Kinds Of Links Research Articles

Riemannian Manifolds, Closed Geodesic Lines, Topology and Ramsey Theory

We applied the Ramsey analysis to the sets of points belonging to Riemannian manifolds. The points are connected with two kinds of lines: geodesic and non-geodesic. This interconnection between the points is mapped into the bi-colored, complete Ramsey graph. The selected points correspond to the vertices of the graph, which are connected with the bi-colored links. The complete bi-colored graph containing six vertices inevitably contains at least one mono-colored triangle; hence, a mono-colored triangle, built of the green or red links, i.e., non-geodesic or geodesic lines, consequently appears in the graph. We also considered the bi-colored, complete Ramsey graphs emerging from the intersection of two Riemannian manifolds. Two Riemannian manifolds, namely (M1,g1) and (M2,g2), represented by the Riemann surfaces which intersect along the curve (M1,g1)∩(M2,g2)=ℒ were addressed. Curve ℒ does not contain geodesic lines in either of the manifolds (M1,g1) and (M2,g2). Consider six points located on the ℒ: {1,…6}⊂ℒ. The points {1,…6}⊂ℒ are connected with two distinguishable kinds of the geodesic lines, namely with the geodesic lines belonging to the Riemannian manifold (M1,g1)/red links, and, alternatively, with the geodesic lines belonging to the manifold (M2,g2)/green links. Points {1,…6}⊂ℒ form the vertices of the complete graph, connected with two kinds of links. The emerging graph contains at least one closed geodesic line. The extension of the theorem to the Riemann surfaces of various Euler characteristics is presented.

A REVIEW OF NANOGELS AS NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

The term “nanogel” refers to highly cross-linked hydrogels with a size between 20 and 200 nm. Due to their tiny size, they have higher penetration and greater drug-loading capacity. They release the medication using mechanisms such as photochemical internalization, volume transition, pH responsiveness, thermo sensitive, and photo isomerization. They can be categorized according to whether they respond to stimuli or not as well as the kind of links that are present in the gel structure’s network chains. Using photolithography, modified pollutants, and emulsions, one can create nanogel. Reverse microemulsion polymerization, inverse mini-emulsion polymerization, and the free radical cross-linking polymerization method are all examples of polymerization. Cancer, diabetes, inflammation, and bone regeneration are just a few conditions that can be treated with nanogels. The cutting-edge medication delivery technology for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs is nanogels. This article focuses on the historical data regarding herbal nanogels, which have high patient compliance, delivery rate, and efficacy when used to treat various illnesses. The topic of stimulus-responsive nanogels, including pH-and temperature-responsive systems, is also covered.

Day-to-Day Dynamic Traffic Flow Assignment Model under Mixed Travel Modes Considering Customized Buses

In recent years, customized buses (CBs), a new form of public travel mode between bus and car, has sprung up in China. Its characteristics include flexible routes, each person having a seat and point-to-point travel have attracted travelers who seek high-quality travel, especially car travelers, alleviating traffic congestion at peak periods and leading to a change in urban travel modes. In addition to providing new travel modes, an exclusive bus lane (EBL) is also an effective means to alleviate traffic congestion. Therefore, this paper establishes link impedance functions under mixed travel modes considering the EBL, including customized buses on different kinds of links, and then presents a day-to-day dynamic traffic flow assignment model based on stochastic user equilibrium (SUE). Some conclusions were summarized by numerical case studies. First, the parameter of travelers’ sensitivity to route travel time affects the speed of traffic flow evolution. When it increases to positive infinity, the final state of the traffic network moves from SUE to deterministic user equilibrium (DUE). Second, the parameter on the degree of dependence of travelers on previous experience can not only influence the value size of actual travel time, but also influence the direction of actual travel time evolution. Third, conventional buses and customized buses have higher transportation efficiency than cars, but if the proportion of conventional bus travelers is too large, the total travel time of all travelers in the traffic network may increase. Fourth, when travel demands increase, the proportion of travelers who choose public transit is required to increase to achieve minimum total travel time. Lastly, from the perspective of the whole traffic network in any case, the EBL is not always beneficial. It is recommended to set EBLs when conventional buses and customized bus flows are heavy, which can be judged based on the model established in this paper.

