Kind Of Type Research Articles

Photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A by temperature-sensitive magnetic hydrogel with enhanced service life

Easy diffusion and low reusability limit the practicality of photocatalysts. In this study, a hollow sphere (HS) heterojunction was synthesized based on oxygen-doped carbon nitride (OCN) and layered double hydroxides (LDHs). A thermosensitive HS hydrogel (HS Gel) was prepared by mixing HS with N-isopropylacrylamide. Bisphenol A (BPA), being widely manufactured and used in commercial and domestical products and its high toxicity, was chosen as the target pollutant to demonstrate the photocatalytic ability and practicality of the HS Gel. HS Gel presented effective BPA degradation (95% degradation in 70 mins, 4.2 × 10−2 min−1 of kobs) at ambient temperature which is much better than kobs = 1.8 × 10−2 min−1 of OCN and kobs = 0.08 × 10−2 min−1 of LDH), and increased by two-fold the recycling service life (retention of >80% degradation efficiency after 13 usage cycles) compared to other carbon-based photocatalysts (retention of >80% degradation efficiency after 5–6 usage cycles). This is due to its multifunctional characteristics (magnetic property and thermal sensitivity). Under ambient temperature, the hydrophilic HS Gel swelled in the aqueous solution, which promoted the photocatalytic reaction between HS and BPA in the gel state. After the reaction, the HS Gel was subjected to shrinkage by high temperature heating to enhance the mechanical strength for recovery. The magnetic recovery was realized by the paramagnetic properties of layered double oxide to reduce environmental interference. Detailed studies of HS gel related to enhanced service life were conducted including structural changes, catalyst leaking and magnetic changing. A new kind of type Ӏ plus Z-scheme mechanism was also proposed based on the Kubelka-Munk equation, UV diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and Mott-Schotty technique.

Type I caramel products of fructose with water and their bioactivities

To investigate the fructose-water caramel reactions, the type I fructose caramel products (FCPs) were prepared and collected at different reaction stages. The reaction rate, caramel flavor compounds, UV absorptions, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities were determined. The results showed that the reaction rate was increased quickly to 90.1% at the end of middle stage. The exponentially growth of UV305nm suggested the caramel pigments and flavor compounds were rapidly formed along with the reaction. The FCP obtained at arriving of 180 °C possessed the highest contents of total flavor compounds and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and the fructose caramel reaction was fast than those of glucose. Total eight characteristic caramel flavor compounds were revealed from FCPs and their formation pathway were also speculated. An optimized condition was suggested at arriving of 180 °C and the FCP under this condition also exhibited potent antioxidant and antibacterial activities. All these results suggested that such kind of type I fructose caramel products could be used as food additive in food industry for the further development.

A q, r-analogue for the Stirling numbers of the second kind of Coxeter groups of type B

Abstract A generalization of the Stirling numbers of the second kind of type B is given in two different directions. One generalization is via their q-analogue and the other one uses r distinguished elements. Both directions are explained and proved in a combinatorial way using generalized restricted growth words which we define here for type B. Moreover, we present their ordinary and exponential generating functions, where the exponential generating function is also used to present the r-variant as connection constants between two bases of ℝ[x].

The Application of PMA (Propidium Monoazide) to Different Target Sequence Lengths of Zebrafish eDNA: A New Approach Aimed Toward Improving Environmental DNA Ecology and Biological Surveillance

Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis has enabled more sensitive and efficient biological monitoring than traditional methods. However, since the target species is not directly observed, interpretation of results cannot preclude process Type I errors. Specifically, there may be a spatial or temporal gap between the target eDNA and the eDNA source in the sampled area. Moreover, eDNA surveillance lacks the ability to distinguish whether eDNA originated from a living or non-living source. This kind of Type I error is difficult to control for, in part, because the relationship between the state of eDNA (i.e., intracellular or extracellular) and the degradation rate is still unclear. Here, we applied PMA (Propidium monoazide) to eDNA analysis which enabled us to differentiate “intact cells” from “disrupted cells.” PMA is a dye that has a high affinity for double-stranded DNA and forms a covalent bond with double-stranded DNA and inhibits amplification of the bonded DNA molecules by PCR. Since PMA is impermeable to the cell membrane, DNA protected by an intact cell membrane can be selectively detected. In this study, we investigated the workability of PMA on vertebrate eDNA using zebrafish, Danio rerio. Aquarium water was incubated for 1 week to monitor the eDNA degradation process of both intracellular and extracellular eDNA. We developed ten species-specific quantitative PCR assays for D. rerio with different amplification lengths that enabled independent quantification of total eDNA (sum of intracellular and extracellular eDNA, commonly measured in other studies) and intracellular eDNA (DNA in intact cells) and allow for analyses of sequence length-dependent eDNA degradation in combination with PMA. We confirmed that PMA is effective at differentiating “intact” and “disrupted” fish cells. We found that total eDNA and intracellular eDNA have different degradation processes that are dependent on the length of target sequence. For future conservation efforts using eDNA analyses, it is necessary to increase the reliability of the analysis results. The research presented here provides new analysis tools that expand our understanding of the ecology of eDNA, so that more accurate and reliable conclusions can be determined.

