Kind Of Deception Research Articles

Interactions between Machiavellianism and verbal reasoning in “bullshit” production

Persons high in the manipulative, misanthropic trait Machiavellianism make use of various forms of deception to attain their goals. A recent study demonstrated that different facets of Machiavellianism account for different kinds of deception (Blötner & Bergold, 2023; doi:10.1111/bjso.12559). Intelligence could be another predictor of deception production. This research examined the interactions between different facets of Machiavellianism and verbal reasoning to predict the production of empty, vague pseudo-information that is supposed to help achieve desired states or prevent undesired ones (co-called “bullshit”). In a sample of 525 participants, and consistent with the hypotheses, individuals with high scores in the goal-oriented facet of Machiavellianism produced “bullshit” more frequently to achieve certain goals if they also scored high in verbal reasoning. Thus, and opposing common assumptions, Machiavellianism is not sufficient to explain engagement in deceptive behavior as it only reflects the motivation to do so. Especially in the case of verbally expressed deception, verbal skills are also required to be successful.

Понятие и виды методов социальной инженерии, применяемых при совершении преступлений в сфере информационно-телекоммуникационных технологий

Currently, the problems associated with the growth of crime in the field of information and telecommunication technologies are becoming increasingly important. Criminals who commit theft in the field of information and telecommunication technologies regularly improve their criminal skills, using in their activities not only modern software tools, but also social engineering methods — certain techniques, as a result of which the victim either independently transfers his money to the account of criminals, or transfers confidential information (for example, personal data, payment card data, control information, passwords) necessary to gain access to the account. The article identifies and analyzes the methods of social engineering used in criminal activity as a kind of deception and psychological manipulation of people in order to obtain unauthorized access to confidential information or theft of funds. The paper substantiates the approach, according to which the study of social engineering methods is conditioned by the need to study them in relation to those characteristics that can make it possible to determine the features of the methods of preparing, committing and concealing a crime, to identify the localization of typical traces of criminal activity, to give a forensic characterization of the identity of the offender and the victim, to determine the context of the crime. The solution of this problem will allow not only to effectively reveal and investigate crimes in the field of information and telecommunication technologies, but also to take measures to prevent them.

Несанкціоноване поширення інформації про направлення, переміщення зброї, озброєння та бойових припасів в Україну, рух, переміщення або розміщення Збройних Сил України чи інших утворених відповідно до законів України військових формувань, вчинене в умовах воєнного або надзвичайного стану: кримінально-правовий аспект

The criminal-law aspect of the unauthorized dissemination of information about the sending, movement of weapons, armaments and war supplies to Ukraine, the movement, movement or placement of the armed forces of Ukraine or other military formations formed in accordance with the laws of Ukraine, committed in conditions of war or a state of emergency, was considered. It is emphasized that since ancient times, humanity needs protection from dangerous encroachments. First of all, we are talking about the so-called absolute criminal offenses, among which the main ones were murder, theft, various kinds of deception, etc. and which accompany humanity throughout the entire history of its existence. In order to protect itself from criminal offenses, humanity in the person of an authorized body - the state - determines which actions are criminal offenses. It was found that criminalization is the legal recognition of certain acts as criminal, the establishment of criminal liability for them, which is an important element of legal policy, as it establishes which of the acts are criminal offenses. Certain criteria of criminalization are defined. It has been analyzed that in the conditions of the military invasion of Ukraine by the aggressor country, the problem of the inadequacy of the criminal-legal norms applicable in the conditions of war has become extremely acute. Therefore, the Law of Ukraine of March 24, 2022 No. 2160-IX "On Amendments to the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes of Ukraine on Ensuring Counteraction to Unauthorized Dissemination of Information and Sending Transferred Weapons, Weapons, and War Supplies to Ukraine, Movement, Transfer, or Placement of the Armed Forces of Ukraine or other military formations formed in accordance with the laws of Ukraine, committed under conditions of war or a state of emergency" amendments were made to the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes of Ukraine, which entered into force on March 27, 2022. ​Thus, Chapter I of the Special Part "Crimes against the Basics of National Security of Ukraine" of the Criminal Code of Ukraine was supplemented by Article 114-2. The objective and subjective signs of the crime provided for in Art. 114-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It was concluded that the criminalization of the considered crime corresponds to the authority of the state to recognize as socially dangerous and criminally punishable an act committed under martial law, and to provide for criminal liability for it.

