Kind Of Loss Research Articles

RESPONSIBILITIES AND CHALLENGES FACED BY WIDOW WOMEN: A SOCIOLWORK STUDY

The purpose of this research is to offer a complete knowledge of the difficulties those widows all over the world experience, as well as the conditions that prevail in families that are headed by women. The raising of awareness about the difficulties that widow’s face in today's society is the secondary goal of this initiative. Among the scholarly publications that investigate the issue of widows in India from a feminist perspective, there is a conspicuous lack of such publications. This study emphasises the necessity of doing an investigation into the challenges that these women face, as well as the necessity of radically altering our perceptions concerning these issues. In the event that a woman suffers the loss of her spouse, she goes through the process of becoming a widow. The term "widowhood" refers to the psychological state that arises after the death of one spouse. Compared to other types of losses, the death of a husband has a more profound effect on a woman's life than any other kind of loss. There is still a small portion of the population, specifically widows, whose circumstances have not improved at all, despite the fact that the majority of Indians have experienced a tremendous improvement in their level of living. It is a source of communal shame that our culture treats widows in the manner that it does. As a result of the passing of her husband, a woman's life goes through a significant transition, which requires her to conform to new social conventions. The primary objective of releasing this essay is to provide a thorough picture of the challenges that the widow encountered. These challenges include the financial and psychological costs that were brought about as a result of the practice's reliance on particular rituals that the widow was unable to participate in. Despite the fact that there are numerous programmes in India that are designed to provide assistance to widows, the situation of widows continues to be extremely precarious. The efforts that the government is making to alleviate the financial difficulties that widows are experiencing are a step in the right direction; nonetheless, these efforts are not satisfactory enough to meet the needs that are essential. An economically impoverished widow who is also suffering from mental depression, so creating a situation that is favourable to both parties involved. She does not receive adequate support from both society and her family. Despite the fact that widows are legally married, there is a reluctance to face the fact that they are ostracised in society and treated with disrespect from others. Despite the fact that there are a great number of programmes in the country that are designed to aid widows, society does not address the challenges that they face. Thus this paper analyzes the challenges and responsibilities faced by widow women in India.

Chronic Sorrow: Lived Experiences of Family Caregivers of People With Severe Mental Illness

This study explores loss experiences and trigger events of chronic sorrow among family caregivers who support a relative with a severe mental illness. Chronic sorrow is a theoretical concept describing a normal grief response associated with an ongoing loss. A total of 39 Dutch family caregivers were interviewed. They report experiencing three kinds of loss: loss of a person, loss of the former relationship, and loss of a normal life. Seven specific trigger events were identified: (a) confrontation with symptoms, (b) comparisons with developmental, social and personal norms, (c) role change, (d) deterioration, (e) hospitalization, (f) disregard and disrespect by health professionals, and (g) worries and memories. This paper suggests that mental health professionals should realize that they can (unintentionally) trigger chronic sorrow by disregarding and/or disrespecting family caregivers. Awareness of the mechanism can lead to greater understanding within and improvement of the partnership between family caregivers and health professionals.

Climate Anxiety, Maturational Loss, and Adversarial Growth

ABSTRACT Climate anxiety is intimately connected with climate grief. This article applies interdisciplinary research and especially theories of grief and bereavement to climate anxiety. The aim is to provide important information regarding encounters between children and adults in relation to climate change and other environmental crises. This is useful for therapists, but also for many other adults who wish to react constructively. The article explores various kinds of loss and grief that people, especially children and youth, may experience in relation to climate change. It is pointed out that many intangible losses can be involved. These may be first difficult to notice, and there is often disenfranchised grief in relation to them. Climate change also produces nonfinite loss, which is challenging to live with. Literature of grief research can help in discerning these and in reacting constructively to them, but applications for the context of ecological grief have to be made. Furthermore, the article applies the framework of maturational loss into the context of climate change. While even normal developmental changes can evoke sadness, climate change can intensify this, because “climate maturity” brings many difficult things to live with. At the same time, there are possibilities of adversarial growth or post-traumatic growth because of climate anxiety, and also these need more attention. The article ends with discussion about the challenges and possibilities of encounters between adults and children amidst the complex dynamics of climate emotions. The adults have their own developmental tasks and potential maturational losses which need engagement with.