Diacetoxyscirpenol-induced heterophil extracellular traps contribute to the immune toxicity of liver injury in chickens

Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) is one kind of type A trichothecene mycotoxin which produced by Fusarium species which contaminates agricultural crops and food. DAS attracts particular attention because of the strong toxicity. Heterophil extracellular traps (HETs) is a defense mechanism in the chicken innate immune. In this study, we firstly examine the effects and molecular mechanisms of DAS on HETs release, and then investigate the immune toxicity of DAS-induced HETs on chicken liver. HETs structures were observed by immunofluorescence staining and mechanisms were investigated by fluorescence microplate and Western blot. The results showed DAS triggered HETs formation which consists of chromatin decorated with citrullinated histone 3 (citH3) and elastase. Glycolysis was confirmed to be involved in this process and the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK-signaling pathways and glycolysis significantly decreased HETs formation. Moreover, investigation in vivo showed DAS significantly increased HETs formation in serum and DNase I (a standard degradative agent of HETs) significantly decreased the ALT and AST levels and ameliorated DAS-caused inflammatory cell infiltration of liver. In conclusion, this study proves that DAS-induced HETs formation plays an immune toxicity role in chicken liver injury and these results provide a new therapeutic target for DAS-induced liver injury in chickens.

(026) Proposal to add a new Recommendation after Article 7 and a new entry to the Glossary

In the protologue of Polypodium platylobum Baker (in Hooker & Baker, Syn. Fil.: 307. 1867), the author presented, just after the species description, the following citation of a gathering: “Hab. Tarapota, N. E. Peru, Spruce, 4656.” Subsequently, 124 years later in Pteridophyta of Peru, Tryon & Stolze (in Fieldiana, Bot., n.s., 27: 15. 1991) published the following nomenclatural paragraph for this name: “Polypodium platylobum Baker, Syn. fil. 307. 1867. TYPE: Mt. Guayrapurima, near Tarapoto (San Martín), Spruce 4656 (holotype, K!; isotypes, BM!, K!, P!).” An experienced nomenclaturist will notice two things about the kinds of types cited by Tryon & Stolze (l.c.). First, the name was published in 1867, long before the type method became common practice. Baker, when he cited the entire gathering “Spruce, 4656” in the protologue, did not mention “type” or anything that would have designated a holotype, as the subsequent paragraph by Tryon & Stolze appears to claim. Second, there are four specimens of the gathering by Spruce, each in different herbaria. That means there are four syntypes, not a holotype and its isotypes (Art. 9.6 of the Shenzhen Code – Turland & al. in Regnum Veg. 159. 2018). An experienced nomenclaturist will also note that the paragraph by Tryon & Stolze lectotypified the name, although nowhere is this evident in the paragraph itself. By citing (even incorrectly) Spruce 4656 at K as the “holotype”, that specimen must be treated as the lectotype under Art. 7.11 (cf. Ex. 13) and Art. 9.10 (cf. Ex. 11) of the Shenzhen Code. Note that it was never the intent of Tryon & Stolze to lectotypify, but that is exactly what happened according to the current rules of the Code. Instances such as the above are common for many early names that were based on syntypes or uncited original material. These names were often lectotypified unknowingly when a later author cited one of the syntypes (or uncited specimens) as “type” or “holotype”. Much less often, names were neotypified when there was no original material but a specimen wrongly believed to be such was designated as “type” or “holotype” (see Art. 7 Ex. 14). The specimen cited was usually one present in the describing author's herbarium or home institution. Accordingly, lectotypifications and neotypifications may be achieved in two ways. First, before 1 January 2001, they may be achieved non-explicitly, as in the above example. Second, on or after 1 January 2001, they must be achieved explicitly by stating “lectotypus” or “neotypus” (see Art. 9.23) and “designated here” (see Art. 7.11) or equivalents of these words (e.g. abbreviations or in other languages). The above example—and thousands like it—cause confusion in two ways. First, the incorrect kind of type (by today's definitions) is accepted, not corrected, by later taxonomists. Second, the lecto- or neotypification is overlooked by taxonomists because it was made non-explicitly, without the conspicuous “designated here” or equivalent. This oversight may result in a new and superfluous lecto- or neotypification. Unfortunately, both confusions tend to be perpetuated in monographs, floras, and databases. To avoid this situation, it would be helpful to have a term that brings attention to non-explicit lecto- and neotypifications. Accordingly, we propose the term “non-explicit typification”. It should help bring attention to this often overlooked manner of lectotypification and (to a far lesser degree) neotypification, not only for a particular name, but also for names in general. “7X.n. When citing designations of lectotype and neotype (and their equivalents under Art. 10) that were achieved before 1 January 2001 in a non-explicit manner (i.e. without the use of the words “lectotypus” or “neotypus” (Art. 9.23) and “designated here” (Art. 7.11) or their equivalents), authors should use the phrase “non-explicitly designated by” (or an equivalent) after the kind of type, e.g. “lectotype, non-explicitly designated by [author(s)]” followed by the bibliographic reference or date.” “non-explicit typification. [Not defined] – a designation of lectotype or neotype (or its equivalent under Art. 10) that was achieved before 1 January 2001 in a non-explicit manner; that is, without the use of the words “lectotypus” or “neotypus” and “designated here” or their equivalents (Rec. 7X.n).”

