in the pipe of ice source heat pump system

The traditional evaporator of water source heat pump system is easy to freeze when the water source temperature is too low in winter. A novel ice source heat pump system is proposed, which can use low temperature surface water to supply heat to buildings. One of the key problems for safe transportation is velocity range of ice slurry in ice outlet pipeline. In order to study the critical flow velocity of ice slurry in the pipe, an Euler model of horizontal straight pipe and 90° elbow pipe were established by Fluent software. The influence of five factors on the critical flow velocity of two kinds of pipes, including initial ice packing fraction, ice particle size, pipe diameter, length of straight pipe and radius curvature of elbow was studied. It found that the initial ice content should be controlled from 10% to 15%. The inlet flow rate was 20% higher than the critical flow rate under the most unfavorable condition. Ice particle size was less than 0.2 mm. The total length of ice discharge pipeline was less than 50 m. Curvature radius of the bend should be met the minimum requirements of the specification of the pipe used.

Evaluation and comparison of different detection technologies on simulated voids near buried pipes

Erosion voids near buried pipes may reduce the service lives of buried infrastructure assets and present a concern to municipalities as they are difficult to detect accurately and effectively. Various technologies exist to detect erosion voids but limited testing has been performed to evaluate their effectiveness. In order to evaluate and compare different existing erosion void detection technologies, a blind experiment (i.e., without operators having prior information about void locations and geometries) was conducted. Two kinds of pipes were used for the evaluation: a corrugated steel pipe and a reinforced concrete pipe. A total of five artificial voids were made near the pipes. Four commercially available void detection technologies were evaluated: (i) conventional Backscatter Computed Tomography (BCT), (ii) handheld BCT, (iii) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and (iv) Pipe Penetrating Radar (PPR). Additionally, Infrared Thermography (IRT) was also employed by the authors although this was not a blind study. Each technology and the data provided by that technology are presented. Based on the results, Handheld BCT and IRT were recommended for initial detection of the voids near corrugated steel pipes. To obtain higher accuracy and geometry detail, conventional BCT and PPR were suggested for the corrugated steel pipe and concrete pipe, respectively. GPR was able to detect a large void simulated between the two test pipes.

Assessment of Human Stability in Sewer Systems during Dry Weather Conditions

Inspection and maintenance tasks are essential to guarantee the correct operation of sewer drainage networks. In combined sewers, these tasks are generally carried out during dry periods when only wastewater flow circulates in the system. When the sewer is big enough to allow the access of people, this inspection is done in person with consequent potential exposure to several hazards such as the presence of toxic gases, the possibility to fall or the loss of stability due to the presence of a continuous wastewater flow. In this context, this paper presents a methodology to assess hazard conditions related to human stability in sewer systems during dry weather periods. Hazard assessment has been performed by applying several hazard criteria to the results of a 1D sewer model simulations regarding a real network in Spain. Results show that the influence of the selection of hazard criteria is relevant, although only a small part of the whole system can be classified as high hazard. Regardless, the proposed method is highly effective to detect these kinds of pipes and we consider them as critical point to improve health and safety procedures during maintenance and inspection tasks.

Occurrence and quantification of culturable and viable but non-culturable (VBNC) pathogens in biofilm on different pipes from a metropolitan drinking water distribution system

Waterborne pathogens have been found in biofilms grown in drinking water distribution system (DWDS). However, there is a lack of quantitative study on the culturability of pathogens in biofilms from metropolitan DWDS. In this study, we quantified culturable and viable but non-culturable (VBNC) Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholerae in biofilms collected from five kinds of pipes (galvanized steel pipe, steel pipe, stainless steel clad pipe, ductile cast iron pipe and polyethylene pipe) and associated drinking water at an actual chlorinated DWDS in use from China. The results of these comprehensive analyses revealed that pipe material is a significant factor influencing the culturability of pathogen and microbial communities. Network analysis of the culturable pathogens and 16S rRNA gene inferred potential interactions between microbiome and culturability of pathogens. Although the water quality met the Chinese national standard of drinking water, however, VBNC pathogens were detected in both biofilms and water from the DWDS. This investigation suggests that stainless steel clad pipe (SSCP) was a better choice for pathogen control compared with other metal pipes. To our knowledge, this is the first study on culturable and VBNC pathogens in biofilms of different pipe materials in metropolitan DWDS.