Neutrosophic Treatment of the Modified Simplex Algorithm to find the Optimal Solution for Linear Models

Science is the basis for managing the affairs of life and human activities, and living without knowledge is a form of wandering and a kind of loss. Using scientific methods helps us understand the foundations of choice, decision-making, and adopting the right solutions when solutions abound and options are numerous. Operational research is considered the best that scientific development has provided because its methods depend on the application of scientific methods in solving complex issues and the optimal use of available resources in various fields, private and governmental work in peace and war, in politics and economics, in planning and implementation, and in various aspects of life. Its basic essence is to use the data provided for the issue under study to build a mathematical model that is the optimal solution. It is the basis on which decision makers rely in managing institutions and companies, and when operations research methods meet with the neutrosophic teacher, we get ideal solutions that take into account all the circumstances and fluctuations that may occur in the work environment over time. One of the most important operations research methods is the linear programming method. Which prompted us to reformulate the linear models, the graphical method, and the simplex method, which are used to obtain the optimal solution for linear models using the concepts of neutrosophic science. In this research, and as a continuation of what we presented previously, we will reformulate the modified simplex algorithm that was presented to address the difficulty that we were facing when applying the direct simplex algorithm. It is the large number of calculations required to be performed in each step of the solution, which requires a lot of time and effort.

The Loss of a Spouse Following an Oncological Disease: A Scoping Review

Objective: Death from cancer is one of the most frequent worldwide and the spouse is the person most at risk of potentially developing psychological consequences. The following study aims to offer a scoping review of studies on people who have lost their spouses to cancer and treatments that could be recommended to prevent psychological consequences. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines were used to report the findings of this review. Results: In total, 136 titles and 52 abstracts were selected. Of these 52 articles, 8 articles met all recommendations and inclusion criteria. Conclusions: Although cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, the issue of bereaved spouses following cancer remains understudied. Several notions and hypotheses were endorsed, such as possible resistance to and difficulties in conducting research on this kind of loss and with caregivers, the role of illness and postmortality in the scientific landscape.

The experience of men following stillbirth: the case of Israeli bereaved fathers

ABSTRACT Purpose This paper explores the impact of stillbirth among men in Israeli society, which is marked by strong pronatalist norms. It sought to evaluate the impact of perceived social expectations and interactions with family, friends, and healthcare providers on the experience of problematic levels of grief among men experiencing stillbirth. Methods Thirty men after stillbirth were interviewed using semi-structured interviews and transcripts, which were analysed using the phenomenological approach. Results Four core themes were identified. The first theme exposes the discrepancy between men’s pain on the one hand and the lack of awareness towards them on the other. The second theme found that not only is the attention of others directed almost exclusively towards their partners, men are expected to take on complex and demanding roles related to the loss. The lack of recognition, coupled with the need to perform the roles imposed upon them, seems to cause men to suppress their grief. The third theme was the lack of support from their parents, underlining their need for empathy and recognition in this family-oriented society. The fourth theme focused on the need for an emotional space of their own, in which they could be seen and listened to. Conclusion The findings demonstrate that many most interviewees (25 out of 30) focused on their spouse’s grief and recovery, diminishing their own remorse while receiving little recognition and support. Our findings may contribute to the overarching understanding of this particular kind of loss, and promote the creation of specially targeted interventions.