Impact of the Aging of the Armenian Science Sector on the Number of Science and Engineering Publications

Armenia's science sector has undergone significant changes in recent years from the perspective of demographics and productivity, which directly affected the country's scientific potential and national innovation system. In the article, an attempt was made to present what kind of links and interrelationships there are between older scientists and scientific output. The share of scientific and technical workers aged 60 and over in Armenia and the number of scientific publications presented by the National Science Board from 1998-2021 were considered as indicators. The results of the econometric analysis showed that the relationships between the indicators are strong and inversely proportional. An increase in the share of older scientists leads to a decrease in the number of scientific publications in the long run. In such a case, it becomes especially urgent for the state to develop and implement policies in the field, on the one hand, to create conditions for young scientists, and on the other hand, to study the productivity factors of older scientists. At the same time, the results of the paper provide a basis for further research on age-scientific productivity links.

High-Efficiency Mitigation of Nonlinear Distortion in Microwave Photonics Link Assisted by Artificial Neural Network

A microwave photonics radio over fiber link can deliver the radio frequency (RF) signal to realize the antenna remote. When the signal is a broadband and multicarrier RF signal, there are some linear distortions in the link, such as the crossmodulation distortion (XMD) and third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3). It will destroy the wide-bandwidth performance of the link. Traditional postdigital compensation methods for XMD and IMD3 mitigation extract the baseband signal and reconstruct the compensation signal with calculated compensation factor. Here, a kind of artificial neural network genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) distortion compensation technique is proposed to seek the compensation factor instead of calculations. The neural network algorithm is used to fit the mapping function between the compensation factor and the distortion and give a set of predicted data as the original individual fitness value for the genetic algorithm. Based on the original value, the minimal distortion, the corresponding optimal compensation factors γ and α are found with optimization iterations. Taking advantage of the optimal compensation factors, based on the traditional postdigital compensation method, the distortion is mitigated with a suppression ratio of -84.4 dB. In our paper, the mitigation technology of the XMD and IMD3 can be applied for any kinds of link instead of mathematically modelling the link and calculating the compensation factor. The technology can improve the intelligence and flexibility of microwave photonic link linearization design.

'It All Kind of Links Really': Young People's Perspectives on the Relationship between Socioeconomic Circumstances and Health.

Meaningful inclusion of young people’s perceptions and experiences of inequalities is argued to be critical in the development of pro-equity policies. Our study explored young people’s perceptions of what influences their opportunities to be healthy within their local area and their understandings of health inequalities. Three interlinked qualitative focus group discussions, each lasting 90 to 100 min, with the same six groups of young people (n = 42) aged 13–21, were conducted between February and June 2021. Participants were recruited from six youth groups in areas of high deprivation across three geographical locations in England (South Yorkshire, the North East and London). Our study demonstrates that young people understand that health inequalities are generated by social determinants of health, which in turn influence behaviours. They highlight a complex interweaving of pathways between social determinants and health outcomes. However, they do not tend to think in terms of the social determinants and their distribution as resulting from the power and influence of those who create and benefit from health and social inequalities. An informed understanding of the causes of health inequalities, influenced by their own unique generational experiences, is important to help young people contribute to the development of pro-equity policies of the future.

HM-EIICT: Fairness-aware link prediction in complex networks using community information

The evolution of online social networks is highly dependent on the recommended links. Most of the existing works focus on predicting intra-community links efficiently. However, it is equally important to predict inter-community links with high accuracy for diversifying a network. In this work, we propose a link prediction method, called HM-EIICT, that considers both the similarity of nodes and their community information to predict both kinds of links, intra-community links as well as inter-community links, with higher accuracy. The proposed framework is built on the concept that the connection likelihood between two given nodes differs for inter-community and intra-community node-pairs. The performance of the proposed methods is evaluated using link prediction accuracy and network modularity reduction. The results are studied on real-world networks and show the effectiveness of the proposed method as compared to the baselines. The experiments suggest that the inter-community links can be predicted with a higher accuracy using community information extracted from the network topology, and the proposed framework outperforms several measures especially proposed for community-based link prediction. The paper is concluded with open research directions.