Fabrication of novel Ag/AgVO3/WO3 homojunction/heterojunction nanomaterials with highly enhanced photocatalytic activity- Investigation on type Ӏ plus Z-scheme mechanism

A series of novel Ag/AgVO3/WO3 homojunction/heterojunction nanomaterials (denoted as AVW-x, x = 10, 20, 30, 40) were designed and synthesized by a simple coprecipitation method. Compared with the other materials, AVW-10 exhibited a unique photochemical performance with a wider absorption range, higher surface area and improved separation of charge carriers. The photocatalytic activity of AVW-10 for degrading RhB was investigated, and the apparent rate constant was 3.11 and 57.2 times higher than those of pure AgVO3 and WO3. Interestingly, the photostability of the recycled catalyst could be significantly enhanced by adding a small amount of benzoquinone (BQ) due to the interaction between BQ and the catalyst, indicating that this addition might be an efficient way to enhance the photoactivity by promoting the separation of photoinduced carriers. Furthermore, trapping experiments were designed and systematically explored, and •O2− was identified as the main active species causing photocatalytic degradation of RhB. A new kind of type Ӏ plus Z-scheme mechanism was also proposed.

Abstract 5275: Cancer specific caloric restriction using novel small molecule improves the therapeutic regime for triple negative breast cancer

Abstract Hyperglycemic and hyper insulin condition are the signature symptoms for type two diabetes which is the most favorable condition for the development of cancer. Women having a type two diabetes has 20-27% high risk to develop breast cancer including triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Microenvironment including hyperglycemic, hyper insulin condition leads to the therapy resistance. According to ‘Warburg’s effect’ cancer cells consume a high amount of glucose in comparison to normal cells via aerobic glycolysis process. To take care of this condition currently, several clinical studies are going on for the combination therapy of type 2 diabetes and chemotherapy drugs together including erlotinib and metformin. The major drawback of this kind of type 2 diabetes drugs is that they won't affect cancer cells under hyperglycemic and hyper insulin conditions. These drugs including metformin work via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation to switch aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. We have developed a novel AMPK activator (SU-18) who selectively induces an oxidative phosphorylation in TNBC cells and glycolysis in normal cells. We found that SU-18 induces G2/M phase arrest, mitochondrial stress and apoptosis in TNBC cells as same as metformin but at 1000 fold less concentration. It selectively reduces the glucose consumption, lactate and ATP production in TNBC cells where normal cells act opposite to this. SU-18 activity is through AMPK activation which got abolished in presence of AMPK inhibitor (Compound c). During mouse xenograft studies, it inhibits the tumor growth and progression. It also improves the blood glucose level in hyperglycemic mice. Comparative studies with metformin suggest that SU-18 works irrespective of hyperglycemia and insulin conditions, whereas metformin, is ineffective in this condition. FDG-PET scan analysis also supported to our in vitro glucose consumption data that treatment with SU-18 reduces the FDG accumulation in tumor cells. This study advocates the clinical candidature of SU-18 for TNBC patients. Citation Format: Dhanir Tailor, Angel Resendez, Vineet Kumar, Catherine Going, Sharon Pitteri, Sanjay Malhotra. Cancer specific caloric restriction using novel small molecule improves the therapeutic regime for triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5275.