Lying Without Saying Something False? A Cross-Cultural Investigation of the Folk Concept of Lying in Russian and English Speakers

AbstractThe present study examines cross-cultural differences in people’s concept of lying with regard to the question of whether lying requires an agent tosaysomething they believe to be false. While prominent philosophical views maintain that lying entails that a person explicitly expresses a believed-false claim, recent research suggests that people’s concept of lying might also include certain kinds of deception that are communicated more indirectly. An important drawback of previous empirical work on this topic is that only few studies have investigated people’s concept of lying in non-Western samples. In the present study, we compare people’s intuitions about lying with indirect deceptions (i.e., presuppositions, conversational implicatures, and non-verbal actions) in a sample ofN = 255 participants from Russia andN = 300 participants from the United Kingdom. Our findings show a strong degree of similarity between lie ratings of participants from Russia and the United Kingdom, with both samples holding it possible for agents to lie with deceptive statements and actions that do not involve the agentsayingsomething they believe to be false.

Lawyer Speech, Investigative Deception, and the First Amendment

It seems unassailable that attorneys must refrain from deception or dishonesty of any kind as a condition of professional licensure. But this principle, one of the foundational norms of the legal profession, may well infringe upon First Amendment rights, at least in certain applications. In this Article, we confront the tension between an attorney’s expressive and associational rights and her professional duty of absolute honesty. We explain that the latter must yield to the former in the unique circumstances presented by undercover investigations, where attorneys work side-by-side with journalists, civil rights testers, political activists, and others who seek to expose information of profound public concern. Deception about the investigator’s identity or purpose is often necessary to obtain access to information that has been deliberately concealed from the public. That attorneys should be permitted to provide counsel, notwithstanding the deceptive element of the investigation, may seem like a surprising conclusion for a profession that pervasively regulates attorney speech and has long assumed that any kind of deception must be categorically off limits for lawyers. Nonetheless, a close examination of rapidly evolving First Amendment principles reveals that lawyers have a right to provide counsel, advice, and supervision to individuals and entities engaged in investigations – even the deceptive kind.

ШАХРАЙСТВО НАВКОЛО ФАЛЬШИВОМОНЕТНИЦТВА У РОСІЙСЬКІЙ ТА АВСТРО-УГОРСЬКІЙ ІМПЕРІЯХ У ХІХ–ХХ ст

The period during which the Ukrainian lands were ruled by the Romanov and Habsburg monarchy dynasties within the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires was also a noticeable problem of the existence of counterfeit money in the circulation, as well as fraudulent processes related to or involved in counterfeiting. The article deals with the special cases of fraud and cheatings that took place around the process of counterfeiting and sale of the money forgeries in the Ukrainian lands during their stay included in the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires, based on the little-known and previously unpublished sources of study. Particularly interesting are cases of fraud around the sale of counterfeit credit bills, where trusted scammers were offered to buy high-quality counterfeit money at a discounted price, with only such pieces of paper where the top and bottom sides contained genuine banknotes when issuing such an illegal transaction. With the increase in the number of counterfeits of Russian credit bills detected, since the first quarter of the XIX century, the investigation has established the fact that counterfeits were imported from England, where a factory for the production of counterfeits was organized in London. Information about the counterfeiters has gained such publicity, and rumors about the stuffing of counterfeit English banknotes throughout Russia have become so entrenched in the imagination of the population that they have spawned a new kind of fraud – offering to buy high-quality «English» counterfeits for easy sale. The counterfeiting was also the manufacture of the postage stamps, the illicit manufacture or erosion of the repayment of which was pursued by the state. Traditional crime against the money supply, which by the time of the late modern times was directly equated with counterfeiting, was the cutting the edge of coins in various ways. With the introduction of new money into circulation, fraudsters often used this kind of deception on the part of the trusted population, like paying by old coins telling they are the new ones. Often, reports of counterfeiting are accompanied by information about fantasy technologies, not only in the focus of the special devices, but also in the equipment of the premises. Interesting evidence of fraud and fraud involved in counterfeiting can be attributed to «shuler» coins, the two sides of which are identical, which served to deceive gullible gamblers.

