Kind Of Stone Research Articles

THE PHENOMENON OF TRANSGRESSION IN THE FOCUS OF PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION

The essence of the phenomenon of transgression in modern philosophical discourse is analyzed. The author defends the position that post-non-classical philosophy is built around the deconstruction of previous ideas, cultural processes and phenomena, for the definition of which the established terminology is no longer sufficient. That is why the phenomenon of transgression, which describes the state of transition and changes in phenomena, is becoming widespread. The purpose of the work is to conduct a phenomenological analysis of transgression within the framework of modern philosophical discourse. The presentation of the research material is based on the presentation of the transgression understanding basics by representatives of postmodern philosophy (M. Blanchot, M. Foucault, J. Bataille, J. Deleuze). The conducted research makes it possible to state the following. M. Blanchot talks about a person’s step towards transgression as a decision that expresses the inability of a person to stop, when changing himself. According to J. Bataille’s reasoning, transgression has a place to exist if there is a limit set aside for the functioning of anything, as a certain established norm, the violation of which should be considered as overcoming a certain taboo. Transgression, according to J. Bataille, does not destroy the prohibition itself, does not lead to the disappearance of prohibitions, norms, etc. According to M. Foucault’s opinion, transgression can and should become a kind of stone in the formation of a new culture of thinking, which replaces dialectical philosophy. Respectively, according to the concept of M. Foucault, transgression can be imagined as a reflection of the deep mechanisms of the evolutionary process. The dynamics of transgressive changes are uncertain, but they are capable of influencing social realities. It is concluded that modern society is becoming transgressive. The time of institutionalization of social structures, established norms and traditional values is fast-moving. Therefore, the use of the established paradigm of social ontology has its limitations. This approach simply does not allow us to understand the depth and essence of modern social changes. That is why within modern philosophy, an attempt to present an ontology of transgression is actualized, which allows not only to track changes in the social processes themselves, but also to move from one perspective of research to another, producing openness of interpretation, variability and ambiguity.

Experimental Application of Cement-Stabilized Pavement Base with Low-Grade Metamorphic Rock Aggregates

Low-grade metamorphic rock (LMR) is a kind of stone that is widely distributed in China. The alkali activity strictly prevents its application in conventional concrete. This paper evaluates the possibility of using LMR aggregate in cement-stabilized pavement base (CSPB). The compressive strength of CSPB prepared with LMR and limestone aggregates at various curing conditions was measured. Expansion rates were determined via accelerated simulation tests to assess the alkali reactivity of LMR, followed by microscopic analysis. Finally, the possibility of using LMR in CSPB was evaluated from the economic viewpoint. Results indicate that CSPB specimens prepared with LMR have similar compressive strength at each content of cement, regardless of curing conditions. The expansion rates of all CSPB specimens with LMR were lower than 0.1%, indicating the absence of an AAR, which was further validated by the absence of the AAR product in microscopic observations. It is inferred from the economic analysis that 70.9% lower cost can be achieved by the replacement of limestone aggregate with LMR aggregate. This demonstrates that technical, economic and environmental benefits endow LMR with wide market potential as the aggregate of CSPB.

Papillary Pathology in Calcium Oxalate Stone Formers Who Do and Do Not Form Their Stones on Randall’s Plaque

Background and Hypothesis: Nephrolithiasis currently affects about one-in-eleven people with a recurrence in up to half of those individuals. Formation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone is most common. Some CaOx stones are known to form on Randall’s plaque, which is a calcification of the renal papilla, and this kind of stone can be identified by morphology. We divided CaOx stone formers into two groups: Randall’s plaque (RP) stone formers (RPSF) and non-Randall’s plaque stone formers (NRPSF). We hypothesized that renal papillary pathologies would be different between these two groups of stone formers.
 Experimental Design or Project Methods: Surgical videos were assessed for papillary pathology using a semiquantitative grading system to measure papillary appearance in terms of ductal plugging and dilation, tissue surface pitting, loss of papillary contour, and RP. The second measure computed the papillary percent surface area of Randall’s plaque and ductal plugging using still images of the papilla. The scoring and quantitative measures of the papillae were compared between the two patient groups. All work was done in a manner blinded to the patient group.
 Results: Two-tailed t-test showed that RPSF group had higher scores of pitting and RP and lower scores for plugging when compared to the NRPSF group. Similarly, the quantitative data showed that RPSF group had a lower percentage of plugging surface area and higher percentage of RP surface area.
 Conclusion and Potential Impact: These data show that persons forming their CaOx stones primarily on RP have a papillary pathology that differs from CaOx stone formers who make their stones by other mechanisms. RPSF have more RP and less ductal plugging. Since the underlying pathologies existing in RP stone formation are different from other CaOx stone formers, it is possible that certain treatments could be especially effective for this group, and thus these results suggest that clinical trials that separate out this group of CaOx stone formers are warranted.