KARAKTERISTIK KOLEKSI SPESIMEN TIPE BAMBU DI HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE, PUSAT PENELITIAN BIOLOGI – LIPI

The aim of this study is to explore information about the characteristics of collections of the type specimens of bamboo in Herbarium Bogoriense (BO) to obtain the infografic status of the collections. The study was conducted in April-May 2018 at BO, Research Center for Biology ‒ LIPI with direct observation method. The population, as well as the sample of the research, is the whole collections of type specimens of bamboo in BO. Data obtained by examining and recording the entire collection of type specimens of bamboo in BO. Characteristics that observed are species names, collectors, number and year of collection, discovery location, number of sheets, specimen conditions, the journal of publication and year, kind of type and duplicate location. Each of species name is validated before it is analyzed. The data were analyzed and presented qualitatively as the tables and charts. There are 107 species from 117 collection numbers of type specimens of bamboo in BO. Two numbers collection from two species is not found. The most type specimen is from Gigantochloa (20,5%). Approximately 63,5% of type specimens were published and/or proposed the combinations of names by LIPI researchers. Elizabeth A.Widjaja is the collector of the most type specimens (43,6%). The highest period (34,2%) of collection activities was in 1991-2000. About 62,6% of type specimens are collected from various islands in Indonesia. There are 577 sheets of type specimens in BO, 92% are in good condition and 8% is good enough. There are 51,3% of holotype specimens in BO, followed by isotype (30,8%), paratype (11,1%), lectotype (2,6%), neotype (2,6%), epitype (0,8%), and isosyntype (0,8%). As many as 50% holotypes has duplicates in more than two different of herbarium locations, the other 37% are without duplicates. About 56% of type specimens are published in the journal of Reinwardtia and 16,8% in Kew Bulletin.

New synonymies, new combinations and lectotype designations for weevils in the tribe Naupactini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae).

We examined the type material of 15 species of Naupactus Dejean and related genera (Curculionidae: Entiminae), most of them described by Alphonse Hustache (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris) and Carl Boheman (Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm). The information associated with the types was compared with the original descriptions, and large series of specimens were examined in order to analyze the variation of each species throughout its range (sexual dimorphism, other kinds of polymorphism or geographic variation). Based on the results of this study we establish seven new combinations, one new placement and nine new synonymies, we make 21 lectotype designations and provide three new country and state records. Alceis curtus (Boh.), Lanterius leucophaeus (Boh.), L. sparsus (Boh.), L. sellatus (Boh.), Parapantomorus carinirostris (Hust.), Symmathetes signatus (Blanchard) and Teratopactus acerbus (Boh.) are new combinations and T. sulphureoviridis Hust. is a new placement. The following names are senior synonyms of those between parentheses: Lanterius inermis (Hust.) (syn. Macrostylus ocellatus Lanteri); Naupactus auricinctus Boh. (syn. N. ruficornis Boh.); N. bridgesii G.R. Waterhouse (syn. N. angulithorax Hust.); N. condecoratus Boh. (syn. N. bosqi Hust.); N. cyphoides (Heller) (syn. N. calamuchitanensis Hust., N. viridinitens Hust, N. viridulus Hust.); N. peregrinus (Buchanan) (syn. N. brevicrinitus Hust.); and Trichonaupactus densior Hust. (syn. T. rexus Hust.). For each species we provide the following information: synonyms, available data on type specimens (sex, body length, geographic location, kind of type, and repository), complete geographic distribution, pictures of types or specimens compared with types, an explanation about the reasons that justify the nomenclatural acts.

Structure Optimization and Structure-Activity Relationship Study of a Kind of Type II FAK Inhibitors with N-Phenylpyrazole Ureas

Structure Optimization and Structure-Activity Relationship Study of a Kind of Type II FAK Inhibitors with <i>N</i>-Phenylpyrazole Ureas

Czech Database of Lichen Type Material

Abstract: Liska, J. 2016. Czech database of lichen type material. — Herzogia 29: 814–818. An online database of lichen type material with open access is presented. This project of the Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, covers lichen names of all taxonomic ranks based on material collected on the present territory of the Czech Republic. The search is not restricted to Czech herbaria only; other herbaria important in this respect are also involved. The database includes the name of a lichen with its bibliographic citation. The digitized documentation includes the protologue and the deposited type specimens, i.e. the label with locality, the specimen with all accompanying documentation (e.g. notes by the collector, notes by the author of the name, further revisions) and a detailed image of the lichen in high resolution. Nomenclatural revision was performed and the kind of type annotated. Also further notes are provided concerning lectotypification, exsiccate collections, revisions and comments c...