Review of Andrew Leland’s The Country of the Blind: A Memoir at the End of Sight

Review of Andrew Leland’s The Country of the Blind: A Memoir at the End of Sight

Caring for women experiencing miscarriage and the importance of good communication

The importance of good quality nursing care for pregnancy loss patients can not be underestimated. Pregnancy loss is comparable to any other kind of loss and patients have noted that the nursing care they receive while in hospital can either add to or alleviate their distress. Central to this is the communication used by nurses and healthcare professionals. Bad communication is costly to the NHS and can cause unnecessary emotional harm. Research shows that additional education and training for nurses, based on patient feedback and collaboration with pregnancy loss charities, would be a positive step in ensuring that the care given is patient centred and compassionate.

Non-technical Losses in Brazil: Overview, Challenges, and Directions for Identification and Mitigation

Non-technical losses directly affect the electricity distribution system's quality and create significant economic problems in developing countries. There has been an advance in Brazil's regulations to combat this kind of loss in the last 15 years. However, the electricity consumed and not billed is still high, impacting the electricity tariff and distributors' investment capacity and creating difficulties in developing public policies to mitigate the problem. Thus, this article seeks to present the panorama of non-technical losses in Brazil and propose legislative, regulatory, business, and academic directions. For this, 28 semi-structured interviews were carried out with specialists, resulting in identifying the main challenges for identifying and mitigating non-technical losses in Brazil and the factors that help overcome this problem. The results demonstrate that coordinated strategic actions among all stakeholders need to be developed to combat non-technical losses. The cultural change in acceptance of electricity theft needs to be one of the country's main focuses. The main contribution is to disseminate information to regulatory and legislative authorities, government, concessionaires, and researchers to develop practical actions for mitigating non-technical losses in Brazil.

The modality shifting effects in the multisensory integration paradigm

<p id="p00005">Signals from different sensory channels can be integrated and processed in the brain. Compared with stimuli from a single sensory modality, individual responses are faster for multisensory target signals; this is defined as the redundant signal effect. One of the main theories explaining the redundant signal effect is the co-activation model. According to the co-activation model, the signal input through multiple sensory channels is integrated into specialized brain regions, such as the intraparietal sulcus, superior temporal sulcus, and prefrontal lobe regions. Related regions collaborate through neural oscillations. The strength of the integrated signal is stronger relative to the signal in single channel, which can trigger the reaction more quickly. However, the phase of cognitive processing at which the integration of the multisensory signals occurs is not confirmed. <br/>Task switching is an important paradigm for studying cognitive control. Participants are slower when completing the switch task than when completing the repetitive task. At the same time, the error rate is greater because of the switching cost. When a shift occurs between different modal stimuli, there is also a cost in relation to the sensory channel changing—the modality shift effect. That is, owing to the modality shifting between successive sensory channels, individuals have a longer reaction time. Nevertheless, few studies have thoroughly explored the neural mechanisms of the modality shift effect. When the task is switched between different modalities, modal and task are all shifted. The cost of task switching associated with the cross-modal is more than the single modality switching cost or the task switching cost but less than the sum of the two kinds of loss. This provides evidence for the hypothesis that the switching cost associated with different sensory channels is derived from inertia and interference of the task set. In addition, the modality shift effect also exists in the paradigm of the redundant signal effect. Due to the shift of the sensory channel, the reaction time of the participants would be slower for the single sensory channel. Therefore, the existence of modality shift loss provides a different approach to the two classical theoretical models to explain the source of the redundant signal effect. Moreover, when modality switching occurs between single-modal and multi-sensory signals, the modality switching cost will decrease or even disappear, which is due to the multisensory integration offsetting a part of the loss. This supports the co-activation model. <br/>Finally, if the stimulation in the task switch paradigm is present in a multisensory channel, there is simultaneous task shifting and multisensory integration. The redundant signal effect may offset the switching cost, affecting the synchronous changes in neural oscillations and the intensity of activation in the relevant brain regions. However, it is unclear how multisensory integration affects the neural processing of the task switch, which would require more brain and neural evidence to demonstrate. Further studies could try to solve this problem by combining the multisensory integration research paradigm with the classic task-switching paradigm, exploring whether task-switching and cross-modal shifting share a common cognitive processing center. Furthermore, future studies could help to determine the processing mechanism of the cross-modal shift, source of loss, and processing phase of multisensory integration.

