Kinds Of Ginsenosides Research Articles

Comprehensive analysis of different types of ginsenosides in the different parts of American ginseng by targeted and nontargeted MS/MS scanning.

To comprehensively study the ginsenosides distribution in the various tissues of American ginseng, the qualitative and quantitative-targeted and nontargeted mass spectroscopic methods were established using the high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Qtrap triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-QtrapQQQ-MS). The total ginsenosides of the root, stem, and leaf of American ginseng were determined by a colorimetric method, and the contents showed the order from high to low root, stem, and leaf. Eighty-two kinds of ginsenosides were detected in the different parts of American ginseng by enhanced mass scan-information-dependent data acquisition (IDA)-enhanced product ion (EPI) scan mode, including 69 from the root, 62 from the stem, and 48 from the leaf. An HPLC-multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method was established, and 28 representative ginsenosides were further quantified in the three parts. Nearly all ginsenosides had the highest contents in the root and the lowest content in the leaf. Three types of ginsenosides (protopanaxadiol [PPD]-, protopanaxatiol [PPT]-, and oleanolic acid [OA]-types) were analyzed by precursor ion-IDA-EPI and MRM-IDA-EPI scan modes. Root had the most abundant ginsenosides in PPD- and PPT-type ginsenosides. Meanwhile, the OA-type ginsenosides are significantly enriched in the stem and leaf of American ginseng. The results provided a supplement to the quality assessment of American ginseng. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The distribution profile of ginsenosides in the parts of American ginseng is different. Except for the root, the stem, and leaf of American ginseng have the most abundant ginsenosides in oleanolic acid type. The results reported herein can help the manufacturers choose appropriate materials to extract the ginsenosides.

Synthesis and evaluation of ginsenosides imprinted polymer-based chromatographic stationary phase.

Molecular imprinting technique has aroused great interest in preparing novel stationary phases, and the resulting materials named molecularly imprinted polymers coated silica packing materials exhibit good performance in separating diverse analytes based on their good characteristics (including high selectivity, simple synthesis, and good chemical stability). To date, mono-template is commonly used in synthesizing molecularly imprinted polymers-based stationary phases. The resulting materials always own the disadvantages of low column efficiency and restricted analytes, and the price of ginsenosides with high purity was very high. In this study, to overcome the weaknesses of molecularly imprinted polymers-based stationary phases mentioned above, the multi-templates (total saponins of folium ginseng) strategy was used to prepare ginsenosides imprinted polymer-based stationary phase. The resulting ginsenosides imprinted polymer-coated silica stationary phase has a good spherical shape and suitable pore structures. Additionally, the total saponins of folium ginseng were cheaper than other kinds of ginsenosides. Moreover, the ginsenosides imprinted polymer-coated silica stationary phase packed column performed well in separation of ginsenosides, nucleosides, and sulfonamides. The ginsenosides imprinted polymer-coated silica stationary phase possesses good reproducibility, repeatability, and stability for seven days. Therefore, a multi-templates strategy for synthesizing the ginsenosides imprinted polymer-coated silica stationary phase is considered in the future. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Effect of Ginseng Powder Supplementation on the Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Capacity, and Sensory Characteristics of Cream Soup.

Ginseng has been used as a medicinal herb in Asian countries for hundreds of years. It contains many kinds of ginsenosides as major active ingredients and is known to have neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antidiabetic properties. In this study, we have developed cream soup with different concentrations (0%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10%) of ginseng powder (GP) and determined the quality characteristics (color, viscosity, salinity, etc.) and antioxidant activity, along with sensory parameters. After the addition of GP, significant differences in salinity, L* and a*color value, DPPH, and ABTS were found among different concentrations of GP. Cream soup supplemented with GP 10% exhibited the highest values for DPPH and ABTS (83.5% and 87%, respectively), while the contents of total phenolic and saponin were 0.651 ± 0.02 (mg Gallic acid Equiv./g, DW) and 0.797 ± 0.05 (mg Diosgenin Equiv./g, DW), respectively. Moreover, there were no significant changes for °Brix value, pH, acidity, and total flavonoids content compared to control. The sensory characteristics indicated bitterness with the increase in the concentration of GP. However, a non-significant difference was observed between the control and supplemented samples for color, viscosity, and overall preference. Therefore, the supplementation of GP to cream soup could exhibit health benefits and increase the demand for ginseng to promote public health as functional food material.