Vrai ou faux ? Définir le faux dans la porcelaine de Chine

This article explores the category of ‘fake’ in Chinese porcelain. It begins by defining the fake in the context of Chinese art and considers how the fake might be a stylistic category as well as a concept with reference to Chinese ceramics. Fake porcelain by definition is made to deceive but what kind of deception is intended? Some porcelain is made to deceive the buyer who believes it is ‘authentic’. This is falsifying for profit. However, deception can also be a form of aesthetics or even a necessity. Some Chinese porcelains were intentionally made in imitation of past pieces, for example. These are usually defined as ‘archaistic’. Others were made as replacements, and still others as skeuomorphs in the trompe l’oeil tradition that developed in court arts of the Qing period. For the latter, this article queries and explores what in fact is being faked. In doing so, it demonstrates that the concept of ‘fake’ in Chinese porcelain is complex and its production is grounded in both commercial and connoisseurship practices. In order to explore the complexity of this concept this article examines the various types of Chinese porcelain that might be defined as fake, looking at the motivations, history, reception and audiences for this kind of production in dynastic and contemporary China. Stylistically six types of ‘fake’ porcelains have been identified for the purposes of this article: deceptive pieces; aesthetic fakes; antiquarian pieces; necessary fakes; objects with fake identification, and fakes made as artworks. Ultimately, truly deceptive fakes, like forgeries, are an increasing problem across the arts, not just in Chinese porcelain, but this article demonstrates that the production of fake Chinese porcelain was deceptive in several different ways and such porcelains were made in a very particular context that is revealed when the subject of ‘fake’ porcelain is positioned within a historical stylistic framework.

Fake News and Understanding of Pakistani Millennial

The mushroomed growth and usage of social media have benefitted the world in many ways on the other hand it has also given rise to many issues. Fake news and its extensive spread is one of the problem, world is tackling at this time. Fake news is a kind of deception that purposely integrates to affect masses and create panic, which is fabricated too have aim to instill a false sense of truth in the users mind. This paper provides a conceptual overview of fake news on social media, expanding and illustrating the unique characteristics of fake news in Pakistan. A survey is conducted from university Millennial from the capital city of Islamabad. Results showed that use of social media is increasing day by day amongst young generation of Pakistan and becoming main source of information for them. In this scenario the rate at which such false news are penetrating social media and the internet is distressing, as most of the students claim to often witness fake news on social media. Social media personalities, celebrities and political representatives should make efforts in creating awareness regard fake news, so that our nation stay safe from the hazardous effects and panic created from social media. Keywords: Social Media, Fake News, Pakistan, Millennial.

THE BASING RELATION AND THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF THE DEBASING DEMON

Abstract Descartes’ demon is a deceiver: the demon makes things appear to you other than as they really are. However, as Descartes famously pointed out in the Second Meditation, not all knowledge is imperiled by this kind of deception. You still know you are a thinking thing. Perhaps, though, there is a more virulent demon in epistemic hell, one from which none of our knowledge is safe. Jonathan Schaffer (2010) thinks so. The "debasing demon" he imagines threatens knowledge not via the truth condition on knowledge, but via the basing condition. This demon can cause any belief to seem like it’s held on a good basis, when it’s really held on a bad basis. Several recent critics grant Schaffer the possibility of such a debasing demon, and argue that the skeptical conclusion doesn’t follow. By contrast, we argue that on any plausible account of the epistemic basing relation, the "debasing demon" is impossible. Our argument for why this is so gestures, more generally, to the importance of avoiding common traps by embracing mistaken assumptions about what it takes for a belief to be based on a reason.

How Not to Think about the Ethics of Deceiving into Sex

It is widely held that some kinds of deception into sex (e.g., lying about what pets one likes) do not undermine the moral force of consent while other kinds of deception do (e.g., impersonating the consenter’s partner). Tom Dougherty argues against this: whenever someone is deceived into sex by the concealment of a “deal breaker” fact, the normative situation is the same as there being no consent at all. Here it is argued that this conclusion is unwarranted. Dougherty’s negative arguments against alternative theories of the deceptive undermining of consent are flawed, and his two positive arguments are unjustified.

