Kinds Of Modifiers Research Articles

Zirconium(IV) coordination-mediated rapid and versatile post-modification of polydopamine coating as stationary phase for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography

In recent years, mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA)-based materials have attracted significant attention in the field of open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) owing to their diverse and appealing properties. However, previously established functionalized PDA coating-based CEC stationary phases predominantly relied on the latent reactivity of PDA with amine/thiol-containing molecules, limiting the types of applicable modifiers and requiring time-consuming reaction processes. Herein, we presented a versatile and efficient method for the facile and rapid fabrication of diverse functionalized PDA coatings as OT-CEC stationary phases through a Zr(IV) coordination-mediated post-modification strategy. Different kinds of modifiers, including octadecylamine (ODA), lauric acid (LA), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), were rapidly and robustly grafted onto the PDA coating, verified through multiple characterization techniques. The influences of preparation parameters on the grafting efficiency of the functionalized PDA coating were systematically investigated. Utilizing the Zr(IV)-mediated ODA-, LA- and PFOA-functionalized PDA-based OT-CEC columns, we achieved high-efficiency baseline separation of a series of neutral analytes with excellent repeatability, good stability, and long lifetime. Given the strong universality of the Zr(IV) coordination-mediated post-modification approach, our study provides an effective pathway for advancing the development of a wider range of functional PDA-based chromatographic stationary phases.

The Effects of Aging on Microstructures and Rheological Properties of Modified Asphalt with GO/SBS Composite.

This work aimed to investigate the effects of aging on the microstructures and rheological properties of modified asphalt with a GO/SBS composite, since the styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer is potentially compatible with graphene oxide (GO). The GO/SBS composites, which were used as a kind of modifier, were prepared via the solution-blending method. GO/SBS composites with varying GO contents were employed to prepare the GO/SBS-compound-modified asphalt (GO/SBS-MA). Then, the GO/SBS-MA underwent PAV (pressure aging vessel) or UV (ultraviolet) aging tests to simulate different aging circumstances. The microstructures of the asphalt binders were studied using FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) and AFM (atomic force microscope) tests. Moreover, DSR (dynamic shear rheometer) and BBR (bending beam rheometer) experiments were carried out to investigate the rheological properties of the GO/SBS-MA. The results showed that the addition of GO improved the high-temperature stability of the asphalt binder while slightly impairing its performance at low temperatures. GO restrained the formation of carbonyl and sulfoxide groups as well as the breakdown of C=C bonds in the polybutadiene (PB) segment, promoting the anti-aging performance of GO/SBS-MA. Furthermore, the interactions between the GO/SBS and the asphalt binder resulted in the formation of needle-like aggregates, enhancing the stability of the asphalt binder. The asphalt binders with a higher content of graphene oxide (GO) exhibited not only a better high-temperature performance, but also a better aging resistance. It was concluded that the macroscopic properties and microstructures were significantly affected by GO, and a moderate increase in the amount of GO could contribute to a better aging resistance for GO/SBS-MA.

Development of Taste Sensor with Lipid/Polymer Membranes for Detection of Umami Substances Using Surface Modification.

A taste sensor employs various lipid/polymer membranes with specific physicochemical properties for taste classification and evaluation. However, phosphoric acid di(2-ethylhexyl) ester (PAEE), employed as one of the lipids for the taste sensors, exhibits insufficient selectivity for umami substances. The pH of sample solutions impacts the dissociation of lipids to influence the membrane potential, and the response to astringent substances makes accurate measurement of umami taste difficult. This study aims to develop a novel taste sensor for detecting umami substances like monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) through surface modification, i.e., a methodology previously applied to taste sensors for non-charged bitter substance measurement. Four kinds of modifiers were tested as membrane-modifying materials. By comparing the results obtained from these modifiers, the modifier structure suitable for measuring umami substances was identified. The findings revealed that the presence of carboxyl groups at para-position of the benzene ring, as well as intramolecular H-bonds between the carboxyl group and hydroxyl group, significantly affect the effectiveness of a modifier in the umami substance measurement. The taste sensor treated with this type of modifier showed excellent selectivity for umami substances.

