Kind Of Unemployment Research Articles

The problem of structural unemployment at the present stage of labour market development in Ukraine

The article explores the theoretical and methodological basis of the problem of structural unemployment. The economic essence of the phenomenon has been identified, as well as the main reasons for its emergence in the context of globalization. The main types of structural unemployment are given: technological, territorial-industry. The relationship between the digitalization of business processes due to scientific and technological progress and the increase in the level of structural unemployment in the country has been revealed. The problem of structural unemployment in Ukraine at the present stage has been analyzed. The concept of public policy on structural unemployment has been proposed. Structural unemployment is a kind of unemployment, which arises as a result of structural changes in the economy of the country, exists under any economic system, its complete elimination is impossible. Depending on the reason for the emergence of structural unemployment is technological and geographically-sectorial unemployment. Technological unemployment is typical for highly developed countries with a high level of digitalization economy and is a consequence of automation of workplaces. Technological unemployment leads to transformations in the structure of demand for labor: withering some professions and the emergence of others. Such unemployment is a positive thing for the country's economy as a whole, so the main measures are to remove negative consequences of this unemployment for individual workers. In Ukraine, due to the relatively low rate of scientific and technological progress, the problem of technological unemployment, compared to developed countries, is less urgent. Geographically, the branch unemployment is caused by disproportions between supply and demand of manpower in certain areas or regions. In Ukraine and other countries with a transitive economy, this type of structural unemployment is more widespread. Balancing the demand and supply on the labor market at the mesoeconomic level is the main direction of the State policy on reducing the level of territorial and industry unemployment in Ukraine.

실업지속기간의 측정모형

실업의 규모는 실업상태에 진입하는 진입률의 크기와 실업상태의 지속기간이라는 두가지 요인에 의하여 결정된다. 본 연구는 실업의 지속기간을 측정하는 모형을 개발하여 다양한 형태의 실업자들의 실업지속기간을 측정하고자 한다. 분석결과 신규실업참가자의 실업지속기간과 실직자들의 실업지속기간의 결정요인은 서로 다르다는 것을 보인다. 모형을 이용하여 최근 대학 졸업자들이 노동시장에 신규로 참여하여 장기간 구직활동을 하는데 그 요인을 설명한다. This paper aims to build a model of unemployment duration, in which each type of unemployment duration can be defined as a function of other exogenous variables. Recently, the so-called mismatch in the labor market has become a big issue in most countries. It is very obvious that 'mismatch' is deeply related to the long duration of unemployment status. Two problems may be head and tail of the same coin. Employing a simple analysis of Markov stochastic process, the model of unemployment duration developed here is useful for seeing the effects of shocks on unemployment duration. The model allows us to distinguish the determinants of different kinds of unemployment and to identify the nature of unemployment duration.

Sur l’impact de l’assurance-chômage dans une économie keynésienne : On the impact of unemployment insurance in a Keynesian economy

This paper deals with involuntary unemployment. We suppose that wages fail to clear markets and undertake a disequilibrium analysis of the effect of unemployment insurance (U.I.) on unemployment and production. The disequilibrium model is so constructed as to take into account the impact of U.I. on all markets. The neo-classical paradigm based on an equilibrium approach is contrasted with the neo-keynesian paradigm which assumes persistent disequilibrium. It is shown in this perspective that U.I. has an impact on unemployment when the latter is keynesian in nature rather than classical. We conclude that in order to evaluate empirically the effect of U.I., the various kinds of unemployment under analysis must be distinguished. We find moreover, that a disequilibrium framework is most appropriate for the study of unemployment.

Labor market in Serbia: 1990-2005

Key problems in transitions in Serbia can be analyzed through the processes happening at the labor market. Labor market in Serbia is divided on the formal and informal one (gray). The basic problem is mass unemployment. The unemployment in Serbia is not frictional unemployment resulting from decisions of workers to change their jobs. This kind of unemployment is considered normal at all labor markets. Since it is not frictional, unemployment in Serbia is not short-term one. This unemployment is by its nature structural and therefore long-term. Structural unemployment always arises as a result of the illadapted structure of labor supply and demand. There is a particularly high level of long-term unemployment among young people who practically do not have any work experience. The only realistic solution for mass unemployment and low wages in the Serbian economy is increasing of productivity and overall economic efficiency. Stimulating entrepreneurship and opening of new companies to absorb an enormous number of unemployed is the central issue of the economic reform. Instead of short-term passive measures, the state should adopt active measures aimed at stimulating of entrepreneurship and creating of new jobs.

Early exit from the labour force between exclusion and privilege: Unemployment as a transition from employment to retirement in West Germany

Over the past twenty-five years, unemployment has been growing continuously in West Germany. In this study one of the reasons for growing unemployment is analysed: unemployment of older people in their transition from employment to retirement. First, the different possibilities of transitions into retirement are explained within the framework of social security regulations. Taking this legal framework as a starting point, early retirement passages are then modelled with the IAB unemployment sub-sample. It will be shown that - due to the long duration of these unemployment episodes - early retirement contributed considerably to the rise of total unemployment. Early retirement patterns will be broken down by economic sub-sectors and establishment size. It turns out that this kind of unemployment originates primarily from large establishments in manufacturing and extractive industries. Multivariate analysis presented at the end of the paper also includes personal characteristics such as gender or skills and income levels. In the light of these findings, the 'push' and 'pull' hypothesis common in explaining early exit are discussed. Drawing on the statistical findings as well as on the institutional analysis, it is argued that both kinds of factors are at work.