Selection of Loss Function in Covariance Structure Analysis: Case of the Spherical Model

ABSTRACT In this paper, we derive the asymptotic properties of estimators obtained from various kinds of loss functions in covariance structure analysis. We first show that the estimators except for OLS-based loss functions have the same asymptotic distribution when the dimension of the covariance matrix, , is fixed and the sample size tends to infinity. Then, focusing on the spherical model, we show that this equivalence does not hold when both and become larger. Specifically, we show that some estimators lose consistency, and even consistent estimators have different asymptotic variances. Among the estimators considered, the maximum likelihood estimator shows the best performance, while the less famous invGLS(ub) estimator performs better than the commonly used GLS estimator. We also demonstrate the validity of the likelihood ratio test for the spherical and diagonal models in a high-dimensional framework.

Seismic impedance inversion based on cycle-consistent generative adversarial network

Deep learning has achieved great success in a variety of research fields and industrial applications. However, when applied to seismic inversion, the shortage of labeled data severely influences the performance of deep learning-based methods. In order to tackle this problem, we propose a novel seismic impedance inversion method based on a cycle-consistent generative adversarial network (Cycle-GAN). The proposed Cycle-GAN model includes two generative subnets and two discriminative subnets. Three kinds of loss, including cycle-consistent loss, adversarial loss, and estimation loss, are adopted to guide the training process. Benefit from the proposed structure, the information contained in unlabeled data can be extracted, and adversarial learning further guarantees that the prediction results share similar distributions with the real data. Moreover, a neural network visualization method is adopted to show that the proposed CNN model can learn more distinguishable features than the conventional CNN model. The robustness experiments on synthetic data sets show that the proposed method can achieve better performances than other methods in most cases. And the blind-well experiments on real seismic profiles show that the predicted impedance curve of the proposed method maintains a better correlation with the true impedance curve.

Must Have Been A Lie

Must Have Been A Lie

Optimization of Fuzzy Species Pythagorean Transportation Problem under Preserved Uncertainties

The transportation of big species is essential to rescue or relocate them and it requires the optimized cost of transportation. The present study brings out an optimized way to handle a special class of transportation problem called the Pythagorean fuzzy species transportation problem. To deal effectively with uncertain parameters, a new method for finding the initial fuzzy basic feasible solution (IFBFS) has been developed and applied. To test the optimality of the solutions obtained, a new approach named the Pythagorean fuzzy modified distribution method is developed. After reviewing the literature, it has been observed that till now the work done on Pythagorean fuzzy transportation problems is solely based on defuzzification techniques and so the optimal solutions obtained are in crisp form only. However, the proposed study is focused to get the optimal solution in its fuzzy form only. Getting results in the fuzzy form will lead to avoid any kind of loss of information during the defuzzification process. A comparative study with other defuzzification-based methods has been done to validate the proposed approach and it confirms the utility of the proposed methodology.

The Plot, The Compositor, Mourning/Mistakes

In the Summer of 2019, a small family forest fell victim to a spruce bark beetle plague. Unusually mild winters caused larvae numbers to explode, and extreme drought weakened the otherwise more resilient trees. Expanding patches of dead forest can be found from the North Sea coast to the Baltics. The cleared forest became The Plot: a witness to climate change, and a gateway to dealing with ecological grief. My own eco-anxiety is utilized as a case study: how to deal with this new kind of loss? What is The Plot telling us? How do we move forward without losing hope? The exposition presents The Plot as fertile ground for artistic and collaborative research, including a contribution by Lisa Jeannin, a custom made font, moving image, and an audio work.