Characterization and Application of Solitons in a High Nonlinearity Optical Link with Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) and Ultra-Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (UDWDM) Technics

The constantly growing needs in terms of speed and bandwidth, especially all services using data has become greedy. Today optical fiber is the medium of choice for many advantages over others channels. although the optical fiber has taken the label of transmission channels, we won’t be able to do without its nonlinear character and dispersions, which are part of the major problems during optical transmission. In this article, we are presenting the use of optical solitons in the fiber optic link, with a particular way; we have considered two kind of links, the underground one and the overhead one, in the first link, we have applied optical soliton in order to just take into account the optical Kerr effect. And for the overhead link, we can transmit for short distance by using the return to zero modulation’s format and the use of optical Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA). The solitons which are the impulses, capable of propagating in the nonlinear optical fiber and dispersive without any distortion; to justify our hypothesis, we compare a dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) without soliton and the dense wavelength division multiplexing with solitons; we notice that, the link with soliton is better than the first because the pulse keeps its shape from the source up to the destination, its eye diagram is opened which means there is no much noises. After the simulations in Matlab and optisystem software, we went to Congo telecom, to do our test with the optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR), for both installations. From that study while transmitting over 100km it is better to use optical solitons with the high speed.

The Effect of Leadership on the Performance of Chinese Manufacturing Companies

The aim of this paper is to find out the effects of leadership, mediated by value innovation on the business financial performance of the manufacturing SMEs in China. Second, to examine what kind of links there are among leadership, value innovation and financial performance of Chinese manufacturing firms are explored. Last but not least, this paper will investigate Chinese manufacturing companies, which have survived and grown. To discuss what kind of key factors they have and how they adopt these strategies in order to achieve value innovation for their corporate growth in emerging markets, the result of this study is that there is a positive relationship between leadership value innovation, and financial performance of companies. Meanwhile, results illustrated that product innovation mediated the relationship of leadership with financial performance, but business model innovation has no mediating role on the relationship of leadership with financial performance.

Conditionals and specific links\u2014an experimental study

Based on the new experimental evidence, we argue that a link between a conditional antecedent and the consequent is semantically expressed rather than pragmatically conveyed. In our paper, we focus on particular kinds of links which conditionals may convey in a context. For instance, a conditional ‘If p, q’ may convey a thought equivalent to ‘p will cause q’, ‘p is the best explanation for q’, ‘q follows from p’, etcetera. The traditional theoretical literature on conditionals seems to imply that these specific links are generated pragmatically and are akin to conversational implicatures. In order to test this hypothesis, we used a well-recognized linguistic test from ‘reinforceability’ (i.e., susceptibility to a non-redundant affirmation), which serves to distinguish between a semantic and pragmatic level of meaning, and we designed an experimental study based on that test. The outcome of our study is that specific links conveyed by conditionals exhibit features of semantic entailments rather than conversational implicatures. This result accords with some of the recent findings in empirical investigations on conditionals. In the final part of our paper, we discuss various accounts of conditionals which can accommodate the results of our study.

NetRL: Task-aware Network Denoising via Deep Reinforcement Learning

Network data in real-world is error-prone, which results in inaccurate results when performing network analysis or modeling such as node classification and link prediction on these flawed networks. In this paper, we target at reconstructing a reliable network from a flawed network, named as network enhancement. Specifically, network enhancement aims to both detect the noisy links which are observed in the network but should not exist in the real world, and predict the missing links that indeed exist in the real world yet being unobserved in the network. Different from existing works that calculate a unified score to measure the above two kinds of links, we propose E-Net, an end-to-end graph neural network model, to leverage the mutual influence of the two tasks to achieve both the goals more effectively. Because on one hand, detecting noisy links can benefit the performance of predicting missing links; and on the other hand, predicting missing links can provide indirect supervision for detecting noisy links when the labels of the noisy links are unavailable. The experimental results on several datasets show that the proposed model obtains significant improvement for predicting missing links and detecting noisy links.

