Kinds Of Incentives Research Articles

Ценообразование как условие формирования рыночной конкуренции

The article examines the limits of the freedom of market pricing and the limits of state interference in the processes of market pricing in the light of conceptual approaches to the organization of society, which can be carried out by: ensuring the social process based on public self-regulation, and ensuring social equilibrium provided by state regulation. These approaches also manifest themselves in the economic sphere, including pricing processes, such as ensuring the market process, including free pricing, and ensuring market equilibrium through state regulation of commodity prices. These principles are not mutually exclusive, however, it is the social process based on self-regulation that is basic. Public self-regulation, including in the economic sphere, including pricing, is a source of legal formation, since it is based on the coordination of the interests of participants in market relations. State regulation of the social process, which has the goal of ensuring social equilibrium, by means of various kinds of incentives, restrictions and prohibitions, is a subsidiary means of regulating social relations, which can contribute both to the achievement of consensus in society, when it is aimed at protecting the rights of the subjects of social relations, and to harm it, when it is aimed at replacing the natural social process with its own normative regulations. Government pricing should be brought within the strict framework of the law and kept to a minimum.

A systematic review on the impact of incentives on the adoption of conservation agriculture: new guidelines for policymakers and researchers

ABSTRACTFacing the new challenges of sustainable development in the agricultural sector requires transitioning toward sustainable systems, such as conservation agriculture (CA) practices. Despite several decades of work to diffuse CA technologies, the adoption rate remains below expectations in several countries. Different policy scenarios have been adopted to address this situation, mainly incentives. However, evidence of their effectiveness and possibilities of reinforcement are not clearly defined in the literature. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the evidence of the impact of incentives on the adoption of conservation agriculture practices to help academics and politicians understand how to effectively spread sustainable innovations such as CA. Results show that four kinds of incentives are evaluated Agri-Environment Schemes (AES)/Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES), input subsidies, direct subsidies, and market-based incentives. The impact of PES and input subsidies was significant and positive for the diffusion of CA. However, the component of minimum tillage dissemination was not significantly affected by PES agglomeration payments or greater levels of direct subsidies, respectively. The incentives investigated are not sufficiently diversified in type, which consequently limits their usefulness. Three recommendations for the deployment of incentives were made in light of these findings.

Work Motivation Profiles of the Millennial Generation

Purpose: This study aimed to determine characteristic profiles of the Millennial generation based on their sociodemographic features and motivational preferences regarding work. It contributes to the literature on Millennial motivation and provides insights for organizations seeking to better understand and manage said generation. Design/Methodology: The study was conducted on a sample of 197 questionnaire responses from individuals in the Millennial generation who had work experience. The sampling was non-probabilistic and did not consider aspects related to socioeconomic or education levels to broaden the coverage of the study. The data were collected through an online survey in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Said data were examined using an analytical procedure—which involves a clustering algorithm to determine the optimal number of clusters—and logistic regression analysis—to identify significant variables that can explain the behavior of each group. Findings: Two distinct motivational profiles were found among Millennials: (1) a group motivated by achievement and power and (2) another one inspired by affiliation and supervision group. It was also found that these two profiles are related to certain sociodemographic features, such as age and main breadwinner. Conclusions: Understanding the motivational profiles of Millennials can help organizations better tailor their management practices and work environments to meet the needs of this generation. Likewise, organizations may need to provide several kinds of incentives and rewards to motivate different groups of Millennials. Future research in this area could explore the relationship between these motivational profiles and other outcomes, such as job satisfaction and turnover. Originality: This study contributes to the literature on Millennial motivation by introducing a quantitative methodology to identify different motivational profiles and explore their relationship with sociodemographic features. The use of a clustering algorithm and regression analysis also contributes to the methodological approaches employed in this area of research. Focused on the Mexican context, this paper also provides insights into the unique cultural and economic factors that may influence Millennial motivation in this region.

The Influence of In-Service Teachers Training Programs on the Professional Development of School Teachers

This study was conducted to find out the impact of in-service teacher training on teachers’ professional development. The survey approach was chosen because it was the most practical and cost-effective way to collect data from such a large population. Questionnaire for this studywas self-developed by the researcher and based on a literature review. Data collected from 1200 participants was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. There were insignificant differences between male and female teachers in training goals, observation, assessment, and evaluation. There were also statisticallyinsignificant differences between districts in how teachers felt about in-service teacher training. School leaders, organizations that train teachers and teacher trainers should put teachers at the center of training programs to get teachers more involved and meet current needs. Financial or other kinds of incentives should be used, and teachers may need to get certification for in-service teacher training to improve their skills.