The Light Fastness of the Reactive Dyes on Cationized Cellulose

ABSTRACT Conventional dyeing of cellulose with reactive dyes requires the use of huge quantities of electrolytes and alkalis and the temperature between 60–90°C. Using the above conditions a stable covalent bond is formed between the reactive group of the dye and the hydroxyl group of cellulose. Cationization of cellulose allows to carry out reactive dyeing without electrolytes and alkalis even at room temperature. The dye, depending on the cationic modifier used, can form only ionic bond between sulfonic group of the dye and quaternary group of the modifier or also covalent bond between reactive group of the dye and hydroxyl group of the modifier. In this work we investigate how light fastness is affected by the type of bond with which the dye bound to the cationized cellulose. So far, such research has not been published. We found that the light fastness of the reactive dyeings on cationized cellulose was lower compared to non-cationized cellulose and depends on the kind of modifier used: chlorocholine chloride, 3-chloro-2-hydroxy-propyltrimethylammonium chloride and copolymer [(chloro-methyl)oxirane +1 H-Imidazole]. Density electron changes of ionic bonds between quaternary group of modified cellulose and sulfonic group of reactive dyes were analyzed in relation to the fading process.

Preparation and properties of silicate inorganic external wall insulation materials based on heat storage

In this article, the foaming slurry after the reaction of silicate inorganic gelling material sodium silicate and foaming agent azodicamide is taken as the main investigation object, and the mechanism of bubble nucleation and the effect of physical parameters such as temperature, time, viscosity and surface tension on the structure of bubble pores are analyzed. As well as the influence of processing technology such as foiling temperature, heating rate, holding time and various kinds of modifiers on the structure and properties of the material, the appropriate processing technology conditions and modifiers are screened out, and an inorganic foiling insulation material with light weight, high strength, heat preservation, fire prevention, no pollution, low cost, simple process and easy to use is prepared. The experimental results show that, although the properties of the prepared material are better with the increase of azodicarbonamide (ADC) content and viscosity, the maximum amount of ADC added is only 1%. When the ADC content in the system is greater than 1%, the foaming slurry will appear gel, which is not conducive to the late high temperature foaming and the uniformity of the final product. Therefore, the optimal amount of ADC is 1% of the mass of sodium silicate.

Modification of self-reinforced composites (SRCs) via film stacking process

Abstract This work presents the mechanical behavior of self-reinforced composites (SRCs) manufactured and modified via film stacking. For modification, interleaved films made of polypropylene (PP), a thermoplastic elastomer and a polyolefin engage were combined in different ways to induce the elastic modifier into the matrix material. The content of modifier was also varied in two ways. First, the films were produced out of a single material and second out of a compound. So, the same content of modifier was implemented in two different ways. It is shown that, in case of this research, only the kind of modifier and the content but not the way of implementation are responsible for the mechanical behavior of SRCs. It is shown that the modification can adjust the tensile strength, tensile stiffness and impact properties in a broad range. It is also shown that different mechanical properties of the composite can be predicted by a regression model that uses the Shore A hardness and the content of modifier.

Performance Evaluation of Anti-Ultraviolet Ageing Bitumen with Combined Modification Based on Dynamic Rheological Test

Based on the rheological property master curve, a new definition of ageing index was proposed for styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS) modified bitumen. The UV ageing resistance of the combined-modifier modified SBS bitumen was evaluated. Twelve different methods of combined modification were designed with three kinds of modifiers: ultraviolet absorber (Tinuvin 770), organic montmorillonite (OMMT) and layered double hydroxide (LDHs). With modified SBS bitumen, short-term ageing (TFOT) and laboratory ultraviolet ageing (UV) were performed. The dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) was used to perform frequency sweep test on the samples before and after ageing. The rheological property master curve was obtained by fitting the constitutive model equation. Based on the rheological property master curve, a new definition ageing index was proposed for SBS bitumen to evaluate the modified bitumen with different combined-modifier. The results show that the ageing index could effectively evaluate the UV ageing resistance of SBS bitumen. The evaluation results show that the combined-modifier bitumen exhibits better anti-ultraviolet ageing effects than a single modifier. Among them, the combined-modifier modes of 0.3%Tinuvin770+5%OMMT and 0.6%Tinuvin770+2.5%LDHs performed.

