Kind Of Tobacco Research Articles

Prevalence of Physical Nicotine Dependence and its Determinants among Tobacco users in the Rural Field Practice Area of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Tamil Nadu, India.

Tobacco is the major cause of preventable death globally, which kills one person prematurely every six seconds. In India, around 46.9% of men and women aged 15 years and above use any kind of tobacco, according to NFHS-5. Tobacco use for longer duration with increased frequency is often addictive. Nicotine in tobacco is often associated with dependence, which is recognized as a public health menace and the single most significant factor for premature death. Hence, assessment of nicotine dependence among tobacco users is essential to implement tobacco control measures effectively. To estimate the prevalence of nicotine dependence among tobacco users and to study the factors associated with nicotine dependence among those tobacco users in a rural area of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. A community-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 375 tobacco users aged 18 years and above residing permanently in the rural field practice area of the Rural Health and Training Centre (RHTC) attached to a Tertiary Care Hospital in Tamil Nadu. The study has been conducted for 6 months. A systematic random sampling technique was used to recruit the study participants. Data was collected by conducting personal interviews using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 23. About 48.7% of the study participants had high dependence, 25% had moderate dependence, and 26.3% had low physical dependence on nicotine. The duration of tobacco use (P < 0.0000) and age of initiation of tobacco use (mean age was 28 ± 7.1 years) (P < 0.0001) was found as a significant risk indicator for nicotine dependence. The high nicotine dependence (48.7%) among the study participants is quite alarming and warrants more visible and aggressive anti-tobacco campaigns and targeted preventive strategies.

Determinants of smokeless tobacco use and prevalence among Sudanese adolescents

BackgroundSmokeless tobacco is a part of social and cultural life in Sudan. The affordability and availability of this kind of tobacco make it a fundamental issue in adolescents. The aim of this study is to investigate the extent of the use of smokeless tobacco in adolescents and its determinants.MethodsA school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Khartoum state in Sudan. The study targeted male and female adolescents in secondary schools. A total of 3387 students from public and private schools participated in the study. Multistage random sampling was used to select the participants. The Arabic version questionnaire from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) was utilised to collect the data from the participants.ResultsAmong the participants, 57.3% were females and 42.7% were males. Students from private and public schools were 48.4 and 51.6%, respectively. The overall prevalence of those who had ever used smokeless tobacco was 7.6%, in which the prevalence among male students was 11.0% while among females was 5.0%. The determinant factors were male gender (OR 1.53 CI 95% 1.03–2.28), family structure (OR 1.52 CI 95% 1.03–2.23), exposure to second-hand smoke at home (OR 1.60 CI 95% 1.11–2.31), friends smoking cigarettes (OR 1.78 CI 95% 1.22–2.60), lack of restriction of selling tobacco to minors (OR 1.73 CI 95% 1.25–2.39), promotion of smokeless tobacco (OR 2.12 CI 95% 1.20–3.72) and low self-efficacy (OR 7.47 CI 95% 4.45–12.52).ConclusionA comprehensive prevention programme that enforces the prohibition of the promotion of smokeless tobacco and the selling of smokeless tobacco to minors is crucial. Moreover, the prevention programme should enhance adolescents’ self-efficacy.

Assessment of knowledge and practice towards tobacco and alcohol consumption among male adolescents in urban slums of Delhi

Tobacco and alcohol consumption has become a serious public health problem. Evidences show that both alcohol and tobacco consumption can cause substantial health related morbidity and mortality among adolescents.The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), a cross-sectional survey conducted among school students, aged 13–15 years, highlighted that the overall prevalence of current tobacco users in India was (14.6%) in the year 2009. The consumption of tobacco and alcohol among adolescents in India is increasing dramatically. Hence, a study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge and practice about alcohol and tobacco consumption among male adolescents. The objective of the study was to assess the level of knowledge and practice regarding tobacco and alcohol consumption among the male adolescents living in urban slum of Delhi. A cross sectional study was carried out among 100 male adolescents from urban slums of Delhi. Data was collected using semi-structured, self-administered interview schedule. The collected data was entered using Microsoft Excel 2007 and was analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics 20. Chi-square test was applied and level of significance was kept at P value of &amp;#60;0.05. The study period was from 11 June to 31 July. The knowledge level among adolescents regarding tobacco and alcohol and its harmful effects found satisfactory. Almost all the participants had knowledge regarding different forms of tobacco and diseases caused by tobacco intake in various forms and alcohol consumption. In spite of having sound knowledge of harmful effect of tobacco and alcohol, high percentage was using them. Only (14.0%) of study participants never consumed any kind of tobacco and alcohol.In our study we revealed that mere knowledge regarding tobacco intake and alcohol consumption is not important. Participants of the study having adequate knowledge didn't practice the same. The implementation of strict rules regarding prevention from tobacco and alcohol is needed.

Indoor air quality in waterpipe cafés: exposure level to particulate matter.