Payment Features and Incentives as Drivers for Non-Cash Payments Usage – the Evidence from Poland

Theoretical background: There is evidence that sustainable economic growth is strictly connected with non-cash payments development. Nevertheless, in many countries, cash still remains the dominant means of payment. Cash can be treated as a store of value and a means of payment. The paper focuses on its transactional function and addresses the need to recognise drivers that can shift consumers away from cash. Purpose of the article: The paper aims to analyse what features of payment instruments and what kind of incentives could convince consumers to switch from cash to non-cash payments. Research methods: The data analysed were collected during the first survey on this topic conducted in 2018 on a representative sample of Polish consumers. The selected statistical methods were applied to analyse research data. Among them are correlation analysis and Thurstone’s method of paired comparisons to analyse preferences and association (co-occurrence) for exploring consumers’ preferences related to their payment choices. Main findings: The results show that in Poland consumers’ payment choices are driven rather by the cost than other payment instrument features such as speed, convenience or security. These results are consistent with the greater sensitivity of Polish consumers to financial incentives than material bonuses or tax benefits. The analysis has also shown a statistically significant correlation between the kind of incentive and the consumer’s characteristics.

Improving Contractors’ Participation of Resource Utilization in Construction and Demolition Waste through Government Incentives and Punishments

This paper develops a simulation model for analyzing how government incentives and punishments improve contractors' participation in resource utilization of construction and demolition waste (RUCDW) based on system dynamics theory. The construction industry's long-term objective is to become more sustainable and resource-effective, and as part of this objective, generated construction and demolition waste should be recycled and resource utilized. However, most contractors have little willingness to engage in RUCDW because it increases their costs. The government thus plays a vital role in improving their participation in RUCDW through a range of educational tools such as advertisements, professional training, incentives, and punishments. Among these approaches, incentives and punishments are considered the most effective because they directly change project costs. We use the Vensim software package for numerical simulation and data collected from Suzhou, China are used to demonstrate and validate the developed model. Simulation results show that the government can improve contractors' participation in RUCDW through three kinds of incentives and punishments: (1) subsidizing RUCDW; (2) increasing landfill fees; and 3) issuing fines for illegal dumping. Comprehensive application of multiple policies has a stronger effect than single policies. The established model is therefore a valuable tool for assessing the dynamic effects of government incentives and punishments on RUCDW ahead of implementation, which can provide guidance for policymakers.

Impact of Incentive Programs on Organizational Growth: A Case Study

In this study, we discussed Maritz LLC's incentives, motivation, and incentive programs so that the reader can easily understand the core concept of incentives. We have discussed the various incentives that most organizations are currently using to motivate their employees, customers, and dealers or distributors to perform better. We also included some of the most widely used incentive theories adopted by Maritz LLC, which have changed the modern world's view of incentives and their implications. These theories give us a better understanding of the various needs that people have and the importance of those needs. The theories also told us what kinds of incentives are significant and how important they are. Finally, we compare what the theory implies to what an organization like Maritz LLC is doing to improve its overall performance. We also attempted to identify the parallels and differences between theory and application.

Impact of Incentive Programs on Organizational Growth: A Case Study

In this study, we discussed Maritz LLC's incentives, motivation, and incentive programs so that the reader can easily understand the core concept of incentives. We have discussed the various incentives that most organizations are currently using to motivate their employees, customers, and dealers or distributors to perform better. We also included some of the most widely used incentive theories adopted by Maritz LLC, which have changed the modern world's view of incentives and their implications. These theories give us a better understanding of the various needs that people have and the importance of those needs. The theories also told us what kinds of incentives are significant and how important they are. Finally, we compare what the theory implies to what an organization like Maritz LLC is doing to improve its overall performance. We also attempted to identify the parallels and differences between theory and application.

Hydrogen Economy as a Driver of Synergetic Technological Development: Policy and Application Evidence from Russia

Hydrogen energy is still at an early stage of development: Nevertheless, national and international strategies are used to boost its development by all kinds of incentives, subsidies, tax instruments and R&D financing of pilot projects in order to achieve the main goals: decarbonization of the energy sector, ensuring the reliability of supply of energy systems. The technical capabilities of decarbonization are still coexisting with high production costs, difficulties in storing and delivering hydrogen to consumers. Shift to hydrogen economy is not possible without thorough consideration of policies at different levels as well as technological advances. In this article the author analyses current situation of Russian hydrogen economics from strategic and technological point of view. The main agenda-setting documents and contributors in the field of technical deployment of hydrogen projects have been analyzed by applying content-analysis. Main policy implications and recommendations have also been given.