Detection of Underground Anomalies Using Analysis of Ground Penetrating Radar Attribute

Need of specifying underground construction works for supporting further tasks as maintenance, repairing, or setting up new underground structures. For these needs, ground penetrating radar, one of the efficient geophysical methods, can bring high-resolution and quick underground image revealing existence of both natural and artificial anomalies. Its fixed receiver-transmitter antennas setting as constant offset is commonly used in urban areas. Conventionally, hyperbolae events are crucial indicator for scattering objects as kinds of pipes, water drainage system, and concrete building structures as well as sink holes. Calculation of their depths and sizes requires migration analysis with the environment velocity. Migrated sections with different velocity show different chaos degrees of transformation from a hyperbola diffraction curve to its focused area. We have researched diagrams of different Ground Penetrating Radar attributes as energy, entropy, and varimax dependent on two variables, velocity and window zone covering diffraction events from a set of synthetic data and real data, in specifying the environment velocity. We have developed a novel technique for evaluation of the ground velocity and object’s size by combination of the new varimax diagram and the Kirchhoff migration method. The technique can define contribution of diffracted ground penetrating radar waves for building the diagram after removing the reflection contribution. The synthetic datasets consist of different random background noise levels and expressions of different-sized circular and rectangular pipes. The real data is measured for detecting two underground gas pipes in Ba Ria – Vung Tau province, Vietnam.

The Trailer

The Trailer Jennifer Anderson (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution Photo courtesy of the author Sometime in late March the camper trailer appears: fifteen feet long with a crude black-and-green paint job, discarded on our property behind Starbucks, Little Caesars, and the AT&T store. It sits parallel to one of the metal outbuildings my father rents from my sister-in-law, my husband, and me for his woodworking projects, the front-end tongue jack [End Page 139] balanced on a block of wood as if someone has planned to set up camp in our gravel parking lot. Zebra-print curtains flap in the open window. The door dangles from one hinge. I don’t remember exactly when my father tells me about it or when I first mention it to my husband and his sister. My mother-in-law, the actual owner of the property, has recently, unexpectedly, died from complications related to diabetes. “Don’t worry,” my father assures me, “I’ll get rid of it.” He reports it to the police, who write down the license-plate number and tag the street-side window with a bright pink sticker. After a few weeks pass with no response, he calls again. An officer tells him the phone number linked to the plate is out of service. There is nothing they can do. The city does not tow abandoned vehicles from private property. “Where in the hell do our taxes go?” he asks me. Out of Idaho’s forty-four counties, our north-central town of thirty- three thousand at the confluence of the Snake and Clearwater Rivers— touted as the gateway to Hells Canyon—pays the third-highest property tax rate in the state. “And for what?” he complains. He calls the local salvage yard. They will take it only if he removes the holding tank, refrigerator, and stove. He also has to haul it to them and pay a fee. He refuses to pay. I do too, so I don’t even bother telling my husband or his sister. “It’s a matter of principle,” my father and I say to each other more than once. “The city should help us—why are we responsible for someone else’s trash?” We consider hitching the trailer to my father’s truck and moving it into the street—then the city will have to deal with it—but are hesitant to actually follow through. My father’s phone number is on police record. If anything, we rationalize, he’ll receive a citation. So the trailer stays, and over the next year a clutter of feral cats takes up residence, cascading from the window—an orange, white, and black rainbow—when they hear my father’s truck, before vanishing beneath a web of blackberry bramble. Now March has come around again, and my father tells me that someone has moved in. I don’t believe him at first. He’s seventy-three, suffers from intermittent blurry vision related to dry eye, and refuses to wear glasses. “Who’d sleep in there?” I ask. [End Page 140] “I found a pipe by the tire,” he tells me, “when I was doing weeds.” He sprays the puncturevine a few times a year; otherwise, it spreads into the gravel lot and takes over everything. “What kind of pipe?” “That should hold back those damned goatheads for a while,” he continues. “I track them inside my truck, everywhere—” “Dad, what kind of pipe?” “A glass one, used for drugs.” “What kind of drugs? Meth? Weed?” “How in the hell would I know?” My father and I have lived in Idaho our entire lives—our houses sit only two miles apart—but we still somehow inhabit different worlds. I teach English composition at the state college in town. He’s a retired paper mill foreman. At fourteen, I first smoked weed from a soda can in the bluffs behind my parents’ house. I discovered acid the next summer, asking “What does it do?” only after placing the white tab on my tongue. An insecure teen with a self-destructive streak, I huffed, snorted, and smoked everything I could. If someone...