Waterpipe is increasingly being used worldwide. Despite waterpipe cafés gaining popularity among Iranian population, there is a paucity of research measuring exposures and assessing the health effects of waterpipe smoke in these places. The objective of the current study was to investigate the exposure to PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations and risk assessment of PM2.5 exposures in different age groups in the indoor air of waterpipe cafés. The study samples were taken from indoor air of 50 waterpipe cafés in Ardabil, Iran. The PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations were assessed using a portable GRIMM dust monitors. The mean (±SD) concentrations of indoor air PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were 765 ± 352, 624 ± 327, and 500 ± 305μg/m3, respectively. The mean of HQ (hazard quotient) for PM2.5 in all age groups of 16 and older was > 1, which corresponds to an unacceptably high risk for human health. Also, the mean of ELCRs (excess lifetime cancer risk) for PM2.5 in different age groups exceeded the limit value by the USEPA. The results indicated that the PM concentration is significantly influenced by the number of waterpipe smokers, type of ventilation system, and kind of tobacco. Therefore, waterpipe cafés are a potential source for exposure to PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 and increase the risk of respiratory diseases and cardiovascular problems among waterpipe smokers.

Tobacco Cessation in India

Tobacco use is the most common cause of non-communicable disease related morbidity and mortality worldwide despite being preventable. Almost fifty percent or more than seven million tobacco users get killed each year and about 13 percent of them are non-smokers being exposed to second hand smoke (1). According to the recent National family health survey (NFHS-4) study for the year 2015-16, there were 38.9% men who use any kind of tobacco in urban while 48% in rural areas of India. On the other hand, 4.4% of women in urban and 8.1% in rural use any kind of tobacco. Prevalence of tobacco use in the ages of 13-15 among boys was 19% and girls 8.3 % according to global youth tobacco survey of 2009. The tobacco dependence was considered as disease by the international classification of diseases (ICD 10). Proportion of tobacco related cancers in comparison to all other cancers were reported to be as high as 25% in men and 18% in women (2).

Investigating native Californian tobacco use at Mission Santa Clara, California, through morphometric analysis of tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) seeds

Excavations in the Native ranchería at Mission Santa Clara, California, recovered a large assemblage of predominantly uncharred archaeological tobacco seeds, including many morphologically intact specimens, associated with deposits from ca. 1790–1840 CE. This assemblage, estimated to contain over 4600 tobacco seeds, provided an unprecedented opportunity to explore tobacco use by Native people living at a California mission. Morphometric and linear discriminant analysis of modern comparative tobacco species was used to identify archaeological tobacco seeds at the species or species-group level. Analysis revealed the presence of domesticated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca), and at least one other kind of tobacco (either Nicotiana attenuata, Nicotiana quadrivalvis, and/or Nicotiana acuminata) at Mission Santa Clara during the period of occupation. This evidence suggests that domesticated tobacco and tree tobacco were cultivated and processed at Mission Santa Clara. Domesticated tobacco cultivation and processing reflect hybrid cultural practice, with traditional indigenous methods applied to a novel plant. Tobacco representation in a pit feature associated with mourning ceremony materials indicates an association between ceremonial contexts and intentional tobacco burning, as well as a possible association between native tobacco species and ceremonial practices.

A Study to assess the Prevalence of Tobacco use among Class Fourth Workers of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences University Karad, Maharashtra, India

Tobacco use is a major public health problem globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco is the second most important cause of death in the world. In India, it is responsible for over 8 lakh deaths every year. Aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of tobacco use among class fourth workers of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences University Karad. A descriptive survey was carried out with sample size of 300 by purposive sampling technique. Structured Interview Schedule was used to assess the prevalence of tobacco use. The majority of samples were males 187 (62.33%) & belongs to Hindu religion 237 (79%). The study, reveals that 51% of the total class forth worker's in Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences University Karad have experienced with at least any one kind of tobacco. Among all samples cigarette smoking was found 29 (9.67%), Beedi smoking was found with 22 (7.33%) and chewing tobacco was seen among 102 (34%) samples. Sex, Socioeconomic status and diet was highly significant with tobacco use. This study recommends that the need of health education regarding ill effect of tobacco is more important and the study can be conducted to find the prevalence of disease associated with tobacco use.

Weight gain and incident obesity among male snus users

BackgroundSnus is a moist smokeless tobacco product which has recently reached beyond its original market of Scandinavia. Snus is now being increasingly used in both the United States and South Africa. The effect of snus use on weight is unknown. This study has therefore investigated the relationship between the use of snus, weight gain (≥5%) and the incidence of obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2).MethodsThe study participants (n = 9,954 males living in Stockholm County, Sweden) were recruited in 2002 and reassessed in 2007. Tobacco use was categorized according to information obtained in both the baseline and follow-up surveys. Outcomes were assessed by comparing self-reported weight and body mass index between the baseline and follow-up surveys.ResultsStable current snus use (according to both surveys), compared to never having used any kind of tobacco, seemed to be associated with both weight gain (odds ratio = 1.31, 95% confidence interval: 1.04-1.65) and incident obesity (odds ratio = 1.93, 95% confidence interval: 1.13-3.30) after adjustment for age, baseline weight, alcohol consumption, physical activity, education, consumption of fruit and berries, and the frequency of having breakfast. No associations with incident obesity or weight gain were seen for stable former users of snus (according to both surveys) or among men who quit or began using snus during follow-up.ConclusionsThese data suggest that the use of snus is moderately associated with weight gain and incident obesity among men.