О соотношении публичных и частных начал в управлении сферой труда

Introduction. This article gives a general description of management, the sphere of work and the ratio of public and private principles of managerial influence in relation to this area of public relations. Purpose. Substantiate the conclusion that the basis of the management of the sphere of labor is public law influence, and management in the sphere of labor allows private law methods of management due to the specifics of labor as an integral property of a person. Methodology. The achievement of the research goal set in this workpredetermined the use of such research methods as the method of scientific analysis, as well as formal-logical, system-structural, comparative-legal, technical-legal methods. Results. The author states that the management of the sphere of labor can be a mechanism of a wider and more complex impact than the legal regulation of labor relations in the intersectoral meaning of the latter. The foregoing is based on the assertion that management requires and involves the use of not only imperatively pre-established formal legal, but also other, non-formalized means and methods of influencing controlled (dependent) subjects. However, it is also possible that the limits of managerial and regulatory impact on labor are compatible, provided that the concept of a managerial decision and the principle of managerial freedom in making such decisions are used in the construction of a legal mechanism for managing in the sphere of labor, as well as defining labor or its individual aspects and managing it as appropriate. types of legal relations, but including the participation of the state in such relations. The latter is due to the fact that the administration of the essential processes of state and legal development is a condition for its integrity, historical and geopolitical prospects, therefore, even social partnership in the labor sphere at the national level is not only relations directly related to labor, it is also political and legal processes. that can influence power relations. In addition, the refusal of the subjects of labor relations to use the dispositive opportunities provided to them by law for the purposes of law enforcement in the sphere of labor in any case requires an imperatively organized legal regulation (impact) for the purposes of achieving the public good. Conclusion. Managing the sphere of labor is a public law impact on the economy, politics and ideology in the labor market, the tax system, the social organization of labor, the redistribution of the total income of workers between wages and insurance funds, etc. The management of the sphere of labor, therefore, is based on administrative and legal coercion and various kinds of incentives, including those that change the legal status of a person for better or worse.

Structural Equation Modelling to Understand the Impact of Various Components of CSR and the Benefits to Stakeholders

In the last many years academicians and business practitioners have shown their interest in the study of the activities of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This study describes a deeper understanding of the CSR parameters on the benefits to the stakeholders. It explains the direct effect of the various independent variables like ‘Encourage Employee Volunteer - kinds of incentives’, ‘Improve Employee Welfare and Labour Relations’, ‘Companies/Organizations communicate the Policy to the stakeholders’ and ‘Adoption of CSR practices by Companies/Organizations’ on the dependent variable benefits of CSR to the stakeholders. We had also studied the impact of the variables, that is, ‘Encourage “Employee Volunteers”, kinds of incentives’, ‘Companies/Organizations communicate the Policy to the stakeholders’ and ‘Adoption of CSR practices by Companies/Organizations’ on Employee Welfare and Labour Relations. The outcomes of the research model depend on the data collected from 349 employees across local and international organizations in India. The respondents are employees of various organizations working at different levels of management. This study focuses on middle-level managers. The major findings suggest the positive impact of all the activities of CSR on benefits to the stakeholders. Out of the four CSR activities, Adoption of CSR practices by Companies/Organizations is the strongest predictor followed by Employee Welfare and Labour Relations, whereas the CSR activity Encourage ‘Employee Volunteers’, kinds of incentives has no significant impact on benefits to the stakeholders.

Snap Judgements and Availability Bias in Travel Decisions

Past research has explored how travelers make economic decisions, but only a small number of papers look at financial nudges and price anchoring—how they might cause travelers to make snap judgements about value that undermine rational economic principles. This research explores the behavioral response to different kinds of incentives. It finds that, consistent with theory, when presented with two numbers certain individuals will anchor to a higher number and be willing to pay more. Likewise, it finds that certain consumers are not able to quickly make judgements about the cost of travel. When the survey participants were offered daily or monthly payment plans, payments each day were valued almost twice as much as a single payment each month. This offers important policy considerations for public agencies seeking to reduce driving, particularly as new disruptive platforms emerge and new technology allows for more dynamic and curated data to be used to nudge travel behavior.