Towards the Heider balance with a cellular automaton

The state of structural balance (termed also ‘Heider balance’) of a social network is often discussed in social psychology and sociophysics. In this state, actors at network nodes classify other individuals as enemies or friends. Hence, the network contains two kinds of links: positive and negative. Here a new cellular automaton is designed and investigated, which mimics the time evolution towards the structural balance. The automaton is deterministic and synchronous. The medium is the triangular lattice with some fraction f of links removed. We analyse the number of unbalanced triads (parameterized as ‘energy’), the frequencies of balanced triads and correlations between them. The time evolution enhances the local correlations of balanced triads. Local configurations of unbalanced triads are found which are blinking with period of two time steps.

Topology Control in Hybrid VLC/RF Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is a promising technology to realize communications among vehicles in intelligent transportation systems. Conventional VANET utilizes radio frequency (RF) for vehicle to vehicle communications. However, as the vehicle density increases, RF-based VANET suffers from limited bandwidth and unavoidable interference. Visible light communication (VLC) is emerging as a complement candidate, which possesses the advantages of wide spectrum, high power efficiency and low interference, but also has the drawback of limited communication range. Therefore, the hybrid VLC/RF structure is beneficial to an efficient and reliable VANET. Since there are usually no center infrastructures in VANET and different vehicles could have different preferences, the distributed and non-cooperative topology control (TC) should be investigated for the establishment of VLC and RF links among various vehicles to satisfy some properties, e.g., interference level, power consumption, connectivity and delay requirements. Conventional TC schemes designed particularly for RF-based ad-hoc network can not be applied directly due to the distinctive features of VLC and RF links. In this paper, the TC problem for the hybrid VLC/RF VANET is modeled as a potential game. When considering the different features of the two kinds of links, a distributed TC algorithm is proposed to handle the TC game, in which the RF and VLC transmitting power of each vehicle is locally adapted based on the vehicle’s local knowledge about the VANET topology and can converge to a Nash Equilibrium state.

Accurate link prediction method based on path length between a pair of unlinked nodes and their degree

The link prediction problem has received much attention since the beginnings of social and behavioral sciences. For instance, social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkendIN change enduringly as new connections appear in the graph. For these networks, one of the biggest challenges is to find accurately the best recommendations to the users. Within the meaning of the graph, the main objective of the link prediction problem is to predict the upcoming links from the actual state of a graph. Link prediction methods use some score functions, such as Jaccard coefficient, Katz index, and Adamic Adar metric, to measure the probability of adding the links to the network. These metrics are widely used in various applications due to their simplicity and their interpretability; however, the majority of them are designed for a specific domain. Social networks become very large with a several number of users that are connected with different kinds of links. Predicting those links is still a challenging task, as we need to find the best way to perform predictions as accurate as possible. Along this way, we extend our previous work is (Jibouni et al. in 2018 6th international conference on wireless networks and mobile communications (WINCOM). IEEE, pp 1–6, 2018) where we have proposed a new node similarity measure based on the path depth between the source and destination nodes and their degrees. The used topological features are very easy to compute and very effective in solving the link prediction problem. In addition, we verify the impact of the path length l on the method performance and we show that the proposed method provides more accurate recommendations by using the path length 2 and 3. Then, we compare 13 state-of-the-art methods against the proposed method in terms of their prediction performance using the area under curve. The results on five instances of social networks show the efficiency of the proposed method in providing accurate recommendations. Furthermore, we consider machine learning techniques such as K-nearest neighbors, logistic regression, artificial neural network, decision tree, random forest, support vector machine to solve the link prediction problem as a binary classification task. The results confirm the significant accuracy improvement that can be achieved using the proposed metric.

Knots, links, anyons and statistical mechanics of entangled polymer rings

The field theory approach to the statistical mechanics of a system of N polymer rings linked together is extended to the case of links whose paths in space are characterized by a fixed number 2s of maxima and minima. Such kind of links are called 2s-plats and appear for instance in the DNA of living organisms or in the wordlines of quasiparticles associated with vortices nucleated in a quasi-two-dimensional superfluid. The path integral theory describing the statistical mechanics of polymers subjected to topological constraints is mapped here into a field theory of quasiparticles (anyons). In the particular case of s=2, it is shown that this field theory admits vortex solutions with special self-dual points in which the interactions between the vortices vanish identically. The topological states of the link are distinguished using two topological invariants, namely the Gauss linking number and the so-called bridge number which is related to s. The Gauss linking number is a topological invariant that is relatively weak in distinguishing the different topological configurations of a general link. The addition of topological constraints based on the bridge number allows to get a glimpse into the non-abelian world of quasiparticles, which is relevant for important applications like topological quantum computing and high-TC superconductivity. At the end an useful connection with the cosh-Gordon equation is shown in the case s=2.