Survey on fungi contamination and natural occurrence of mycotoxins in 94 corn feed ingredients collected from China

Objective: To investigate fungi contamination and the natural occurrence of mycotoxins in corn feed ingredients collected from China. Methods: A total of 94 corn feed ingredient samples were collected from 8 Chinese provinces(i.e., Anhui, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, and Shandong)in February 2014. A tandem ultra-performance liquid chromatographymass spectrometry method was used for simultaneous detection of twelve kinds of mycotoxins, including aflatoxin(AF), type A and type B tricothecenes, and zearalenone(ZEN). Contaminated fungi were also identified and counted. Results: AF was detected in 36.2%(34/94)of samples; the concentration of AFB1 was the highest in the four AFs with the range: 0.3~181.3 μg/kg; and then followed by AFB2(range: 1.0-74.3 μg/kg). There were 7 samples(7.5%)with AFB1 concentrations higher than the tolerance limit of 50 μg/kg. The concentration of type A tricothecenes in all samples was lower(0.1-10.5 μg/kg). DON had the most serious contamination than other kind of type B tricothecenes(range: 0.7-606.6 μg/kg; median: 66.3 μg/kg). The DON concentration in all samples was below the tolerance limit of 1 000 μg/kg. ZEN was detected in 76.6%(72/ 94)of samples(median: 36.9 μg/kg), with 3 samples having ZEN concentrations higher than the tolerance limit of 500 μg/kg. The survey on fungi contamination showed that all samples were contaminated by fungi(range: 5.0-1.4×105 CFU/g). There were 18 and 3 samples with quantities of fungi higher than the tolerance and forbidden limits, respectively. The Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Trichoderma and Mucor genuses were the predominant fungi in corn feed ingredients, with detection rates of 71.3%(67), 60.6%(57), 71.3%(67), 27.7%(26), and 24.5%(23), respectively. The detection rate of Fusarium moniliforme, 73.4%(69/94)was higher than that of Aspergillus flavus, 41.5%(39/94). Conclusion: In this survey, the corn feed ingredients were not seriously contaminated by AF and type A tricothecenes but mainly contaminated by type B trichothecenes, including DON and its derivatives, as well as ZEN. They were also contaminated by fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium.

Direct social perception and dual process theories of mindreading.

The direct social perception (DSP) thesis claims that we can directly perceive some mental states of other people. The direct perception of mental states has been formulated phenomenologically and psychologically, and typically restricted to the mental state types of intentions and emotions. I will compare DSP to another account of mindreading: dual process accounts that posit a fast, automatic "Type 1" form of mindreading and a slow, effortful "Type 2" form. I will here analyze whether dual process accounts' Type 1 mindreading serves as a rival to DSP or whether some Type 1 mindreading can be perceptual. I will focus on Apperly and Butterfill's dual process account of mindreading epistemic states such as perception, knowledge, and belief. This account posits a minimal form of Type 1 mindreading of belief-like states called registrations. I will argue that general dual process theories fit well with a modular view of perception that is considered a kind of Type 1 process. I will show that this modular view of perception challenges and has significant advantages over DSP's phenomenological and psychological theses. Finally, I will argue that if such a modular view of perception is accepted, there is significant reason for thinking Type 1 mindreading of belief-like states is perceptual in nature. This would mean extending the scope of DSP to at least one type of epistemic state.

Printing Hofhaimer: A Case Study

The genre of the harmonia (or humanist ode setting) presented printers with particular problems of mise-en-page. Because the settings tended to be quite short, while containing a lot of text, printers had to decide how to present them in a way that was easy to follow. Several different solutions were attempted: choirbook layout in folio, quarto, and octavo, and partbooks in oblong and upright octavo. The Harmoniae poeticae of Paul Hofhaimer were prefaced by a volume of encomia and memorial poetry, a circumstance which influenced the choice of format for the entire collection. The present investigation also examines the process of setting nested polyphonic type, and explains why this kind of type, cheaper than the full-staff type used by printers such as Attaingnant and Formschneider, may have proven attractive to a printer like Petreius, for whom music was only a relatively minor part of his total output.