Combining the best of two methodological worlds? Integrating Q methodology-based farmer archetypes in a quantitative model of agri-environmental scheme uptake

Increasing farmers’ acceptance and adoption of environmentally beneficial farming practices is essential for mitigating negative impacts of agriculture. To support adoption through policy, it is necessary to understand which types of farms or farmers do or do not (yet) apply such practices. However, farmers are not a homogeneous group and their behavior is subject to a complex array of structural, socioeconomic, and socio-psychological influences. Reducing this complexity, farmer typologies or archetypes are useful tools for understanding differing motivations for the uptake of sustainable farming practices. Previous investigations of the role of farmer archetypes in the adoption of such practices rely on either purely qualitative or purely quantitative methods in data collection, typology creation, and hypothesis testing. Our study combines both approaches by classifying survey respondents into farmer types based on a previous Q methodological study. We then use these types in a two-part regression model that aims to explain participation in agri-environmental schemes (AES) and the level of scheme participation. To control for farm structural factors, we additionally link our questionnaire data to secondary data from the farm accountancy data network. Results indicate that in Austria, AES are attractive to all types of farmers, but the level of participation (AES income per hectare) in these schemes differs between archetypes: Profitability-oriented farmers participate less, and nature-oriented farmers participate more than other types. This suggests that monetary compensations for sustainable farming practices are not perceived as sufficient by certain groups of farmers, and policy makers need to consider additional kinds of incentives.

Dogs at the Workplace: A Multiple Case Study.

Simple SummaryPet-friendly policies are becoming more common in the workplace, but little is known about how the presence of dogs influences the work environment. For this reason, the paper includes a study on how dogs influence the work environment and under which circumstances companies can benefit from a pet-friendly policy. An inductive research approach was used for this study. Qualitative data were conducted by interviewing dog-owners who routinely bring their dogs to the office and persons in management positions in the same companies. Finally, the results of the evolving data analysis through successive iterations was formed into a grounded theory. The results of the study generally support the belief that dogs at the workplace can have a positive influence on individual and collective well-being of organizational members in an office environment. However, the study shows that these positive effects of dogs are linked to certain prerequisites that need to be fulfilled in the company. These include flexible hours, autonomy, and open communication. While those requisites are not necessary in order to be able to implement pet-friendly policies, they are highly relevant when companies seek to decrease stress for employees and improve the work atmosphere and social capital.As the work environment is increasing in competitiveness and stressfulness, more and more companies try to increase employee well-being. One option is allowing employees to bring their dogs to work, building on the considerable evidence that dogs have a positive influence on people’s well-being. However, little is known about how a dog’s presence influences the employees and the companies in offices. Therefore, we empirically scrutinize the presence of dogs in organizations and the impact of pet-friendly organizational policies, with multiple case studies with semi-structured interviews as their foundation. Based on an inductive approach for the data analysis, we found that organizational members consider that dogs can lower their stress, improve communication, and foster social cohesion when a flexible organizational culture is in place. This includes the following: Problems in the company are openly addressed; employees have job autonomy, with flexibility to take breaks; and mistakes and errors are allowed to be made by employees and their companions alike, and room to find solutions is given. The inflexible permission of pets at work can, on the contrary, create pressure and stress in employees. For the business world, this implicates that this kind of incentive only leads to success if the right framework and culture is in place, and it cannot only be seen as an instrument to increase employee well-being.

Энергетические рычаги внешней политики

While employing their energy potentials for advancing their foreign policy interests, Russia and the USA apply various political tools and practices, that can be classified as “positive”, “negative”, regulating energy markets, and reinforcing one’s own potential. The author argues that in both cases the application of energy-related statecraft is largely related either to energy security or to advancing ideologically inspired political interests. These two kinds of incentives can both work together or conflict each other. To pursue their relevant interests, both Russia and the USA have distinctive potentials, resources, and instruments that to a large extent were developed under influence of geopolitical and economic shocks: dramatic growth of global oil prices in 1970s for the USA and centrifugal post-Soviet geopolitical processes in 1990s for Russia. As a negative tool, the USA most often uses various kinds of sanctions to target energy sectors of their opponents, while the strongest Russian weapon is energy supply restrictions. To safeguard one’s own energy security and solidify their political influences both states manage bilateral complementary “producer–consumer” relations, while to stabilize global oil price, both states participate in international energy alliances. For instrumental purposes, both states also take advantage of purposeful or spontaneous transformations of their energy sectors (e.g. consolidation of the Russian energy sector and the U.S. ‘shale revolution’) for foreign policy purposes. In most cases, the effectiveness of applying statecraft tools for advancing energy-related interests proved to be limited. Those sanctions and other ways of pressure that targeted opponents’ energy sectors (especially if applied unilaterally) themselves rarely led to desirable alterations in those opponents’ policies. The results of energy alliances building also have proved to be limited both for Russia and for the USA as those alliances do not secure full-fledged control over global oil prices and are not solid or representative enough.