Effect of Perlite on Fire Protection of Waterborne Coatings for Steel Structure

In this paper, perlite was used as a kind of modifier to prepare waterborne fire resistive coatings for steel structure. The influence of perlite on the properties of the fire resistive coatings was investigated with the help of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), micro-scale combustion calorimetry (MCC) and fire protection test. The TGA results showed that the char residue weight of the coatings was increased when perlite was loaded and the anti-oxidation performance was enhanced as well and MCC data indicated the addition of perlite reduced the peak heat release rate and total heat release. After the fire protection test, the results confirmed that the fire resistant time of the coating coated with 5 wt% perlite increased up to 114.4 min when the temperature of the sample boards’ backside reached 500?C.

Preparation of a hydrophilic and antibacterial dual function ultrafiltration membrane with quaternized graphene oxide as a modifier

In order to improve the anti-biofouling performance of ultrafiltration membrane, quaternized graphene oxide (QGO) was synthesized as a membrane modifier by in-situ growth of quaternary ammonium salt on the graphene oxide surface. A hydrophilic and antibacterial dual functional membrane was prepared with this kind of modifiers by immersion phase inversion method. The modified membrane obviously exhibits enhanced hydrophilicity, antibacterial and mechanical properties than the unmodified Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. At the same time, it is proved that graphene oxide, as a carrier of quaternary ammonium salt, can significantly reduce the loss of antibacterial substances from the membranes.

Kinetic Analysis of Enantioselective Hydrogenation of 2,3-(E)-Diarylpropenoic Acids over a Chiral Cinchona Alkaloid-Modified Pd/C Catalyst

Abstract Enantioselective hydrogenations of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids over cinchona alkaloid-modified Pd metal heterogeneous catalysts have received considerable attention because of scientific importance in molecular recognition catalysis as well as feasibility of industrial applications. In the present study, comprehensive kinetic analysis of the hydrogenation was conducted to disclose the crucial kinetic parameters controlling enantiodifferentiation and reaction rate with the combinations of four kinds of modifier and three kinds of substrate. Despite simplicity of the kinetic model, the present novel kinetic formulation allows us to describe the enantioselectivity as a function of modifier concentration, to estimate intrinsic enantioselectivity at the modified sites, to estimate respective reaction rates at the modified and unmodified sites, and to establish a correlation between the magnitude of ligand acceleration and kinetic parameters. The enantioselectivity is successfully correlated to the reaction rate. The adsorption strength of the modifier on Pd is suggested to decrease in the order, cinchonidine > cinchonine > quinine > quinidine. The roles played by benzylammine and the observed decrease in the selectivity at a high modifier concentration are also discussed. The kinetic model and formulation can be applied to analyze the catalytic behaviors and performance of Pt counterparts.

The influence of polyethyleneimine dosages and molecular weight on sedimentation and rheology behavior of copper tailings

Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is a kind of modifier and flocculant with good adsorption to heavy metal ions, but there is a lack of literature investigate the influence of polyethyleneimine (PEI) dosages and molecular weight on sedimentation and rheology behavior of copper tailing suspension. In this research, the influence of PEI dosages and molecular weight on sedimentation and rheology behavior were characterized which is supported by measurements and calculation of initial sedimentation rate, turbidity, zeta potential, the contents of heavy metal ions in the supernatant, FT-IR analysis, shear stress and yield stress. With the application of lower molecular weight PEI or PEI_1800, the lower yield stress and inter-aggregate bridging force are obtained, the re-conformation rate is higher than the non-equilibrium flocculation rate between copper tailing particles which results in more charged PEI segments propagating into the suspension. The calculation of interaction energy shows that the smaller floc size is obtained when PEI_1800 or lower molecular weight PEI is used, which is also confirmed by the sedimentation behavior and rheology behavior. In 29 wt% copper tailing suspensions at pH∼9, PEI has a better adsorption performance on Cu2+ and Pb2+. The correlations between PEI molecular weight, polyethyleneimine dosages, yield stress, sedimentation behavior, interaction energy and mechanisms are analyzed of copper tailing suspensions with PEI.

