Kind Of Icon Research Articles

Designing and Implication of Pictograms in Universities of Tehran (IRAN)

Pictograms have many implications nowadays and are used for simple and fluent pictorial interpretations. These concepts are usually informative, conductive and warning. These kinds of icons are used in order to simplify the communication in an environment as are used in airports, terminals, railroad stations, parks, zoo, hospitals, drug stores and so on. To provide an efficient contrast, pictograms are often in black and white. Nowadays in different public places and landscape design pictograms are used for perfect communication. By the ways these icons are related to the civilization and tribal culture. Designing pictograms need a permanent search for better plan for better information transfer. In this project researcher designed and executed pictograms for better conduction in some selected Universities in Iran at 2015. The project was done for internal and external places of selected universities. Absence of informative and pictorial icons in universities environments causes wandering about for novices and they are not able to find different places like libraries, restaurant, and offices and so on. This study resulted in better communication in campus environments. Researcher hope pictograms will find their real and proper role in Iranian art area.

Uso didáctico de las infografías

Las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) son parte de la cotidianidad de nuestros educandos, por lo que es responsabilidad del profesorado adaptarse a este nuevo estilo de comunicación, a fin de captar la atención del alumnado, motivarle e incitarle al aprendizaje. El presente trabajo pretende dar a conocer y promover el uso de la infografía didáctica entre el profesorado como novedosa forma de transmitir la información. La infografía ha sido y sigue siendo uno de los medios más importantes que poseen los periódicos y revistas para transmitir la información de forma clara, asequible y precisa, mediante textos, imágenes, mapas, gráficos y todo tipo de iconos, pero con la aparición de diferentes alternativas de software gratuitas on-line, cualquier usuario de a pie puede crear una infografía de forma rápida, sencilla y de aspecto profesional. Esto ha permitido exportar las ventajas de la infografía a otros ámbitos, entre ellos el educativo. Se darán además unas nociones básicas a profesores iniciados en el uso de infografías sobre la forma de crear su propio material infográfico. Por último, se determinará en qué medida, las infografías son una forma valiosa de trasmitir la información y acercar el alumnado al conocimiento.

만화에서 사각형 칸의 일반화 원인에 대한 분석

로돌페 퇴퍼(Rodolphe Toeppfer)가 그림과 글이 결합된 형식을 정의하면서 만화 칸을 이용한 이후로 여러 만화작가들에 의해 만화 칸은 현재와 같은 모습으로 정착했다. 그러나 만화 칸이 본격적으로 정의되기 이전에도 만화 칸의 형식을 엿볼 수 있는 역사적 기록들이 있었다. 역사적인 기록 속에서 칸은 무형 또는 유형의 사각형으로 발견되어왔다. 우리가 지금 보는 만화 칸은 어딘가에서 생겨난 것이 아니라 이전부터 이어진 역사적인 산물이다. 창작자는 이렇게 칸이라고 부르는 틀 안에, 만화의 어휘에 속하는 그림이나 글을 넣는다. 만화 칸은 카메라의 프레임과 비슷하지만 이들과는 달리 가로 세로 비례의 틀이 유동적이다. 창작자들은 다양하게 칸을 이용했고 이러한 과정을 거치며 칸을 정형화시켰다. 결과적으로 만화 칸은 대부분 사각형으로 정립됐다. 만화 칸이 사각형으로 굳어져 간 과정에는 인간의 생활양식에 따른 암묵적인 규칙이 작용했을 것이라고 생각한다. 인간 문명을 이루는 수많은 도형 중에서 만화 칸이 사각형으로 이뤄지게 된 원인이 무엇일까? 본 논문은 이 같은 물음을 근거로 사각형의 형태를 기준으로 이뤄지는 인간의 생활체계를 알아보고 어떤 장점이 만화 칸을 사각형으로 정립되게 만들었는지 연구해 볼 것이다. Rodolphe Toepfer invented cartoon frames and following cartoonists developed this idea. But cartoon frames defineed before in historical documens and artifacts give a hint of the structure of a cartoon frame. In historical documents and artifacts show various form of the quadrangle frames. Now we see the cartoon frame is a result of historical things. Artists input in the framework, dubbed as a cartoon frame, all kinds of icons that belong to cartoon's language. Readers accept messages that artists want to say by considering this formation. Although cartoon frames are similar to camera frames they are more flexible than other general frames. By this flexibility, different shapes of frame influence reader's experiences. Applying these various cartoon frames extends function of framework. And if used by many cartoonists, you gradually get a rule. A time-tested rule standardizes it. In theory, shapes of frame are changeable in many ways. But frequently used frames are standardized in just one formation. In the process, I think it is a tacit rule of human lifestyle. That is a quadrangle. Why is the quadrangle chosen by a long term polished rule of frame? This study is to realise why a quadrangle form is used and its relation to human lifestyle.

