Kinds Of Beliefs Research Articles

Mengzian knowledge practicalism

ABSTRACT I argue that, for Mengzi, the kind of knowledge that features in expressions of the form ‘knowing N’, where N is a noun or a noun phrase, is not a kind of belief but is instead a capacity for intelligently performing relevant actions. My argument proceeds by showing that, first, Mengzi is committed to the view that a person knows N iff she is relevantly capable and, second, that the best explanation for this is that the kind of knowledge involved in knowing N is a capacity. Finally, I motivate such a practicalist interpretation by arguing that it offers us a general but informative explanation of what it is that knowing N makes the knower capable of doing.

Credo in unam credentiam: religious beliefs are standard beliefs

Does religious belief differ in any interesting way from other kinds of belief? For now, take ‘belief' to mean how one takes the world to be, on the basis of which they act. Call beliefs like this ‘ordinary beliefs'. There are also more complicated, or abstract, beliefs. Call such beliefs ‘non-ordinary beliefs’. Are religious beliefs different in any significant or interesting way from what we call ‘standard belief’? Our analysis shows that they are not. Although the content of religious belief is different, and sometimes so is the function, religious beliefs are still mental, dispositional attitudes that aim to provide a correct representation of the world. Therefore, religious beliefs are best understood as a sub-category of standard beliefs, alongside ordinary and non-ordinary beliefs. This account of religious belief provides further insight into the meaning of belief and supports a revision of a strict demarcation between standard and non-standard beliefs.

APPLICATION OF COGNITIVE BEAHVIORAL THERAPY FOR TREATMENT OF SEXUAL OCD

Our population growth problem is manifesting itself in physical and mental health issues which are growing at a steady pace. Viruses have various mutations, so is the case with mental health issues. As a clinical psychologist and practitioner, I observe a wide range of such variations. Mostly, individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) can be characterized within the domain of fear due to contamination from dirt, fear of death, religious beliefs etc. There is a considerable group of people within those who also deal with unwanted sexual thoughts, impulses and illusions. The cultures that are conservative in nature have people who hold certain kind of beliefs or intrusive thoughts which is considered a taboo [1]. People don’t want to talk about it due to conditioning. As opposed to, if someone shares such thinking, the society at large, and the close associates such as friends and family stigmatize them, they are made to feel guilty and often labeled as a “wrongdoer.” This is as a result of lack of awareness [2].

THE COLD WAR OF 1946-1991 AND ITS CONSE

Looking at the world as a whole, the drift for many decades has been not towards anarchy but towards the reimposition of slavery... James Burnham's theory has been much discussed, but few people have yet considered its ideological implications—that is, the kind of world-view, the kind of beliefs, and the social structure that would probably prevail in a state which was at once unconquerable and in a permanent state of "cold war" with its neighbours

Hearing God speak? Debunking arguments and everyday religious experiences

AbstractAgainst claims that cognitive science of religion undercuts belief in God, many defenders of theistic belief have invoked the Religious Reasons Reply: science cannot undercut belief in God if one has good independent reasons to believe. However, it is unclear whether this response helps salvage the god beliefs of most people. This paper considers four questions: (1) What reasons do Christians have for believing in God? (2) What kinds of beliefs about God can the reasons support? (3) Are the reasons rationalizations? (4) Can cognitive science undercut the reasons? Many Christians invoke everyday religious experiences (EREs)—such as experiences of divine presence, guidance, and communication—as reasons to believe. Unlike another popular reason to believe in God (the appearance of design and beauty in nature), EREs can support beliefs about a relational God who is present to me, who guides my life, and who speaks to me. EREs are not rationalizations since they seem to cause and sustain such beliefs. Nonetheless, EREs like experiences of hearing God speak are problematic reasons to believe. ‘Soft’ voice-hearing experiences are easily undercut. ‘Hard’ experiences of an external, audible voice are probably underpinned by similar cognitive processes as audio-verbal hallucinations.