Studies on the properties of modified heavy calcium carbonate and SBS composite modified asphalt

In this study, heavy calcium carbonate was modified with three kinds of modifiers i.e. aluminate, stearic acid and titanate as coupling agents by wet modification to prepare coupling agent modified calcium carbonate denoted as Modifier I, Modifier II and Modifier III, respectively. These modifiers and styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) were applied to prepare modified asphalt. DSR test studies revealed that at 46 °C, the storage modulus and loss modulus of 1% modifier I and SBS composite incorporated modified asphalt increased by 119% and by 135% respectively than that of pristine SBS asphalt. Similarly, this increase for 1% of modifier II and SBS composite and 0.5% of modifier III and SBS composite added version were 184%, 160% and 175% and 185% respectively. The modified asphalt exhibited enhanced viscoelastic properties than pristine asphalt. Microscopic analysis and FM results revealed the uniform distribution of modifier in the matrix asphalt. FT-IR and XRD results revealed physical modification of matrix asphalt. This study can pave the road for the synthesis of heavy calcium carbonate modified SBS composite based asphalt for practical applications.

Influence of Tire Crumb Rubber on Properties of Asphalt Binders

For many years, the asphalt binder has been used as the elemental material for pavement engineering. The increase in axle loads, heavy traffic, severe climate conditions and construction failures has led many researchers to seek some methods to enhance the bitumen properties. There is a wide range of applications of modifiers for bitumen in road construction. Although various kinds of modifiers have been used widely in reinforcing asphalt concrete, crumb rubber has attracted the most attention due to its high and desirable characteristics. It is realized that the well-distributed modifier can create a strong network in the internal structure of the composite, resulting in asphalt mastic that is more coherent. In the present paper, a laboratory investigation of the physical and rheological properties of various grades of asphalt binder (60-70 penetration grade, 80-100 penetration grade and PG-76 grade) modified with tire crumb rubber. The results showed improvement in physical properties of the modified asphalt binders in terms of decreasing in penetration, increasing in softening point and viscosity values. The modified bitumens exhibited enhanced rheological performance and could raise the grade of bitumen relying on the base asphalt type.

Research on the road performance of cigarette butts modified asphalt mixture

In the view of that similarity of butts and plastic material, like thermosets and thermoplastics, it is inferred that it can be used to make the modified asphalt mixture. Such as rubber powder and waste plastic, by research results, according to the waste cigarette butts main composition and the principle of preparation of modified asphalt mixture, our team developed the old cigarette butts, modified asphalt mixture with the concept of sustainable development of environmental resources. With ordinary asphalt mixture Marshall test and rutting test data contrast, prove that cigarette butts as a new kind of modifier in asphalt mixture has a broad development prospect and space.

Highly effective green oxidation of aldehydes catalysed by recyclable tungsten complex immobilized in organosilanes-modified SBA-15

Abstract A simple and eco-friendly approach for green oxidation of aldehydes has been proposed, which employed highly efficient heterogeneous catalysts tungsten-doped modified silica SBA-15 (W-SBA-15) as catalysts and H2O2 as a green oxidant. W-SBA-15 were synthesized by immobilizing tungsten species on modified SBA-15 and first used in the aldehydes oxidation reaction. W-SBA-15-APTS (0.002 g, APTS, a kind of modifier) displayed an equivalent catalytic activity comparable to that of homogenous catalyst (H2WO4, 0.5 g) and maintained excellent catalytic activity over 20 cycles. The pore diameter, ca. 7.94–9.14 nm, of W-SBA-15 provides a suitable mesoscopic environment for the substrate, and the product can diffuse freely during the oxidation of glutaraldehyde (GA). Effective but different catalytic performance of W-SBA-15 for the oxidation of other aldehydes suggests the universal applicability of W-SBA-15. The possible mechanism of the oxidation state of tungsten species in W-SBA-15-APTS was proposed; tungsten species are not only attached to APTS but also incorporated into the framework of SBA-15.

Current Delivery Strategies to Improve the Target of Cell Penetrating Peptides Used for Tumor-Related Therapeutics.

Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs) equipped with a high penetrating ability are used as a promising tool to gain access to the cell interior, cross the cell membrane and deliver bioactive small or macromolecular cargos into the cytoplasm or nucleus. The superiority of wide range of applications, high transport efficiency and low biological toxicity make them particularly desirable in laboratory or clinical studies. Previous studies have shown that their non-selectivity and reaction with proteins in plasma hamper their application for tumor therapy, which might adversely affect the treatment effect and even induce some side effects. However, several recent studies have found that various kinds of modifiers of CPPs can effectively increase the target selectivity, reduce cytotoxicity to normal cells and produce multiple antitumor functions due to the different cleavable bonds which are sensitive to the tumor microenvironment or other novel designs. Apparently, these designs of 'smart' CPPs appear to be promising in the field of antitumor drug delivery. Here, we review these current improved approaches which mainly involve strategies of physical, chemical as well as biological pathways and we also explain the possible uptake mechanisms of direct penetration, internalization and escape which have been discussed in some publications with specific attention. In addition, some possible problems needed to be considered in the process of improving CPPs are discussed at the end of this review. This study aims to present an overview of the latest progress of CPPs, and provides a comprehensive theoretical background and reference guidance for future laboratory research and clinical application.

Property Modifiers and Intensional Essentialism

In this paper, I deal with property modifiers defined as functions that associate a given root property P with a modified property [M P]. Property modifiers typically divide into four kinds, namely intersective, subsective, privative and modal. Here I do not deal with modal modifiers like alleged, which appear to be well-nigh logically lawless, because, for instance, an alleged assassin is or is not an assassin. The goal of this paper is to logically define the three remaining kinds of modifiers together with the rule of left subsectivity that I launch as the rule of pseudo-detachment to replace the modifier M in the premise by the property M* in the conclusion, and prove that the rule of pseudo-detachment is valid for all kinds of modifiers. Furthermore, it is defined in a way that avoids paradoxes like a small elephant being smaller than a large mouse.

Teop – an Oceanic language with multifunctional verbs, nouns and adjectives

Abstract The corpus-based analysis of Teop word classes demonstrates that lexical multifunctionality is not incompatible with the grammatical distinction between verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs, because this distinction does not manifest itself in their syntactic functions of heads of phrases, but in the kinds of modifier the words can combine with. Consequently, the Teop word class system falsifies all word class typologies that assume that a formal differentiation of event, object and property words presupposes a distinctive distribution across the head positions of determiner-marked referential expressions and TAM-marked predicative expressions. In addition to the multifunctionality of verbs, nouns and adjectives, the Teop lexicon shows regular patterns of conversion. The paper concludes with an assessment of the results and the limitations of the corpus-based approach and suggests four topics for further research: (1) the development of elicitation methods to supplement corpus-based analyses; (2) a typology of formally distinguished phrase types; (3) regular patterns of conversion across languages; and (4) possessive comparative constructions.

(Invited) Hybrid Photocatalysts Composed of Titania Modified with Plasmonic Nanoparticles and Ruthenium Complexes for Photocatalytic Decomposition of Organic Compounds