What do they want? Web-based survey incentive preferences among college students

Offering incentives is a survey research best practice; however, little is known about what kind of incentives college students, a frequently sampled population for health research, prefer. To fill this gap, N=415 undergraduates took a web-based survey with four incentive options. Cross-tabulation analyses with the chi-square statistic and Cramer’s V were used to compare incentive selection by demographic variables. Participants most commonly selected e-gift cards to Amazon and a popular coffee chain; incentive preferences varied based on demographics. Providing incentive choice and considering the preferences of specific priority populations may help to increase web-based survey response rates among college students.

The effect of online learning on communication between instructors and students during Covid-19 pandemic

PurposeThis study aims to explore whether online learning has an effect on communication between instructors and students in a negative way, whether online learning affects students' productivity levels and to evaluate and suggest ways of improving effective online communication between instructors and students.Design/methodology/approachThis study used is a quantitative research study which was conducted through a semi-structured online survey through a random sample technique.FindingsResults revealed that the vast majority agree with the questions of the study. Students still prefer classroom classes over online classes due to many problems they face when taking online classes, such as lack of motivation, understanding of the material, decrease in communication levels between the students and their instructors and their feeling of isolation caused by online classes.Research limitations/implicationsThis research studied the impact from students' perspective only as the sample was selected only from students.Originality/valueThis research reached the students’ point of view in a broader way which will help understanding the issues and provide effective solutions. This research suggested that instructors must communicate with their students and vice versa in more informal channels (instant messages online chat groups, audio calls, private video calls …) in parallel with the formal channels (online platforms, email …). Finally, instructors should encourage students to participate and study more by providing different kind of incentives.

The Pervasive Problem of Special Economic Zones for International Economic Law: Tax, Investment, and Trade Issues

AbstractSpecial Economic Zones (SEZs) have been a huge success and brought a great number of benefits to the whole world. With different kinds of incentives, SEZs have created favorable conditions in order to attract foreign investors. In this article, several specific issues are considered. First, whether SEZs are legal under international economic law (IEL). Second, what kind of specific issues they raise under IEL. Thirdly, what measures governments can take in order not to be challenged. The first section illustrates the definition of SEZs and their rapid development; the second section will consider the interaction between SEZs and international tax law, especially the base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) Action 5; the third section focuses on the relationship between SEZs and investment agreements and the disputes raised as a consequence; the fourth section will talk about SEZs and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as some incentives used by SEZs may not be compatible with WTO regulations. The article shows that SEZs can be harmful. For one thing, tax incentives applied in SEZs may lead to tax evasion, and the competitive circumstances between states may be changed. For another thing, the frequent changes of policies in SEZs may result in indirect expropriation, and investor-state arbitration under investment treaties can be used by foreign investors to protect their SEZ-related benefits. In addition, although WTO rules do not explicitly regulate SEZs, a number of measures, such as subsidies, do fall under the ambit of WTO rules, and these measures cannot be discriminatory.

Aquifer Sustainability and the Use of Desalinated Seawater for Greenhouse Irrigation in the Campo de Níjar, Southeast Spain.

In the Campo de Níjar (southeast Spain), an intensive horticulture model under plastic has been developed based on the use of groundwater. For many years, aquifers have been overexploited, almost generating an environmental collapse. The construction of a desalination plant was planned to improve this situation and to achieve sustainable aquifer management. However, the aquifer is still being overexploited, since farmers scarcely use desalinated seawater for irrigation. In this paper, farmers irrigating with desalinated seawater are characterized, since they contribute to aquifer sustainability. The study aimed to identify the variables which condition the use of this water resource, as well as the kinds of incentives that encourage this option. For this purpose, a survey was undertaken within a sample of 110 farmers. A cluster analysis and a binary logistic regression were employed. The results from the cluster analysis allowed the characterization of farmers who use desalinated seawater for irrigation. Furthermore, the regression model showed the variables that determine a more intensive use of this irrigation source, such as crop diversification, availability of different water resources and the conductivity of aquifer water available for irrigation. The incentives promoting the use of desalinated seawater for irrigation that most encourage farmers are the implementation of tax relief, price reductions and the obligation to install rainwater collection systems.

A New Electric Vehicle Charging-Ordered Control Model Based On Time-Divided Algorithm

This paper proposed a novel plug-in electric vehicle charging-ordered based on time-sharing control algorithm, the algorithm under the condition of meet the demand of the electric car charging users, by charging stations operating income maximization as the goal, uses the monte carlo simulation method to simulate the user charge needs to transport characteristics of the electric car users conditional probability analysis, and then through the way of peak stagger, established the mathematical model in orderly electric vehicle charging stations. Research results show that the dynamic grid through time-sharing control and time-sharing electricity two kinds of incentive, orderly charging control method can significantly improve the economics of electric vehicle charging station distribution network, reduce the voltage stress of distribution network, and has high computational efficiency.