Application of Metaheuristic Algorithms for Pressure Analysis of Crude Oil Pipeline

ABSTRACTPipeline pressure drops can be decreased by various methods. Utilizing small amounts of additives that named drag reducing agent (DRA) in pipelines with crude oil may reduce the friction caused by fluid. It highlights the importance of accurate approximation of drag reduction (DR). In this work, the performance of artificial neural network (ANN) in forecasting DR in crude oil pipelines was enhanced using artificial bee colony (ABC) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms. To this end, we considered Reynolds number, concentration of DRA, type of DRA, temperature, and kind of pipe as the DR influential factors. Using 80:20 ratios for determining the training and testing data, each model performed with its optimal parameters. Three accuracy criteria of coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) were used to evaluate their efficiency. Based on the results, applying ABC and PSO evolutionary algorithm leads to increasing R2 from 0.9487 to 0.9743 and 0.9806 in the training phase, and from 0.9584 to 0.9795 and 0.9835 in the testing phase. Moreover, a considerable decrease was observed for the RMSE (30% and 36%) and MAE (31% and 38%) in the testing stage.

Corrosion Monitoring and Inhibition of Buried Pipes in a Nuclear Power Plant Using a FEM Method or Mixed Inhibitors

Several kinds of pipes in a nuclear power plant were buried in the soil. In order to control the corrosion problems, cathodic protection has been applied to protect the corrosion process in the outer surface of pipes and several corrosion inhibitors have been used to minimize the corrosion in the inner surface of the pipes. This work focused on the corrosion monitoring of the outside of coal tar-coated pipes buried in a nuclear power plant using a FEM method and the corrosion inhibition of the inside of the pipes using mixed inhibitors. The pipes buried in a nuclear power plant were ductile cast iron and these have been suffered under very high cathodic protection condition beyond the appropriate condition. However, cathodic potential measured in the site reveals the non-protected status. Converting from 3D CAD data of the power plant to appropriate type for a FEM simulation was performed and cathodic potential under the applied voltage and current was calculated using the primary and secondary current distribution physics conditions. FEM simulation for coal tar-coated pipe without defects showed the over-protection condition if the pipes are well-coated. On the other hand, we compared the different inhibition mechanisms of organic inhibitor with that of anodic inhibitor. When ethanolamines or nitrite or molybdate were added separately to tap water for inhibiting the corrosion of ductile cast iron, large amounts of inhibitor were needed. However, when mixed inhibitors were added, their amounts were greatly reduced and we found the synergistic effect and also proposed the new mechanism.

Similitude criterion derivation and pipe physical property test and suitable analysis for water hammner scale model of long distance district heating pipeline

Based on a new district heating (DH) based on absorption heat exchangers, long distance district heating pipelines are developed rapidly in China. Water hammer protection is one of the most important design issues encountered in district heating pipeline safety. In order to analyze water hammer in DH pipe systems, scale models are introduced in this paper. Traditional similitude criterion numbers are derived from the motion equations based on the assumption of incompressible fluid. Therefore, traditional similitude criterion numbers are invalid in water hammer analysis, considering that water hammer is caused by the elasticity of the fluid. Therefore, similitude criterions used in water hammer analysis are derived by us and put forward in the article. In order to find out suitable pipes for scale models of DH pipeline systems, seven kinds of pipes are tested in an experiment based on typical parameters in DH pipeline systems. The results show that PB pipes should be used in shorter pipelines with small altitude difference, and air pressure pipes should be used in longer pipelines with large altitude difference. At last, a long distance transmission pipeline for a CHP system in Shanxi Province is taken as an example.

Risk management for maintenance of district heating networks

Underground infrastructure such as buried district heating pipes are difficult to inspect. The methods available to assess the status of the district heating pipes are often both expensive and do not provide enough evidence to determine the condition of the pipelines. This paper discusses how utilities systematically can work with risk assessments and risk classification to plan the maintenance and renewal of district heating networks. The results were based on interviews with a selection of Swedish district heating companies that were already using risk and vulnerability analysis as a tool for maintenance and renewal of their networks, as well as on a literature study of methods for risk and vulnerability analysis. The study showed that a rather limited number of methods were used by the selected utilities, mainly those based on risk matrices. Risk classification of pipes were carried out based on age, type and dimensions of pipes, identification of pipes to customers with greater need for security of supply, history of damages on the pipes and statistics over probability of damage for different kind of pipes, working environment and safety. Personnel involved in the management and maintenance planning of reinvestment in the district heating network emphasized that strategic work with risk management really can aid the foreseeing of coming needs for reinvestments and planning of maintenance. The study rendered in advices and a checklist for how district heating companies can start working with the area of risk management.