Vietnam Cult of the Mother Goddess and its Influence on Confucian Ethics in Vietnam

Vietnam is a country with many spiritual beliefs that reflect the values of its inhabitants, being an important component of their traditional culture. A special place is occupied by faith in the Mother Goddess. This kind of beliefs, which is completely unique for Vietnam, has a long history and emphasizes the feminine principle through the image of a woman with the power and ability to create, enrich and develop everything that exists. Faith in the Mother Goddess reflects the values and high human qualities of the Vietnamese, and it has been recognized by UNESCO as an object of representative intangible cultural heritage of humanity. Confucian ethics was adopted in Vietnam, but it was influenced by the Vietnamese belief in the Mother Goddess. The cult of the Mother Goddess also had a great influence on the ideas about the role of women in society. The study analyzes the origins, features and values of this cult and indicates its influence on the Vietnamese Confucian ethics. It is established that the activities of the worship of the Mother Goddess contribute to strengthening the sense of community of the Vietnamese nation. In connection with the development of Confucian ethics within the framework of Vietnamese culture, the attitude towards women has changed to a more humane and open one. In modern times, the cult of mother worship has acquired secular features and can be seen as a sign of gender equality.

La pensée de l’éternel retour : du discours à la doctrine

Abstract The Thought of Eternal Recurrence: From Discourse to Doctrine. This article gives a new interpretation of eternal recurrence, based on the observation that the central debate about this idea in Nietzsche studies is quite unique in the history of philosophy. This debate is based on a rather radical conflict between Lehre and Rede, doctrine and discourse. Purely doctrinal interpretations tend to underestimate the significance of the discursive form chosen by Nietzsche to express his thought in favor of the Nachlass, whereas discursive readings are generally characterized by an anti-doctrinal, parodic and purely critical function. However, it is possible to reconcile the specificity of the discourse of the eternal recurrence in Nietzsche’s published works with his attempt to establish a real philosophical doctrine. By considering the fictional structure of eternal recurrence in Nietzsche’s published works, we can reinterpret the meaning of Nietzsche’s philosophy of affirmation, which implies a new relationship with life, reality, and values, as well as a new kind of belief. Indeed, we find in fiction a paradigm for such an affirmation of life, which Nietzsche discusses in his analyses of appearance and Greek tragedy.

Konsep Kesempurnaan Hidup Menurut Aliran Kepercayaan dan Tasawuf

Every human being wants to do the best in his life, so it’s no wonder that there are many people who do various activities (worship) to God in order to get a perfect life. When talking about the perfection of life, it will refer to the perpetrators who live life itself, namely humans. Human desires in achieving a perfect life then give birth to various kinds of beliefs which are then used as a bridge in achieving goals. This research uses library research. This research uses phenomenological methods. This study uses a comparative approach, researchers use data analysis techniques in the form of content analysis (content analysis) library research where the data source is in the form of books and documents as well as literature in other forms to provide input and transformative thoughts about the concept of perfection of life according to the flow of belief so as to provide clearer information to others, especially on the point of view of Sufism on the concept. Based on the findings of this study, it is that the difference in the meaning of the perfection of life between the teachings of Sufism and the flow of belief is that in the flow of belief the perfection of life means perfecting life from all desires and uniting with God through the practice is carried out meanwhile, in Sufism Perfection of Life is actually located in how high the level of servitude of a servant to God. Hasan Al-Bashri is a well-known Sufi who pioneered zuhud. According to his view, the path to the highest level of perfection (Ma’rifat) is by leaving worldly pleasures, through the path of Al-Khauf Wa Al-Raja’ as the main tariqah to become a Sufi. Soenarto’s view in the teachings of Paguyupan Ngesti Tunggal, in order to achieve Perfection in life, there are eight teaching concepts that must be followed by their followers as the foundation of life to achieve happiness. The eight concepts are called Hastasila, which is divided into 2 namely Trisila and Pancasila.

Self-Fulfilling Beliefs: A Defence

ABSTRACT Self-fulfilling beliefs are, in at least some cases, a kind of belief that is rational to form and hold in the absence of evidence. The rationality of such beliefs have significant implications for a range of debates in epistemology. Most startlingly, it undermines the idea that having sufficient evidence for the truth of is necessary for it to be rational to believe that . The rationality of self-fulfilling beliefs is here defended against the idea that their rationality is incompatible with a compelling closure principle.

THE ASSOCIATION AND CONFLICT BETWEEN CORPORATE CULTURE AND EMPLOYEE BEHAVIOR IN THE VUCA ERA

In the context of VUCA, enterprises want to maintain their core competitiveness in a harsh environment, to a large extent, to have robust and soft power, and the root of soft power is corporate culture. Corporate culture is a guiding role, cohesive role, normative role, incentive role, and social influence role, which is expressed as a kind of belief and behavior with a corporate personality. Employee behavior is the study of enterprise employees as the main body, the enterprise as the context of human behavior, motivation and ability of these two factors are the preconditions for the occurrence of employee behavior. Corporate culture influences employees' way of thinking and behavior patterns and has a strong correlation with employees' behavior. However, there are inevitable conflicts between corporate culture and employees' behavior, incredibly individual employees' behavior. The article discusses the association and conflict between corporate culture and employee behavior and the shaping of employees' golden behavior based on corporate culture. Based on the Fogg behavior model, the article optimizes corporate culture from the perspectives of employee behavior motivation, ability, and external normative constraints, strengthens the association, weakens the conflict, shapes employees' golden behavior, and improves the cohesion and core competitiveness of the enterprise.