Prediction of Multi-Type Membrane Proteins in Human by an Integrated Approach

Membrane proteins were found to be involved in various cellular processes performing various important functions, which are mainly associated to their types. However, it is very time-consuming and expensive for traditional biophysical methods to identify membrane protein types. Although some computational tools predicting membrane protein types have been developed, most of them can only recognize one kind of type. Therefore, they are not as effective as one membrane protein can have several types at the same time. To our knowledge, few methods handling multiple types of membrane proteins were reported. In this study, we proposed an integrated approach to predict multiple types of membrane proteins by employing sequence homology and protein-protein interaction network. As a result, the prediction accuracies reached 87.65%, 81.39% and 70.79%, respectively, by the leave-one-out test on three datasets. It outperformed the nearest neighbor algorithm adopting pseudo amino acid composition. The method is anticipated to be an alternative tool for identifying membrane protein types. New metrics for evaluating performances of methods dealing with multi-label problems were also presented. The program of the method is available upon request.

The role of models in measurement outside the laboratory

For measurement outside the laboratory, uncertainty evaluations have to be model-based. Therefore models should not only represent the measurand but also its environment. For measurement in social science these models will be too complex, therefore instead of white-box models, grey-box (modular-designed) models are preferred. They are much simpler. Uncertainty evaluations of measurements outside the laboratory are more of the kind of Type B evaluations. In social science, due to the lack of authoritative scientific institutions, Type B evaluations will be of a different character. In case of measurements based on grey-box models they are the so-called structure-oriented behaviour tests.

The effect of type C CpG-ODN on the expression of Th1/Th2 cytokines in a model of asthma

Objective To explore the effect of C types CpG-ODN on the expression of Th1/Th2 cyto-kines in a model of asthma. Methods Asthmatic mice models were established by ovalbumin intraperitoneal in-jection and atomization inhalation. Then the mice were intraperitoneally injected with C types CpG-ODN (ODN-M362), The serum levels of Th1 cytokine IFN-γand Th2 cytokine IL-4 were measured by ELISA. Meanwhile, e-osinophil count peripheral BALF were performed. Results C types CpG-ODN (ODN-M362) inhatitted the ex-pression of Th1 cytokine IFN-γand Th2 cytokine IL-4 in asthmatic mice (P<0.01). Compared with group Aand group B, group C enhanced obviously Th1 cytokine IFN-γ expression, downregulated Th2 cytokine IL-4 ex-pression. Conclusion ODN-M362, a kind of type C CpG-ODN, could correct the imbalance of Th1/Th2 on cy-tokine level. Key words: CpG-ODN; Asthma; Th1/Th2

Die Acanthocephalen-Typen des Museums für Naturkunde in Berlin

The Types of Acanthocephala in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin A catalogue of all holotypes, syntypes, and paratypes of 68 species of Acanthocephala preserved or formerly held in the helminth collection of the Zoologisches Museum, Berlin, now Museum für Naturkunde, is presented. The species are arranged in alphabetical order. After the species name, the original combination of the binomen, author, year, and reference is given. Below follows the species name as taken from the checklist by Amin (1985). Thereafter, the reader finds the catalogue number, host and organ where the specimen was found, sampling site, and collector and/or collection; all data is presented as written in the original entrance catalogue or on the accompanying label(s). Data taken from the original species description or from other sources is mentioned in []. The kind of type, number, and condition of specimen(s) are mentioned in (). Lost specimens are marked with “perditus”, desiccated, yet available material is identified by “siccus”.

Issues with Statistical Risks for Testing Methods in Noninferiority Trial Without a Placebo ARM

Noninferiority trials without a placebo arm often require an indirect statistical inference for assessing the effect of a test treatment relative to the placebo effect or relative to the effect of the selected active control treatment. The indirect inference involves the direct comparison of the test treatment with the active control from the noninferiority trial and the assessment, via some type of meta-analyses, of the effect of the active control relative to a placebo from historical studies. The traditional within-noninferiority-trial Type I error rate cannot ascertain the statistical risks associated with the indirect inference, though this error rate is of the primary consideration under the frequentist statistical framework. Another kind of Type I error rate, known as across-trial Type I error rate, needs to be considered in order that the statistical risks associated with the indirect inference can be controlled at a small level. Consideration of the two kinds of Type I error rates is also important for defining a noninferiority margin. For the indirect statistical inference, the practical utility of any method that controls only the across-trial Type I error rate at a fixed small level is limited.