Receiver-error in deception, including mimicry: making the leap from inter- to intraspecific domains

The present study examines the constructs of ‘deception’ and ‘mimicry’ and describes how they are related as errors committed by signal receivers, citing parallels in inter- and intraspecific interactions. Previous authors have suggested that deception embraces two types of receiver-error that can be likened to type I and type II errors encountered in statistical tests of the null hypothesis: responses to misinterpreted cues (type I error: embracing a non-existent effect) and failed responses to concealed traits of interest or undetected opportunities (type II error: failing to detect a real effect). The present study builds upon these suggestions, co-opting the terms ‘type I and type II receiver-errors’ to denote the aforementioned kinds of deception. Type I receiver-errors occur in many cases of Batesian mimicry, bluffing, and intersexual mimicry, where members of one sex mimic members of the opposite sex. Type II receiver-errors are illustrated by prey and predator crypsis and some covert (‘sneaky’) mating strategies. A third kind of receiver-error, designated type II–I, occurs when organisms are misidentified contingent upon the concealment of tell-tale features, such as with cephalopods that hide select arms in visual mimetic displays. The occurrence of advantages and disadvantages for signallers and signal receivers in inter- and intraspecific deception, and in their evolutionary repercussions, is discussed. Advergence, where deceptive signallers evolve increased resemblance to honest signallers, and divergence, where honest signallers become distinct from deceptive signallers, may arise from the dynamical interactions between signallers and signal receivers. Signal senders, by definition, benefit from deception. Deceived signal receivers also may benefit from some, perhaps many, interactions. Deception and evolutionary responses to deception are abundantly represented in both inter- and intraspecific domains.

A secure image sharing scheme with high quality stego-images based on steganography

Image sharing can be utilized to protect important commercial, military or private images against a single point of failure. Many existing image sharing schemes may have one or more of the security weaknesses as follows: First, noise-like image shares may easily arouse the attackers' attention; Second, cheating in the recovery of the secret image cannot be prevented effectively; Third, the requisite size of cover images may be very large; Finally, poor quality of the stego-images may lessen camouflage effects. In this paper, a novel secure image sharing scheme with high quality stego-images is proposed. With the use of LOCO-I compression as a preprocessing approach, the statistical correlations between neighboring pixels of a secret image drop significantly, which may greatly enhance the visual security of the proposed scheme. And the necessary size of cover images is reduced. Moreover, the PSNR values of stego-images are much higher than the related works. In order to detect three kinds of deception during secret image reconstruction, the hash-based message authentication codes of an image share, the value of argument x and the identity ID of a participant are embedded into a cover image together with the image share. In addition, the application of dynamic embedding with a random strategy further enhance the security of our scheme.

Fraud found by reading between the lines

Two kinds of deception were a hot topic on social media — the linguistics of fraud and the art of self-delusion.

"Comparable Placebo Treatment" and the Ethics of Deception

Recent research, especially with functional brain imaging, demonstrated cases where the administration of a placebo produces objective effects in tissues that are indistinguishable from those of the real therapeutic agents. This phenomenon has been shown in treatments of pain, depression, Parkinsonism, and more. The main ethical complaint against placebo treatment is that it is a kind of deception, where supposedly we substitute what works just psychologically for a real drug that actually works on the tissue level. We claim that the scientific findings bring to a new level the seeming deconstruction of the distinction between "placebo" and "real" drugs, and that instances of placebo treatment which fulfill this criterion should be recognized as a unique category-we call it "comparable placebo treatment" (CPT). The paper uses an analysis of the notion of deception to argue that CPT does not amount to deception; that it can preserve patient autonomy; and that it is therefore morally legitimate.

Do Women Pick Up Lies before Men?The Association between Gender, Deception Patterns, and Detection Modes in Online Dating

Due to its particular conditions, the Internet increases opportunities for lies and deception compared to offline interactions. In online dating, misrepresentation of the self is an issue of particular relevance. Previous studies have shown that searching for a mate online is accompanied by a high risk of being deceived. This paper focuses on the rarely-considered perspective of the receivers of deception. Our study will first investigate deception patterns of men and women in online dating profiles. In a second step, modes of detecting deception (email, telephone, face-to-face, etc.) are analyzed. Using online survey data of 3,535 users of a German dating site, results show (1) gender-specific deception patterns: Women are more likely to misrepresent their physical attractiveness; men are more likely to misrepresent information on marital status, intended relationship, and height. (2) These gender-specific deception patterns are associated with specific detection modes. Women are more likely to detect specific male deceptions during e-mail communication in an early stage of dating, whereas men are more likely to detect specific female deceptions at the first face-to-face meeting. These results highlight the link between different kinds of deception, characteristics of the receiver and its detection via different communication technologies. Implications of the results for the mating process are discussed.