TWGAN: Twin Discriminator Generative Adversarial Networks

Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) has become more and more popular these years. However, it is difficult to train and suffers from the training instability problem. To tackle this difficulty, this paper proposes a novel approach. Our idea is intuitive but proven to be very useful. In essence, it combines saturating loss and non-saturating loss into the loss function. Thus it will exploit the complementary statistical properties from two kinds of loss functions to effectively improve the training stability. We term our method twin discriminator Generative Adversarial Networks (TWGAN) which, unlike GAN, has a generator and a twin discriminator. The twin discriminator consists of two discriminators with identical architecture and both of them aim to distinguish whether the samples are from real data or fake data. We develop theoretical analysis to show that, given the optimal discriminators, optimizing the generator of TWGAN reduces to minimizing the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between the distribution of generated data (Pg) and the distribution of real data (Pdata), hence effectively addressing the training instability problem. Extensive experiments on MNIST, Fashion MNIST, CIFAR-10/100 and STL-10 datasets demonstrate that the competitive performance of our TWGAN in generating good quality and diverse samples over baselines. The obtained highest inception score (IS) and lowest Frechet Inception Distance (FID), compared with other state-of-the-art GANs, show the superiority of our TWGAN.

From the New General Editor

From the New General Editor Peter Kirwan Since March 2020, early modern performance studies has faced a number of existential challenges to its purpose and practices. During a period when the majority of theater buildings around the world have been closed; when the COVID-19 pandemic has made the experience of co-presence in a shared room with strangers a fraught, if not impossible, one; when the resurgence of the Black Lives Matter movement in the wake of the murder of George Floyd has led to large-scale rethinking of the canons and bodies of knowledge on which scholarly fields are built; and when the funding models for both academia and the arts have shown significant vulnerabilities resulting in mass unemployment within those fields, it has been necessary for many of us working within early modern performance studies to seriously rethink our roles in a changing climate. The outgoing and incoming editors of Shakespeare Bulletin, Kathryn Prince and I, began working through some of these questions while preparing our co-edited collection, The Arden Research Handbook of Shakespeare and Contemporary Performance, which came out a year after the pandemic had first hit. In that volume, we surveyed much of the work in early modern performance studies over the last two decades, interrogating the field’s methods, research questions, resources, and implications. The book called for more shared understanding between scholars and practitioners, and for more attention to the processes that underpin the work of both artists and researchers, in the hope that—as the work of Shakespeare and his contemporaries returns to physical theaters—we can continue to collaborate on interpreting the affect, knowledge, joy, and pain that emerge when these plays are adapted, performed, and reinterpreted. As the editorial torch is passed on again, we reaffirm our commitment that Shakespeare Bulletin will continue to be at the forefront of this collaboration. [End Page 187] Part of looking forward is acknowledging pain and loss. The unthinkable loss of life during the COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by different kinds of loss, including the shuttering of theater companies unable to weather the financial impact of long closures, such as Washington, DC’s Brave Spirits, whose work has featured regularly in these pages. But the pandemic has also seen outpourings of creativity and new attempts to make early modern performance more accessible, from the emergence of online theater pioneers such as Creation and The Show Must Go Online, to the Royal Shakespeare Company developing programs of open rehearsals and the Red Bull Theater programming staged readings. In the last six months alone, I have been privileged to see online productions of Volpone, The Devil is an Ass, Edward II, Volpone, and A King and No King, plays for which a live paying audience is by no means assured, but which have enjoyed engaged international audiences when shown for free (or near free) online, and which have often featured much more diverse casts and creative teams than are regularly seen on mainstream stages. And while theaters will be keen to welcome audiences back into physical spaces, the expectation that more shows will have continuing and extended lives online has in turn enabled the international community of scholars to come together to attend the same productions, opening up shows to audiences beyond those privileged to be able to access physical theaters, and allowing for more complex, open conversations about the productions being viewed. Under Kathryn Prince’s leadership, Shakespeare Bulletin has continued to support scholarship spanning the full range of early modern performance studies, from historical studies to new media, from deep dives into specific films and shows to new theoretical approaches, from fresh writing inspired by Shakespeare to special issues advancing the discipline. As the journal moves into a new phase of life, everyone at Shakespeare Bulletin thanks Kathryn for her stewardship, diligence, and care over recent years, and the new editorial team will strive to uphold her legacy and that of her predecessors. ________ As Shakespeare Bulletin seeks to be a constructive and supportive home for the changing landscape of early modern performance studies, we have made a number of significant changes to the journal’s processes and policies. Much...