Design and servo control of a leak tightness machine working based on hydrostatic pressure aging method

The leakage problem, which occurs due to the high hydrostatic pressure values of the fluid inside the pipes, is a serious issue in most of the pipeline systems. Therefore, the leak tightness test is required in different standards for verification of almost every kind of pipes used in both academic researches and industrial applications. The behavior of the hydrostatic pressure parameter in the test pipe has to be as smooth as possible during the leak tightness test. The conventional control loops of the servo mechanisms used for pumping the test fluid into the test pipe are weak to provide the minimum overshoot, the rise time and the steady-state error. In this situation, hydrostatic pressure tests are not capable of giving meaningful results. In this study, a leak tightness test machine working with a servo control loop to provide the optimum hydrostatic pressure pattern is designed. The efficacy of the designed leak tightness test machine and proposed optimized servo control loop have been shown with both simulation and experimental results.

Explosions of gasoline-air mixtures in a closed pipe containing a T-shaped branch structure

Experiments were performed to examine the overpressure change laws and flame speed change laws both in a closed straight pipe and a closed pipe with a T-shaped branch structure. The effects of T-shaped branch structure on the maximum overpressures, overpressure rise rates and flame speeds of gasoline-air mixture explosions were deeply investigated. It was found that the maximum overpressures increased with the growth of distance from the ignition point both in the two kinds of pipes. Oscillations of the flame front were observed during the flame development. The maximum flame speeds were found in the range of 52%–63% of the pipe length for the straight pipe, and 59%–64% of the pipe length for the pipe containing a T-shaped branch structure. Experiments also showed that the T-shaped branch structure had the ability to enhance overpressures, average overpressure rise rates and flame speeds, and it had little effect on the upstream flow of T-shaped junction, but much on the downstream flow, and when initial concentration was at 1.7% (close to the stoichiometric concentration), the degree of enhancement was more significant than 1.3% (lean concentration) and 2.3% (rich concentration). In addition, the images by a high-speed camera showed that when the flame propagated through the section of T-shaped branch structure, distortions and winkles of the flame front could be observed, which increased the flame surface area, thereby increasing the burning rate, heat release and flame speed.

Comparison of carbon footprints of steel versus concrete pipelines for water transmission

ABSTRACTThe global demand for water transmission and service pipelines is expected to more than double between 2012 and 2022. This study compared the carbon footprint of the two most common materials used for large-diameter water transmission pipelines, steel pipe (SP) and prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP). A planned water transmission pipeline in Texas was used as a case study. Four life-cycle phases for each material were considered: material production and pipeline fabrication, pipe transportation to the job site, pipe installation in the trench, and operation of the pipeline. In each phase, the energy consumed and the CO2-equivalent emissions were quantified. It was found that pipe manufacturing consumed a large amount of energy, and thus contributed more than 90% of life cycle carbon emissions for both kinds of pipe. Steel pipe had 64% larger CO2-eq emissions from manufacturing compared to PCCP. For the transportation phase, PCCP consumed more fuel due to its heavy weight, and therefore had larger CO2-eq emissions. Fuel consumption by construction equipment for installation of pipe was found to be similar for steel pipe and PCCP. Overall, steel had a 32% larger footprint due to greater energy used during manufacturing.Implications: This study compared the carbon footprint of two large-diameter water transmission pipeline materials, steel and prestressed concrete cylinder, considering four life-cycle phases for each. The study provides information that project managers can incorporate into their decision-making process concerning pipeline materials. It also provides information concerning the most important phases of the pipeline life cycle to target for emission reductions.