The Responsibility to Lie and the Obligation to Report

This article is an examination of the moral complexity of the act of whistleblowing in the context of corporate corruption. Whistleblowing may be a morally admirable act underataken by morally ambiguous agents, but can only be fully understood in context. Using German theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s essay “What Does It Mean to Tell the Truth?” This essay will examine how the kind of deception sometimes necessary in whistleblowing cases can be testimony to a larger and more profound truth.

Perfiles heroicos en la filmografía de David Mamet

David Mamet’s fictional worlds can be defined as bleak spaces. Relationships are basedon self-interest, which provokes different kinds of deception, manipulation and violence.Nevertheless, this somber image of human nature does not play down the value andnecessity of an ethical behavior. In fact, an important number of Mamet’s films can beanalyzed in the light of this dichotomy between a perverse social context and thepossibility of a moral behavior incarnated by their characters. This article aims to analyzethis type of characters that bring light into those dark worlds. The article is divided in threeparts. The usual traits of Mamet’s “negative spaces” are explained in the first one. Thesecond one is focused on the characters that show the possibility of an ethical integrity inthose contexts. And in the last section, “Espartanos y samurais”, I study the fully heroic traitsof the protagonists of the last Mamet’s fictions: Spartan (2004), Redbelt (2008) and The Unit(2006-09). These stories have a similar atmosphere, based on a heroic composition inspiredby moral codes of the past, which could be termed, as Mamet points out about Redbelt,as a “modern stoicism”.

Lawyers as Insincere (But Truthful) Actors

Lawyers are given license to suspend what philosophers have called sincerity conditions. We ordinarily take people as being sincere in their speech. They expect us to do so, just as we, when we speak, expect others to take us as being sincere. Lawyers, however, are given license to be insincere. They are trained to be simultaneously truthful and insincere. On the one hand, they are required to tell the truth in the context of legal proceedings. On the other, they are insincere in that they routinely structure their speech to lead others into drawing inferences that will serve the lawyer’s goals, whether or not those inferences reflect a fair assessment of facts or law. This paper looks at the distinction between lying and deception, and finds some moral distinction, but not enough to justify the conduct acceptable by the legal profession on moral grounds. The paper discusses aspects of our psychology that make us vulnerable to the kind of deception practiced by lawyers, and concludes by criticizing American legal education for not imbuing a sense of responsibility in young lawyers that should accompany the license to be insincere. While the article focuses on lawyers working in the American adversarial system, many of the observations and issues apply to lawyers working in other legal systems, as well.

Performing transformations of identity: ‘Ethnic’ nationalisms and syncretic theatre in post-apartheid South Africa

This article explores some of the ways in which questions of identity are caught up in issues of performance. It describes the emergence of two distinct traditions in this regard – one which considers the enactment of a ‘self’ in terms of performance as a kind of deception; and another which considers all descriptions of identity to rely on representations of performance. It goes on to examine representations of nationalism and ethnic identity in post-apartheid theatre, and contrasts these with attempts at a syncretic theatre which avoids concretising identity in terms of ethnicity. Finally, the article discusses the theatre as an ideal site for investigations into the cultural negotiations required in the delineation and transformation of identities, with reference to a number of recent South African plays.

Artificial liars: Why computers will (necessarily)deceive us and each other

In H-C interaction, computer supported cooperation and organisation, computer mediated commerce, intelligent data bases, teams of robots. etc. there will be purposively deceiving computers. In particular, within the Agent-based paradigm we will have ``deceiving agents''. Several kinds of deception will be present in interaction with the user, or among people via computer, or among artificial agents not only for malicious reasons (war, commerce, fraud, etc.) but also for goodwill and in our interest. Social control, trust, and moral aspects in artificial societies will be the focus of theoretical worm as well as of implementation. Is there any special affinity between AI and deceptionq