The inhibitory effects of different kinds of ginsenosides on skin pigmentation in melasma mice model

Objectives: The study was aimed to compare the effects of seven different kinds of ginsenosides and total saponins on melasma and to explore their related mechanisms. Materials and Methods: The inhibitory rate of ginsenosides on tyrosinase (TYR) activity was measured in vitro. The skin cream comprising different kinds of ginsenosides was prepared and the melasma mice model was established. After successful modeling, different skin creams were applied to the backside of mice for 30 days and these mice were separated into 11 groups. Afterward, the melanocytes and melanin in the epidermal cells were analyzed under the microscope. Finally, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), TYR and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in melasma mice were determined by different assay kits. Results: The outcomes of in vitro experiment showed that ginsenosides could affect TYR activity with different concentrations. In the melasma mice model, ginsenosides and total saponins inhibited the growth of melanocytes and the synthesis of melanin. Furthermore, with the increasing use of skin cream comprising ginsenosides and total saponins, the activity of SOD showed an increase trend, while MDA content and TYR activity exhibited a decrease trend. Thirty (30) days of treatment with ginsenosides (except for Rg1 and Rg2) and total saponins significantly increased the SOD activity and decreased the MDA and TYR levels compared with those in melasma mice without treatment (P

Localization of ginsenosides in the rhizome and root of Panax ginseng by laser microdissection and liquid chromatography–quadrupole/time of flight-mass spectrometry

The root and rhizome of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey, known as ginseng, is a commonly used medicinal plant. Ginsenosides are the major active components responsible for the tonic effects of this herb. Here, the combination of laser microdissection and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole/time of flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) was applied to investigate the localization of ginsenosides in root and rhizome of P. ginseng. Five kinds of tissue cells were separated from the rhizome, main root and branch root of ginseng. Fifty-nine ginsenosides were identified and the results showed that the cork contained more kinds of ginsenosides than did the cortex, phloem, xylem and resin canals. It is interesting that the phloem, xylem and resin canals from branch root contained a greater number of ginsenosides than did from main root. This study provides solid evidence on the accumulation of ginsenosides in cork, cortex, phloem and xylem.

Influence of different processed methods on 10 kinds of ginsensides in Panacis Quinquefolii Radix

The influence on 10 kinds of ginsensides of different processed methods of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix was discussed. White Panacis Quinquefolii Radix (sliced and dried at -80 °C), red Panacis Quinquefolii Radix( steamed, sliced and dried at -80 °C) and commercial Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (dried by electric blast air) processed by different methods. HPLC-PDA-ESI- MS method was established before by our team. Ten kinds of ginsenosides of them were determined. The content of total ginsenosides were as follow: commercial Panacis Quinquefolii Radix > white Panacis Quinquefolii Radix > red Panacis Quinquefolii Radix. Compared with white Panacis Quinquefolii Radix, the content of Re, Rc, Rb3 and Rb2 of Red Radix Panacis Quinquefolii decreased but increased that of Rg,, Rb1. Both Rg2 and Rg, were not found in white Panacis Quinquefolii Radix and commercial Panacis Quinquefolii Radix by PDA detector, and low response in ESI-MS, while red Panacis Quinquefolii Radix was to the high content that of 0. 027% and 0.040 1%. The constituent of RA0 of red Panacis Quinquefolii Radix was higher than the other two. After Panacis Quinquefolii Radix processed, the kind and content of ginsensides were significantly changed. The constituent of some kinds of ginsensides was increased and some decreased. Rf was not found in all Panacis Quinquefolii Radix samples which were consistent with the former documents.

Simultaneous determination of 30 ginsenosides in Panax ginseng preparations using ultra performance liquid chromatography

A quick and simple method for simultaneous determination of the 30 ginsenosides (ginsenoside Ro, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, 20(S)-Rg2, 20(R)-Rg2, 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, 20(S)-Rh1, 20(S)-Rh2, 20(R)-Rh2, F1, F2, F4, Ra1, Rg6, Rh4, Rk3, Rg5, Rk1, Rb3, Rk2, Rh3, compound Y, compound K, and notoginsenoside R1) in Panax ginseng preparations was developed and validated by an ultra performance liquid chromatography photo diode array detector. The separation of the 30 ginsenosides was efficiently undertaken on the Acquity BEH C-18 column with gradient elution with phosphoric acids. Especially the chromatogram of the ginsenoside Ro was dramatically enhanced by adding phosphoric acid. Under optimized conditions, the detection limits were 0.4 to 1.7 mg/L and the calibration curves of the peak areas for the 30 ginsenosides were linear over three orders of magnitude with a correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. The accuracy of the method was tested by a recovery measurement of the spiked samples which yielded good results of 89% to 118%. From these overall results, the proposed method may be helpful in the development and quality of P. ginseng preparations because of its wide range of applications due to the simultaneous analysis of many kinds of ginsenosides.