КОГНІТИВНА НАРАТОЛОГІЯ: МЕТОДИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ

The article is devoted to modern cognitive research in the field of narratology. The key aspects that determine the specifics of literary studies of the cognitive areas were considered in the article. The purpose of the article is to identify and characterize leading trends in cognitive research. Current narratological studies of the post-structuralism period have been characterized. Close links of cognitive narratology with other branches of science, which can be traced at the level of methods, object and purpose of research, have been identified. It is concluded that this kind of links will be further strengthened through methodological exchange and cooperation. The arguments of opponents of the cognitive approach were analyzed, and the shortcomings of the cognitive science methodology were identified. The scientific works of literary predecessors, which formed the basis for the further emergence and development of cognitive narratology, were considered. Views on cognitive research in the field of literary criticism of such scientists as A. Palmer, D. Herman, W. Schmid, M.-L. Ryan et al. were reviewed. The contribution of modern Ukrainian researchers to cognitive science has been traced. Particular attention is paid to the study of the content of the central concept of cognitive science «mind» as well as its meaningful translation into East Slavic languages. The views of cognitive scientists on the problem of the degree of openness of the mind of a fictional character for readers and researchers have been examined. Ways of reproducing the mind of the heroes of a work of art have been identified. As a result of the study, the fast pace of development of cognitive narratology and the growing attention of researchers to the wide possibilities of its methodology were revealed. The prospects of future research in the areas of cognitive narratology, which consist in studying the ways of expression of children’s and adult mind in the fictional narrative of children’s works of East Slavic authors, are noted.

Presenting the status of project SIFT – Research of the patient flows and structures in health and social services in three Finnish cities in 2009–2015

The date of Finnish health and social services reform is fast approaching. The reform, planned to step into force on 1 January 2020, includes transferring responsibility of these services from municipalities to newly formed, autonomous regions. In addition to coordination, the regions shall form effective service and care chains. To carry out this task successfully, more information is needed about the critical points of integration of different services. We have for a while been working with a project called SIFT, which focuses on the heavy users of health and social services. We have obtained register-based data from three cities (Lohja, Karkkila, Vihti) in Southern Finland, with a total of approximately 85 000 inhabitants. Based on this data, we are studying the distribution of services used by those clients that occur in three registers: primary care, secondary care and social services. Interest is laid especially on the service processes. What kind of links are there within and between the health and social services? Are there certain phenomena to be found concerning the combinations, timelines etc? What is the level of health and social care integration before the reform? The study design is extraordinary in many respects. All sub-sets of data – also the social services sub-set – are large and numerical, allowing a quantitative research approach, as well as an integrated analysis concerning the co-occurrence of different services. Data includes some information on the family members of the clients, which is important from the point of view of child protection and family work services. Furthermore, the time span is relatively long, from the beginning of 2009 to the end of June 2015. Analysis methods include e.g. decision trees, SOM (a neural network), genetic algorithms, K-nearest neighbours and Markov chains, applied in various steps of the process. Spatial analyses can be carried out based on the postal number of the customers. It is already clear that the heavy users of health and social services can be classified into groups based on some factors, e.g. the dominant services and frequency of the service use. Certain dependencies can be pointed out in the service processes. Furthermore, spatial differences can be seen even in this relatively small geographical area. Using information of the family members has also proven to be useful and brings new perspectives into the client processes of social work. Because of the ambitious aim of combining observations from several branches, there have been plenty of issues related to completeness and internal integrity of the data. The operations situated at the interfaces of health and social services seem to be problematic from the point of view of our data collection. We do not have access to services given by the private sector. However, the heavy users of the health and social services mainly rely on the public sector in Finnish conditions. During 2018, a tool will be built, with which a person’s probability to become a heavy user of different health and social services can be predicted.