Wide-bandgap semiconductors modified with nanoparticles (NPs) of noble metals have been extensively studied for more than forty years owing to possible enhanced photocatalytic activity under UV irradiation since NPs of noble metals work as an electron sink hindering the recombination of charge carriers. The research has intensified over the last decade for photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation due to localized surface-plasmon resonance (LSPR) of noble metals, and those materials have been named plasmonic photocatalysts. The mechanism under visible-light irradiation (electron and/or energy transfer) as well as the enhancement of photocatalytic performance (activity and stability) have been intensively examined. Although the photocatalytic activities of plasmonic photocatalysts have been confirmed for various environmental applications such as environmental purification and solar-energy conversion, the photocatalytic activities under visible-light irradiation are much lower (ca. 1-2 orders in magnitude) than that under UV. Therefore, the present study focuses on improvement of photocatalytic activity for possible commercial applications. In our studies, plasmonic photocatalysts composed of commercial or self-synthesized titania and NPs of silver, gold and copper have been examined. In general, the broader the LSPR peak was, the higher was the photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation. Various strategies for improvement of the photocatalytic performance have been applied, e.g., (i) enlargement of the interface between titania and noble-metal NPs, (ii) preparation of bimetallic plasmonic photocatalysts, (iii) the use of faceted anatase NPs (octahedral and decahedral), and (iv) preparation of hybrid photocatalysts composed of heterogeneous and homogeneous photocatalysts, i.e., plasmonic photocatalysts and ruthenium complexes. Hybrid photocatalysts were prepared by deposition of gold/silver NPs on commercial titania particles with different structural properties. Ruthenium(II) (Ru(II)) complexes with carboxylic and phosphoric acid-binding groups were synthesized and adsorbed on bare titania and noble metal-modified titania particles. The structural properties of the samples were characterized by diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), thin layer chromatography (TLC), proton nuclear magnetic-resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) and two-dimensional homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (2D-COSY). Large surface area, small crystallite sizes, low pH value, nature of the deprotected phosphonate binding groups, and pre-deposited noble-metal NPs enhanced the adsorption yield. Modification caused titania activation toward visible light (> 450 nm) for 2-propanol oxidation and for methanol dehydrogenation under UV/vis irradiation. The modified samples exhibited enhanced activity under UV/vis irradiation for acetic-acid oxidation depending on the kind of modifiers and properties of titania, i.e., 2–6, 3–9 and 1–3-fold enhancement was observed after modification with gold NPs and silver NPs with Ru(II) complex, respectively. The time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) method proved that higher photocatalytic activity of modified titania under UV irradiation was caused by scavenging of mobile electrons by noble-metal NPs, and therefore decreasing the recombination of charge carriers. The photocatalytic activity of hybrid photocatalysts under UV/vis irradiation was influenced by the nature of the plasmonic metal and structural properties of the metal and titania particles, e.g., crystallite size and polymorphic form. Different kinds of action were observed for two plasmonic metals in two reaction systems under UV irradiation, e.g., modification with an Ru(II) complex caused 12-times faster dehydrogenation of methanol for silver-modified large anatase titania (ST41) and hardly changed the activity of gold-modified samples, while during acetic acid oxidation, only hybrid photocatalysts composed of gold NPs and Ru(II) complex exhibited a slight increase of photocatalytic activity (1.1-1.3 times). The difference between gold and silver hybrid photocatalysts might have been caused by differences in surface charges of metallic deposits, i.e., the surface of silver NPs was mainly positively charged, while gold was zero-valent. It was proposed that Ru(II) complex bound also to the surface of positively charged silver. Therefore, the sequence of modification (Ru(II) complex adsorption or gold/silver deposition) was investigated to check its influence on the resultant properties and thus photocatalytic performance. Different distributions of gold particle sizes and chemical compositions were obtained for the hybrid photocatalysts prepared with opposite sequence. It was found that photocatalytic activities depended on the range of used irradiation (UV/vis or vis) and the kind of modifiers in different ways. Under visible-light irradiation, fine titania modified with Ru(II) complex exhibited the highest level of photocatalytic activity. The presence of Ru(II) complex highly enhanced photocatalytic activity of titania modified with plasmonic NPs. However, NPs of plasmonic metals hindered the photocatalytic activity of Ru(II)-titania.

Laboratory Study on Properties of Diatomite and Basalt Fiber Compound Modified Asphalt Mastic

In order to improve the performance of asphalt mastic, some researchers have added diatomite or basalt fiber as a modifier to the asphalt mastic, and the results show that some properties of the asphalt mastic were improved. For the simultaneous addition of diatomite and basalt fiber, two kinds of modifier, compound modified asphalt mastic had not been reported; in this paper, thirteen groups of diatomite and basalt fiber (DBFCMAM) compound modified asphalt mastic with different content were prepared to study the performance. Softening point, cone penetration, viscosity, and DSR tests were conducted, for the high temperature performance evaluation of DBFCMAM, whereas force ductility and BBR tests were used in the low temperature performance study of the DBFCMAM. The results demonstrated that the high temperature performance of DBFCMAM was increased; moreover, the low temperature performance of DBFCMAM improved by diatomite and basalt fiber according to the results of the force ductility test; however, the conclusion of the BBR test data was inconsistent with the force ductility test. In summary, the high temperature and low temperature properties of DBFCMAM had been improved.