Studies on the interactions between ginsenosides and liposome by equilibrium dialysis combined with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

To study the interactions between components of Panax Ginseng and liposome biomembrane, we applied the equilibrium dialysis system combined with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) approach to analyze and identify the bioactive components of ginseng. Moreover, the effect of pH value has also been investigated on their interactions between the ginsenosides of ginseng extract and biomembrane. The result shows that seven kinds of ginsenosides have obvious interactions with biomembrane in comparison with the standards in terms of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data along with retention time, including four panaxadiol ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd) and three panaxatriol ginsenosides (Re, Rf, Rg2). The value of binding degree decreased with the increase of molecular weight. The sugar moieties which are attached to C-20 were the main factor affecting the binding degree of panaxadiol ginsenosides. The interactions between panaxadiol ginsenosides and biomembrane correlate to the type and number of sugar moieties in ginsenosides. The sugar moieties which are at C-6 and C-20 have been shown to influence the value of binding degree for panaxatriol ginsenosides. In addition, the pH value has been shown to have an impact on the interactions. Overall, ginsenoside Rd has a better absorption character among the seven ginsenosides. In the study, we have screened the potential bioactive components of ginseng in vitro using the equilibrium dialysis-UPLC-MS/MS method, and then predicted the potential bioactivities of ginseng, which contribute to the investigation of the efficacy of ginseng.

New Progress on the Pharmacological and Pharmacokinetical Study of Ginsenoside Rg3

More than 40 kinds of ginsenosides have already been isolated from white or red ginseng. Recent years, a great interest has been focused on the effects of a single ginsenoside, ginsenoside Rg3, which is a minor ginsenoside in panax ginseng and is reported showing various medicinal effects. Ginsenoside Rg3 is now one of the most popular research projects of the world, and it provides a good material to overcome cancer. According to the reports of literature, this article summarized the origin, characterization, pharmacological activities, metabolism and the pharmacokinetic studies of ginsenoside Rg3. The brief summary on the progress of the research will provide the basis for the further development and utilization.

Separation and purification of ginsenoside Re from ginseng bud by selective adsorption of active carbon and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography

Ginsenoside Re (G-Re) is a major ingredient of the ginseng bud. A novel and rapid method to isolate and purify G-Re from ginseng buds was established. The procedure involves solvent extraction of ginseng bud powder, then pre-purification with an active carbon column and purification by preparative HPLC (prep-HPLC). Active carbon, which can selectively adsorb other kinds of ginsenosides except G-Re, was used as a new media to pre-purify G-Re in this study. In addition, we describe the development and optimisation of prep-HPLC parameters for G-Re purification. Compared to other types of high-purity G-Re preparation methods, this method is efficient, economical, waste-conscious and has the potential to maximise.

Matrix solid phase dispersion extraction of ginsenosides in the leaves of Panax ginseng C.M. Mey

The matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) was applied to the extraction of eight kinds of ginsenosides from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.M. Mey. The experimental conditions were examined and optimised. The extracts were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). When the diatomaceous earth was used as dispersant and 75% methanol was used as elution solvent, the highest extraction yields of the eight kinds of ginsenosides were obtained. For comparison, the reflux extraction was applied. The extraction yields obtained by the proposed method were comparable with those obtained by the reflux extraction. The proposed method is convenient, time-saving, and organic solvent minimising.

Determination of eight kinds of ginsenosides in Shizhu ginseng

To establish the method for determining simultaneously eight kinds of ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb3 and Rd and their contents in Shizhu ginseng. HPLC was carried out on Agilent TC-C18 (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm) with acetonitrile -0.05% phosphoric acid, gradient elution, the volume of flow 1 mL x min(-1), column temperature 30 degrees C and detection wavelength 203 nm. The contents of eight kinds of ginsenosides in Shizhu ginseng were 1.32, 2.08, 0.72, 0. 24, 2.12, 1.06, 0.35, 0.55 mg x g(-1), respectively. The contents of ginsenoside ingredients in Shizhu ginseng were determined in the first time. The established method can be used in determining the contents of multiple gensenosides in herb ginseng simultaneously.

Effect of ginsenosides administered intrathecally on the antinociception induced by cold water swimming stress in the mouse.

We examined the effects of ginseng total saponin (GTS) and several ginsenosides injected intrathecally (i.t.) or intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) on the antinociception induced by cold water swimming. The tail-flick response was used as an antinociceptive parameter. We found that i.t. injection of GTS time- and dose-dependently attenuated inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by cold water swimming, although GTS given i.c.v. had no significant effect on the latency of the tail-flick response induced by cold water swimming. To identify those responsible for antagonism of GTS against cold water swimming-induced antinociception, the effects of various kinds of ginsenosides (R(b1), R(b2), R(c), R(d), R(e), and R(g1)) on inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by cold water swimming were examined. R(b1), R(d), R(e), and R(g1) effectively attenuated the inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by cold water swimming stress. Our results suggest that GTS injected spinally, but not supraspinally, reduces the antinociception induced by this stress, and that the responsible ginsenosides against antinociception induced by cold water swimming may be R(b1), R(d), R(e), and R(g1). Moreover, the possible involvement of the opioid system in the regulation of cold water swimming stress-induced antinociception by these four ginsenosides is discussed.