Proposal of New Pipe-Ring Specimen for Fracture Mechanics

Thin - walled pipes are not suitable for measuring fracture toughness parameters which are of vital importance in pipes because the crack failure is the most common in pipes. They are not suitable because it is impossible to make standard specimens for measuring the fracture toughness like SENB or CT specimens from the thin wall of the pipe. Lot of researches noticed this problem, but only few are found the good and cheap alternative solution for measuring the fracture toughness. Gubeljak and Matvienko proposed so - called Pipe - Ring specimen (PRS) or Pipe - Ring Notched Bend specimen (PRNB) as alternative solution to the SENB specimen. Until now, only the idealized geometry of PRS specimen is analysed, so specimen which is not cut out from the real pipe but made from plate. On this way, the residual stresses are neglected. The aim of this work is to estimate the hoop residual stresses in the real pipes used in boiler industry, produced by hot - rolling technique, so seamless pipes. These kinds of pipes are delivered only normalized, but not stress relieved too. Therefore, there are surly residual stresses present in pipes which are result of manufacturing technique, but also of uneven cooling after the production process. Within this work, hoop stress as the most relevant for pipes is estimated by two methods: incremental hole drilling method and splitting method. Although residual stresses are cause of collapse of many constructions, still in most cases of analysis and design of individual parts, structures and plants residual stresses are not taken into consideration. Residual stresses surly have some effect on the fatigue behaviour of materials as well as on the fracture toughness of material, therefore it is recommended to take them into account while calculating the lifetime of component or structure.

Notch effect on the behavior Mechanics to fracture of intake pipes for drinking water rigid PVC

We studied the mechanical behavior of a polyvinyl chloride (rigid PVC) subjected to tensile tests, the notch effect is highlighted. The approach is to study and analyze the evolution of the overall geometry of the stress-strain curves or Force-displacement The work presented here is part of a comprehensive study to compare two kinds of pipes, degraded and non-degraded, in order to know the real causes of degradation of the mechanical intake pipes for drinking water

Characteristic of Thermal Decomposition of Ozone

In general, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) typed ozone generators are used for water treatment including drinking water and wasted water. Recently, it has been reported that composed ozone concentration by DBD type ozone generator decreases with time using high purity oxygen as a fed gas. The phenomenon is called “Ozone Zero Phenomenon”. As one of factors responsible for the occurrence of this phenomenon is speculated to be an influence from electrode surface, we have focused our investigation on electrode surface heating generated by electrical discharge. Rate of thermal decomposition of ozone by heated stainless steel (SUS) pipe and Pyrex glass pipe were evaluated by ozone concentrations at inlet and outlet of heated pipes. As a result, for temperature of heated both pipes below 120°C, thermal decomposition of ozone was not confirmed in each transit time (0.25-1.5s). However, when both heated pipes are over 160°C, thermal decomposition of ozone was found and the rate of ozone decomposition increased depend to transit time in heated pipes. It was thought that there were at the least 2 processes of decomposition of ozone: one is oxidation of surface of pipes, and another is thermal decomposition in gas phase. The former is enhanced at the stepwise increase of ozone concentration in stainless steel pipe below 160°C compare with Pyrex pipe. The temperature above 180°C, thermal decomposition is increased against the time in the both kind of pipes. This is considered decomposition of ozone in gas phase.

Research of Effect on Water Quality of Combined Stainless Steel Plastic Pipe and PPR Pipe

Taking combined stainless steel plastic pipe and PPR pipe which was widely used in the secondary water supply system as research objects, we do a research of effect on water quality of these pipelines. These test indexes were divided into basic indexes and additional indexes. In addition, heterotrophic bacteria plate count was used to observe the attached bacteria on the inner wall of these two different pipes. The results showed that these two kinds of pipes are qualified for their hygienic safety as drinking water distribution equipments. The effects of pipe wall on water quality increased with the immersion time. Combined stainless steel plastic pipe is better than PPR pipe for less impact on water quality, less biofilm microbes attached, better stability, superior antibacterial effects. The combined stainless steel plastic pipe can give a better hygienic safety protection for drinking water.

Simulation and Economic Analysis of the Soil Temperature Field when Concrete Heat Accumulation Piles Buried in Different Modes

Embedding heat exchange tubes in concrete piles is a new and efficient method of exploiting and utilizing of the underground thermal energy. By setting up the model of heat exchange tube embedded in concrete piles and using the star-ccm to simulate the three kinds of pipe burying modes, the paper manages to achieve the temperature field distribution map of the soil around and to analyze the economy of this heat accumulation technique.

Research and Evaluation of Water-Based Pipe Freeing Agent SJK-1

Sticking pipe has been being a common problem in drilling process. There are several techniques to solve sticking pipe which caused by differential pressure. But all of the techniques are inefficiency and the common oil-based pipe freeing agent is unsafe and pollution. So the water-based pipe freeing agent, SJK-1, has been developed. This kind of pipe freeing agent is cheaper, safer and more effective.