A Systematic IoU-Related Method: Beyond Simplified Regression for Better Localization

Four-variable-independent-regression localization losses, such as Smooth- l1 Loss, are used by default in modern detectors. Nevertheless, this kind of loss is oversimplified so that it is inconsistent with the final evaluation metric, intersection over union (IoU). Directly employing the standard IoU is also not infeasible, since the constant-zero plateau in the case of non-overlapping boxes and the non-zero gradient at the minimum may make it not trainable. Accordingly, we propose a systematic method to address these problems. Firstly, we propose a new metric, the extended IoU (EIoU), which is well-defined when two boxes are not overlapping and reduced to the standard IoU when overlapping. Secondly, we present the convexification technique (CT) to construct a loss on the basis of EIoU, which can guarantee the gradient at the minimum to be zero. Thirdly, we propose a steady optimization technique (SOT) to make the fractional EIoU loss approaching the minimum more steadily and smoothly. Fourthly, to fully exploit the capability of the EIoU based loss, we introduce an interrelated IoU-predicting head to further boost localization accuracy. With the proposed contributions, the new method incorporated into Faster R-CNN with ResNet50+FPN as the backbone yields 4.2 mAP gain on VOC2007 and 2.3 mAP gain on COCO2017 over the baseline Smooth- l1 Loss, at almost no training and inferencing computational cost. Specifically, the stricter the metric is, the more notable the gain is, improving 8.2 mAP on VOC2007 and 5.4 mAP on COCO2017 at metric AP90 .

PERHITUNGAN UKURAN RISIKO UNTUK MODEL KERUGIAN AGREGAT

In the case of nonlife insurance, insurance companies are very potential to get losses if claims submitted by customers (policyholders) exceeds the reserves of budgeted claims. It is the risk that have to managed properly by insurance companies . One possible disadvantage is the aggregate loss model. The aggregate loss model is a random variable that states the total of all losses incurred in an insurance policy block. This kind of loss can be modeled using a collective risk approach where the number of claims is a discrete random variable and the size of claim is a continuous random variable. The purpose of this study is to determine risk measure of standard deviation premium principle, value at risk (VaR), and conditional tail expectation (CTE) of the aggregate loss model. Standard deviation premium principle risk measure of aggregate loss model is determined analytically by substituted it expected value and varians. Meanwhile, VaR risk measure is determined using numerical method by Monte Carlo method, then the quantile value and it confidence interval for the actual value will estimate. In the CTE calculation, based on the loss data obtained in the Monte Carlo method, the CTE value is estimated by calculating the average loss that exceeds the VaR value. If the data size is large enough, the CTE value estimation will converge to the actual value.Keywords: Aggregate Loss Model, Standard Deviation Premium Principle, Value at Risk (VaR), Conditional Tail Expectation (CTE).

Comparison between a bone-embedded and two marker-based coordinate systems of the hindfoot

Coexistence of cooperation and defection is a common phenomenon in nature. The topic of why cooperation occurs among selfish individuals has attracted much attention in recent years. Generally, in the snowdrift game, when a defector exploits a cooperator, the defector would get the maximum benefit without paying any cost. However, the elapse of time is also a kind of loss. Even if the defector chooses to stay in the car waiting for cooperator to shovel snow, the defector also has to bear a loss of time. Under such circumstances, the time cost also should be considered in the total cost of shovelling snow. We focus on how time cost impacts the evolution of cooperation in the snowdrift game. More importantly, the experiments were implemented on hyperbolic networks which are closer to real world networks. Simulated results show that the larger proportion of time cost is, the more cooperation could be promoted.