Low Viscosity and Rapid Saccharification Pretreatment of Fresh Sweet Potato for Ethanol Production*

Sweet potato is one of the major feedstock for the fuel ethanol production in China.As fresh sweet potato syrup shows high viscosity,it is hard to be fully converted to glucose by enzymes in the traditional saccharification process.The high-viscosity syrup is difficult to be transmitted in pipes,which may be easily blocked.Meanwhile it could also reduce the efficency of later ethanol fermentation.To solve these problems,the pasting property of fresh sweet potato was studied by rapid visco analysis(RVA).Effects of the pretreatment conditions including the ratio of material to water,temperature,pH,retention time,and kinds of icons and enzymes on the dextrose equivalent value(DE) and syrup viscosity were also investigated.The most favorable pretreatment conditions were the ratio of material to water 2:1,126 ℃ for 5 min,pH 2.5.The amounts of pectinase and cellulose added in saccharification were 40 U per g syrup and 0.5U per g syrup,respectively.The highest DE of 99.3 and the lowest viscosity of 4.5×104 mPa.s were obtained by the most favorable pretreatment conditions,while those of 85.8 and over 1.0×105 mPa.s was produced by traditional treatment conditions.The pretreatment could also be applied for the material syrup without adding water,by which the DE could reach 97.6,higher than of 76.6 in normal process.The later experiments showed that it had no negative effect on the ethanol fermentation and exhibited lower viscosity.Fig 1,Tab 4,Ref 20

THE GLOBAL USE OF ICONS IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL DIVERSITY

This paper aims at clarifying icon-specific universal functions that are different from those of general map symbols by focusing on the subjective environmental expression of an act of environmental mapmaking. It is the question about the relationship between symbol's universality and individual places and tries to draw a focus on the value of symbols in environmental diversity.The paper first sheds light on the origin of ‘Global Icons’ established by ‘Green Map’ as a method of analysis. Secondly, how those icons have been applied and expressed in specific areas is analyzed with the use of Green Maps throughout the world. Further, the method of icon application derived from this is verified through a case study of Green Mapmaking by elementary-school pupils in Hiroshima city.In general, printed environmental maps are more explicit and exposed to the general public than a map posted on a website. Therefore it is believed that the content requires more objectivity. However, the global icons of the Green Map System are not necessarily quantitative.Quite a few icons are related to the character of places other than institutions. Some of such particular kinds of icons are being used rather frequently, which leads to interregional differences in icon application. This flexibility in the use of icons is connected to the natural environment of each region and the identity of its historical environment. Therefore, it can be considered that the versatility of icons depends not on the objectivity of the content but on the possibility of a different interpretation. Or more specifically, as is clear in children's icon application, it can be said that the latitude that allows the creation of a physical sense of appropriateness for the place is a prerequisite for a versatile use in icon application. After all, a sense of fitness which means our attachment towards certain places (KANSEI with historical body) is expressed through icons.

Hannah Arendt Reconsidered: On the Banal and the Evil in Her Holocaust Narrative

Few works on the destruction of European Jewry have elicited as much controversial discussion and few have attracted as much attention as Hannah Arendt's Eichmann in Jerusalem. Discussion of Hannah Arendt's trial report on the of was so intense that it became a kind of icon in the discourse surrounding Auschwitz and related crimes. In short, the concept of the banality of evil now constitutes a career in itself, both in the realm of public debate and in the confines of academic disciplines. It has become a cipher for the historical and moral evaluation of National Socialist crimes as well as for the