Facts and objectivity in science

ABSTRACT There are various conceptions of objectivity, a characteristic of the scientific enterprise, the most fundamental being objectivity as faithfulness to facts. A brute fact, which happens independently from us, becomes a scientific fact once we take cognisance of it through the means made available to us by science. Because of the complex, reciprocal relationship between scientific facts and scientific theory, the concept of objectivity as faithfulness to facts does not hold in the strict sense of an aperspectival faithfulness to brute facts. Nevertheless, it holds in the large sense of an underdetermined faithfulness to scientific facts, as long as we keep in mind the complexity of the notion of scientific fact (as theory-laden), and the role of non-factual elements in theory choice (as underdetermined by facts). Science remains our best way to separate our factual beliefs from our other kinds of beliefs.

Sangam Literature as a way to Know Ancient Tamil Beliefs and Omens

Folklore is the culture of particular people protected by their beliefs and customs. Beliefs are created and protected by a community of people. Man’s selfishness and social consequences are developing these beliefs. Beliefs often seem to be the basis of fear, but when we do not perceive supernatural activities and when we are unable to explain the reasons for some events in life. Our mind creates some reason for it. And these reasons become a kind of belief. Beliefs are passed down from one generation to another. From birth to death we see man having various kind of beliefs. Beliefs play a major role in human life and it drives human life. This article examines the beliefs and omens of the ancient Tamils through Sangam Literature.

Analytic thinking outruns fluid reasoning in explaining rejection of pseudoscience, paranormal, and conspiracist beliefs

Around one third of people across populations hold beliefs in epistemically unwarranted claims and theories. Why this effect is so strong remains elusive. In three studies (total N = 827), we clarified the relationships of fluid reasoning ability, analytic thinking style (indexed by non-intuitiveness and open-mindedness), and unwarranted beliefs in pseudoscience, paranormal phenomena, and conspiracy theories. Fluid reasoning predicted about 11% of variance in rejection of pseudoscience, but only 4% – in paranormal beliefs, and less than 2.5% – in conspiracist beliefs. By contrast, analytic thinking substantially predicted rejection of all the three kinds of beliefs, explaining 37% variance in pseudoscience and around 20% variance in paranormal and conspiracist beliefs. A novel finding indicated that fluid reasoning and analytic thinking predicted rejection of pseudoscience in an over-additive interaction. Fluid reasoning and analytic thinking explained the common variance shared by unwarranted beliefs, but not the belief-specific variance. Their relationships with unwarranted beliefs were stronger for males than for females. Overall, the three studies suggest that analytic thinking is more important than cognitive ability for adopting epistemically supported world-view.

On some intracranialist dogmas in epistemology

Research questions in mainstream epistemology often take for granted a cognitive internalist picture of the mind. Perhaps this is unsurprising given the seemingly safe presumptions that (i) knowledge entails belief (viz. the entailment thesis) and that (ii) the kind of belief that knowledge entails supervenes exclusively on brainbound cognition. It will be argued here that (contra orthodoxy) the most plausible version of the entailment thesis holds just that knowledge entails dispositional belief. However, regardless of whether occurrent belief supervenes only as the cognitive internalist permits, we should reject the idea that dispositional belief supervenes only in cognitive internalist-friendly ways. These observations, taken together, reveal two things: first, that a cognitive internalist picture of the mind is much more dispensable in epistemology than has been assumed and, second, that pursuing questions in extended epistemology need not involve any radical departure from the commitments of more traditional epistemological projects.

How do people understand the spread of COVID-19 infections? Mapping mental models of factors contributing to the pandemic

Objective To describe the mental models people hold about the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on how they understand the factors that drive the spread of COVID-19 and what kind of beliefs are associated with these models. Design In a series of three studies (total N = 461), we asked participants to identify factors that are relevant for COVID-19 proliferation (Study 1a), rate the importance of factors (Study 1 b), and create a mental model of how these factors relate to virus spread by employing a validated tool for mental model elicitation (Study 2). Main outcome measures: inclusion and centrality of factors in mental models of COVID-19 infection spread. Results Mitigation measures issued by government, adherence to measures, and virus characteristics were most strongly represented in participants’ mental models. Participants who perceived measures as appropriate or who experienced more control and more worry over the spread of the virus created more complex models compared to participants who were less satisfied with measures or who felt lower control and less worry. Conclusion These findings suggest that people are able to create sensible mental models of virus transmission but may appreciate transparent communication to comprehend the bigger picture behind the governmental mitigation strategy.