Displaced Workers, Unemployment And Social Work Intervention

Abstract This paper focuses on a unique kind of unemployment: plant closings. It discusses the indivudal, family, community and societal consequences of plant shotdowns in the United States, Canada and Europe. The paper draws implications form the international literature and the empirical findings for social work intervention in the United States, emphasising proactive strategies. Though GM has been tightening its belt for months, … a new level of cost cutting began: the Company's Chevrolet Pontiac Canada Division shut its Norwood, Ohio, assembly plan – the first of 11 GM plants that will close by 1990, eliminating 30,000 jobs (Newsweek, September 7, 1987, p.42). The Craddock-Terry Shoe Plant in Blackstone, Virginia closed, laying off 200 workers. It was one of the major sources of employment in the city (ABC Network News, September 17, 1987).

Unemployment and Labour Market Transition Probabilities

I. ANALYSING UNEMPLOYMENT: A RESEARCH PROGRAMThere are many kinds of unemployment. An average economist should be able to enumerate at least a dozen without forward notice. This embarrassing abundance of definitions gives a clear indication of the trouble we have pinning unemployment down.Unemployment is generally considered to be an undesirable quantity in a market economy. Although not all of it. Part of it is unavoidable and even considered necessary for an efficient matching of jobs and workers. In this sense one could define —although this would not be easy— an optimal quantity of unemployment taking into account the institutions and stochastics of the labour market. Unemployment under and above this optimum would be inefficient. The next question is: can one avoid too much or too little unemployment through policy measures at reasonable costs? There is no definite answer to that. A lot of heated discussion in macroeconomics focusses on this subject.

Du chômage déguisé au chômage réel : le cas hongrois

From disguised to real unemployment : the Hungarian case. The elimination of the so-called keynesian unemployment does not put an end to other kinds of unemployment, e.g. frictional, structural, seasonal, disguised unemployment. The analysis tends to point to systemic causes of unemployment. The propension of the population to accept additional work in order to satisfy their consumption needs finds expression outside the socialized sector. The second economy simultaneously creates both purchasing power and the mean to satisfy it. Labour shortage in the socialized sector grows. The impact of the artificially high level of activity continuously tends to diminish : various kinds of disguised unemployment coexist in the socialist sector. Despite the 1968 reform, enterprises are not financially compelled to spare labour. Will the measures recently proposed be sufficiently effective to modify the conditions of supply of jobs and the flexibility of employment ? Will the restructuring of the economy lead to the appearance of genuine unemployment ?

Technology and Unemployment in the Western World

The theme for this essay derives from the last talk I had with Sir Michael Postan. The Postans and I had dinner in London on Sunday, September 20, 1981 a few months before his death. As always, we plunged into what was then most on our minds. His concern, widely shared in the advanced industrial world, was that we were moving into a time of chronic high unemployment. He was not talking about the kind of unemployment induced by stringent monetary policies designed to reduce the rate of inflation. What he sensed was that the character of the new technologies coming forward, combined with the erosion of the older manufacturing industries, would render a significant margin of the working force unemployable. We did not explore whether this would happen because of the capital intensity of the new sectors; ora possible mismatch

Urban Unemployment in East Africa*

E now know how to avoid mass unemployment in the industrial countries. What had not occurred to us was that we would soon be facing a new kind of unemployment in the nonindustrial world. For twenty years the problem there had appeared to be how to accelerate the rate of growth of incomes, and in this a fair measure of success has been achieved. In many underdeveloped countries gross national product has been rising by 5 per cent. per year or more, and it was tacitly assumed that corresponding increases in employment would go hand in hand. But they have not, and since the numbers seeking jobs has greatly increased this has begun to pose a major problem to which the solution is not immediately obvious, and which is unlikely to be soluble by the kind of measures which have proved successful in industrial countries. This article will examine trends in employment in Kenya and Uganda, but what has happened there is probably not very different from what has happened in many other low income countries so that the significance of the ensuing discussion may not be confined to East Africa alone. I begin with a brief account of the nature of urban employment and unemployment and go on to ask whether one should regard the very slow growth of total employment as inevitable. Finally, I shall pose the question whether if the number of urban employment opportunities rose, unemployment in the towns could be expected to decline.

The Changing Structure of Unemployment: An Econometric Study

H OW do changes in macro-economic conditions affect the structure of unemployment? Instead of making the traditional dichotomy between structural unemployment and aggregate demand unemployment, this study shows how changes in the aggregate level of output affect the structure of unemployment by sex, age, race, occupation, and industry. Once the aggregate effects are measured, changes in the underlying structure of unemployment can be identified, and the problems that would arise if general aggregate demand policies were to lower unemployment can be foreseen. What unemployment rates would remain high? What unemployment rates would be particularly low? Through these questions the nature of the necessary labor market adjustments can be discovered. An econometric model is developed to explain changes in unemployment by sex, race, age, occupation, and industry. Using this model, the paper: (1) shows that much of the change in unemployment can be explained by the rate of growth of GNP, (2) calculates the full employment rate of growth and the rate of growth necessary to reach full employment, (3) isolates the short-run cyclical pattern from the long-run trends in each type of unemployment, and (4) projects the changing structure of unemployment rates that would exist if the total unemployment rate were reduced to 4.0%. Instead of building a model to explain the supply of labor, another model to explain the demand for labor, and then subtracting one from the other to find unemployment, a model is constructed to explain changes in the pool of unemployment. This method eliminates some of the errors that arise from estimating two models and then subtracting, but the method is primarily designed to avoid the problems that arise from the interaction between supply of and demand for labor.' In order to make consistent projections of unemployment (the weighted average of the component unemployment rates must equal the total rate), the model is subject to several constraints. Exactly the same explanatory variables have to be used in the functions for each type of unemployment. A general model is used to explain the different kinds of unemployment even though a better model might be found for each individual unemployment rate. For the same reason, linear functions are used. Log functions could be fitted but they would not necessarily add up to the projected total unemployment rate when translated back into normal unemployment rates.