Typology of high-speed rail city-to-city links

The development of high-speed rail (HSR) networks is leading to a very complex situation in terms of network configuration and the variety of services. This new panorama presents very different feasible connections between city-pairs, multiplying the possibilities of travelling. This paper evaluates the characteristics of all city-pairs served by HSR in Spain through a clustering analysis, with the goal of deriving an HSR city-pair link typology. This assessment offers a new perspective on the HSR network as a multi-role system encompassing eight types of links with very different characteristics. Identifying these types of HSR links will be a useful transport-planning tool for emerging HSR networks to anticipate the different kinds of links they will encompass and for future HSR cities to foresee the possibility of benefiting from one or another type of link and adapting their policies and strategies according to their potential services.

Inferring parent–child relationships by a node-remove centrality framework in online social networks

Online social networks can represent various kinds of relationships between users, so a significant task is to infer specific relationships, especially family members or romantic partners, by analyzing network topologies. In this study, we explored to infer a special kind of family links (i.e., parent–child links) in the QQ social network (the largest online social network of China) based on multiple node centrality algorithms. We found that most parent–child links are weak social embeddedness (weak tie) instead of strong embeddedness (strong tie), resulting that such kind of links are very difficult to detect in the user’s ego social network. To get a high accurate detection, we firstly utilized user profile information such as age and gender to filter out the set of potential links and then combined network structure mining. We proposed a novel node-remove framework to measure a node centrality considering its direct and indirect effect on network topologies, and our method obtained a 11.3% higher performance than “dispersion” which is a new network centrality proposed in a recent study. We also found that calculating indirect effect by using a semi-local structure can obtain a better performance than using local or global structures, which suggests that parent–child links have a meso-scopic topology effect. Our method may not only infer parent–child relationships effectively, but could also detect other hierarchical relationships, such as manager–subordinate and advisor–advisee ties in online social networks.

Local adaptive heterogeneous synchronization for interdependent networks with delayed coupling

With the development of the networks, the coupling between networks has become increasingly significant. Here, the networks can be described as interdependent networks. An interdependent network can have two different kinds of links, a connectivity link and a dependency link, which are fundamental properties of interdependent networks. During the past several years, interdependent complex network science has attracted a great deal of attention. This is mainly because the rapid increase in computing power has led to an information and communication revolution. Investigating and improving our understanding of interdependent networks will enable us to make the networks (such as infrastructures) we use in daily life more efficient and robust. As a significant collective behavior, synchronization phenomena and processes are common in nature and play a vital role in the interaction between dynamic units. At the same time, the time delay problem is an important issue to be investigated, especially in biological and physical networks. As a matter of fact, time delays exist commonly in the real networks. A signal or influence traveling through a network is often associated with time delay. In this paper, the local adaptive heterogeneous synchronization is investigated for interdependent networks with delayed coupling consisting of two sub-networks, which are one-by-one inter-coupled. The delays exist both in the intra-coupling and in the inter-coupling between two sub-networks, the intra-coupling and inter-coupling relations of the networks satisfy the requirements for nonlinearity and smoothness, and the nodes between two sub-networks have different dynamical systems, namely heterogeneous systems. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory, linear matrix inequality, and adaptive control technique, with proper controllers and adaptive laws for the networks, the sufficient conditions are proposed to synchronize the sub-networks of the interdependent networks into heterogeneous isolated systems, respectively. In order to illustrate the main results of the theoretical analysis clearly, some numerical simulations for an interdependent network with NW small world sub-network and BA sub-network are presented, in which each sub-network has 100 nodes and the heterogeneous systems are Lorenz and Rössler systems. The numerical simulations show that using the controllers and adaptive laws proposed, the network obtains the local heterogeneous synchronization quickly, that is, the nodes of two sub-networks are synchronized into Lorenz and Rössler systems separately. Thus, they verify the feasibility and correctness of the proposed techniques. It is worth noting that the presented results are delay-independent. In the future, our research will be directed to the further investigation of the delay-dependent synchronization of interdependent networks by using the current results as a basis.