Conspiracy Theories are Not Beliefs

Napolitano (The epistemology of fake news, Oxford University Press, 2021) argues that the Minimalist Account of conspiracy theories—i.e., which defines conspiracy theories as explanations, or theories, about conspiracies—should be rejected. Instead, she proposes to define conspiracy theories as a certain kind of belief—i.e., an evidentially self-insulated belief in a conspiracy. Napolitano argues that her account should be favored over the Minimalist Account based on two considerations: ordinary language intuitions and theoretical fruitfulness. I show how Napolitano’s account fails its own purposes with respect to these two considerations and so should not be favored over the Minimalist Account. Furthermore, I propose that the Minimalist Account is the best conception of ‘conspiracy theory’ if we share Napolitano’s goal of advancing the understanding of conspiracy theories.

Grounding Human Machine Interdependence Through Dependence and Trust Networks: Basic Elements for Extended Sociality

In this paper, we investigate the primitives of collaboration, useful also for conflicting and neutral interactions, in a world populated by both artificial and human agents. We analyze in particular the dependence network of a set of agents. And we enrich the connections of this network with the beliefs that agents have regarding the trustworthiness of their interlocutors. Thanks to a structural theory of what kind of beliefs are involved, it is possible not only to answer important questions about the power of agents in a network, but also to understand the dynamical aspects of relational capital. In practice, we are able to define the basic elements of an extended sociality (including human and artificial agents). In future research, we will address autonomy.

Mystical Emulations, Inverted Echoes

Mystical Emulations, Inverted Echoes

Relasi Magis, Agama dan Pengetahuan dengan Sistem Kepercayaan Tradisional pada Long Storage Kalimati

Related to the traditional belief in the Long Storage of Kalimati, this study aims to explain the relationship between various kinds of beliefs that exist in the residents of Leminggir Village, Mojosari District, Mojokerto Regency. The focus of this study is to determine the relationship between magic, religion and knowledge with the traditional belief system of society. This descriptive study was prepared using ethnographic methods and the use of J.G Frazer's theory of religious evolution because it is in accordance with the main concepts that discuss magic, religion, and science. The main object of this research is the Kalimati Long Storage. The main data source of this study was obtained based on the results of interviews with Mr. Turoikhan, an elder, a resident of Leminggir Village.The results of the discussion show that there is a belief in the people of Leminggir Village towards magic, religion and knowledge that go hand in hand. As shown by the public's belief in supernatural beings who are the cause of the drowning of children, so that in their search efforts use magic, as well as religious methods as well as the use of technological advances like a motorized boat. The benefit of this research is that it can be used as an educational medium about a culture of tolerance and mutual respect for the existence of various beliefs.
 Keywords: evolution religi; traditional belief system; Long Storage Kalimati

Analisis Keberhasilan Resolusi Jihad Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) Dalam Perjuangan Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia

The jihad resolution initiated by the founder of Nahdlatul Ulama( NU), Haddratus Shaykh Hashim Asyari, at the beginning of the independence of the Republic of Indonesia (October 1945), proved successful in moving the Islamic masses to fight the Dutch invaders who tried to return to ride the allies in Surabaya. An unequal battle against a heavily armed foreign army The question is, why did the resolution of jihad work? What factors can mobilize the Muslim masses so as to welcome the resolution of jihad? Will the resolution of jihad remain relevant if it is implemented in the present or in the future? The data in this research was obtained through literature reviews, both in indexed journals and book reviews, and by analyzing information in a number of mass media. The findings of this research indicate the success of the resolution of jihad in mobilizing the Islamic masses during the independence period because of a number of things. First, the momentum of the proclamation of August 17, 1945. The moment made all Indonesian people solid, especially Islam. Second, the massive mobilization of resources among Islamic boarding schools, especially the formation of militant masses due to the growth of a kind of belief that welcoming the resolution of jihad is mandatory and when syahid will be rewarded with Paradise. Third, the success of the framing of the fatwa of jihad was because it was initiated by high-reputed scholars and then spread massively by scholars through boarding schools so as to stimulate collective action.