Influence of smokeless tobacco on periodontal health status in local population of North India: A cross-sectional study

Background:Limited studies have been published so far, which revealed the association of different types of smokeless tobacco on various periodontal health indicators, including mobility and furcation, on North Indian population. The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the effects of commonly used smokeless tobacco forms on periodontal health in Lucknow, North India.Methods:This cross-sectional study investigated the effect of commonly used smokeless tobacco on periodontal health in local population of Lucknow, for which 2045 individuals were evaluated. Amongst them, 1069 individuals were found to be using some kind of tobacco; amongst the tobacco users, n=122 were smokers, n=657 were only using only smokeless tobacco and n=290 were using both smokeless tobacco as well as tobacco in smoking form. After completing the questionnaire, all the participants underwent clinical examination for the various clinical parameters.Results:The impact of smokeless form of tobacco use was significantly higher on all the periodontal health indicators, viz., plaque index, gingival index, calculus, clinical attachment loss, gingival recession, mobility, furcation, lesion, and probing pocket depth. Both duration and frequency of smokeless tobacco use significantly affected the periodontal health.Conclusion:The periodontal health of the general population in the region required immediate attention as majority of subjects irrespective of their habit status had onset of clinical attachment loss and gingival recession, more so amongst the smokeless tobacco users than smoking form of tobacco as well as than from non-tobacco users.

Recombinant constructions and infectivity analysis of tobacco mosaic virus and attenuated tomato mosaic virus N14 genomes

The recombinant clones of pTN and pNT have been constructed by exchanging the coding regions of the movement proteins (MP), coat proteins (CP) and 3− noncoding regions between the cDNAs of the tobacco mosaic virus (Chinese Isolate, TMV-Cv) and the attenuated tomato mosaic virus N14 genomes, and used as templates forin vitro runoff transcription. Their transcripts have been used for tobacco infection assays. The infection results show that the transcripts of pTN and pNT are infectious. Local lesions were observed in the leaves ofNicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN inoculated with pTN transcript, but were fewer than those in the same kind of plant induced by pTMV-Cv transcript. Systemic symptoms were also observed inN. tabacum cv. Huangmiaoyu induced by pTN transcript, but were slighter than those on the same kind of tobacco induced by pTMV-Cv transcript. Local lesions were shown inN. tabacum cv. Samsun NN inoculated with pNT transcript, but were more than those in the same kind of plant induced by pN14 transcript while no systemic symptom was displayed inN. tabacum cv. Huangmiaoyu. These results suggest that the recombinant viruses of TN and NT are able to propagate in the assayed tobaccos, and they keep the most same phenotypic character with pTMV-Cv and pN14 transcripts, and TMV-Cv and N14 as well. The conjunctions between the replicase and the MP, CP and 3− noncoding regions are not stringent. Apparently there is a compatible function complementation between the homologous subgenomes of TMV-Cv and N14. From those above it could be probably presumed that the mutagenized replicase gene of N14 plays a major role In contributing to the virus attenuation while its mutagenized MP gene could avianize the symptoms of the infected tobaccos.

Smoking Habits in the Glostrup Population of Men and Women, Born in 1914

Of a total population of 514 men and 461 women, born in 1914, from seven municipalities in Copenhagen County, 87% were examined in 1964 and 1974. Smoking habits (inhalation, kind of tobacco, amount, duration of smoking and changes over a decade) have been described in this age-specific, general population. The health implications were examined. Tobacco consumption was in this population the most important risk factor for overall mortality, cardiovascular manifestations, peripheral arterial disease, decline in pulmonary function and symptoms of ulcer. The results are consistent with other prospective epidemiological studies. The relative risk of death, of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular manifestations, and of decline in pulmonary function increased gradually with the amount of tobacco smoked. Inhalation roughly doubled the risk. The excess risk for pipe/cheroot smokers was less than that for cigarette smokers. Ex-smokers reduced their risk about 50%. The risk associated with smoking was independent of other factors. The excess risk attributable to smoking was as great in women as in men, but the community problem of smoking-related diseases was most pronounced in men, among whom smoking habits are more widespread and morbidity is higher. The results from the 1914 population study suggest that almost one third of all deaths and heart attacks in middle-aged Danes might be avoided, if all 50-year-olds would have given up smoking.