Uwagi na temat gdańskiego budownictwa publicznego drugiej połowy XVI i pierwszej połowy XVII wieku pod kątem zaopatrzenia w materiał kamieniarski

Works of architecture and stone sculpture would never have been created without the existence of a supply network enabling access to assets crucial for their production, including stone. Based on archive quarries and analysis of existing works of architecture and stone sculpture, this article focuses on the importation of stone for the building and stonecutting industry in early modern Gdańsk. In the second half of the 16th and the first half of the 17th century the city was experiencing an era of economic prosperity and became a major center of architecture and stone sculpture in the Baltic region and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Gdańsk authorities put much effort into securing suitable stone necessary to carry out their ambitious projects. Builders and sculptors based in the Baltic metropolis applied various kinds of stone imported from abroad, including limestone from Oland and Sweden, sandstone quarried in Bückeburg and Bentheim, Belgian marble, and English alabaster. The kind of stone most commonly used in local architecture and sculpture was, however, the sandstone from the Isle of Gotland. To obtain this material the city authorities often approached the Danish king, as revealed by numerous letters preserved in Gdańsk and Copenhagen archives. Each year several shipments of Gotland stone would arrive in the city, the amount of stone reaching up to 10,000 cubic feet. Some of the material destined for the public building works was then prepared by workers supervised by the ‘Bauknecht’. He was an official appointed by the city authorities to support the public building industry and to facilitate the work of specialized building and sculpting workshops by overlooking low-skilled workers and supply of materials. Some of the local builders and stonecutters were also involved in the importation of stone from Gotland. Besides carrying out major architectural and sculptural works, at least some of the guild masters running large workshops were engaged in the supply of necessary materials. For this reason, they had to maintain a network of professional contacts within the Baltic region and beyond. The most prominent among them was Willem van der Meer, called Barth, a stonecutter from Ghent established in Gdańsk. Between roughly 1590 and 1610, he supplied the city with a large amount of Gotland stone, including that used for the building of the Great Arsenal. Other important members of the local milieu engaged in the stone trade were Willem and Abraham van den Blocke as well as Wilhelm Richter, continuator of Van den Blocke’s enterprise often engaged by the city authorities. These findings broaden our understanding of the professional practices of builders and stone sculptors in Gdańsk and the Baltic region in the late 16th and in the 17th centuries.

Non-destructive evaluation – a tool to identify genuine shaligram

'Shaligram' is a special kind of stone. In India it has significant importance in the religious context. Shaligrams occur in nature in various colours and shapes. Some of them have a liquid entrapped in them. Since their occurrence is rare, it is observed that some artificial shaligrams are being traded. Presently there exists no means to ascertain the genuineness of such a shaligram. In this study, it is demonstrated that a fake shaligram containing liquid can be identified by two different non-destructive evaluation methods, ie ultrasonics and radiography, by detecting the presence of capping material.

Measurements of Acoustical Properties in Cistercian Abbeys

The work reports the results of measurements of acoustical parameters obtained in six abbeys of the Cistercian order (XIIth century). Three of them, Silvacane, Senanque and Le Thoronet, are in the South of France. They have the original layout both outside and inside the building, and are finished in local stone. The values of the reverberation time RT, measured in these abbeys, are higher than in other religious buildings of almost the same volume. The other three abbeys, at Tiglieto, Morimondo and Chiaravalle, in Northern Italy, have similar characteristics as regards the plan and the simplicity of the interiors, but their inner surfaces are of bricks and stones, in different proportions. The measured RT values are lower than those of the French abbeys. In the abbey at Le Thoronet, the RT values are higher at low and middle frequencies, which corresponds to the range of liturgical and mainly Gregorian choral music, played in Cistercian abbeys without musical instruments. This effect could have been the aim of the Cistercian architects, experienced in architectural acoustics, or is the consequence of the use of a special kind of stone, that has lower absorbing properties than the materials used in the other churches.

PENATALAKSANAAN GIANT SIALOLITH PADA KELENJAR SUBMANDIBULA (LAPORAN KASUS)

We describe a case report of giant sialolit of Wharton's duct in a 46 years old man. This is an unusual presentation of a salivary calculus and to our knowledge such a huge salivary stone. The clinical symptoms and signs were somewhat typical and included acute suppurative cellulitis in the floor. This kind of stone is very interesting because of its large size in this case, of a surgical intervention by extraoral extirpation of the presented sialolith.

Holmium:YAG Laser Ureterolithotripsy

Objective: To report on the experience obtained in the treatment of a series of 150 cases of ureteral stone disease by means of the holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser. Methods: One hundred and fifty consecutive cases treated by means of Ho:YAG laser ureterolithotripsy have been reviewed in order to assess the results. In 81 cases the stones were located in the lower third, in 47 in the medium third, and in 22 cases in the upper third of the ureter. The laser was set at a power of 8–10 W and at a frequency of between 6 and 10 Hz. Thin ureteroscopes were selected, such as the 7-Fr Gautier or the new ultrathin 4.8-Fr Wolf instrument. In some cases other ureteroscopes were chosen. Results: Lasertripsy was effective in every kind of stone, allowing fragmentation into portions measuring at most 4 mm (largest diameter) or disintegration. The clearance rate of the stones was 92.6% during the 30-day follow-up period. Calcium dihydrate stones were of course more easily broken than monohydrate ones. No damage to the ureter was observed following the vaporization which is produced by this kind of laser, since particular attention was paid to avoid any contact between the laser beam and the ureteral mucosa. In some instances ureteroscopic maneuvering provoked some slight lacerations. In a few cases accidental contact of the laser beam with the ureteral mucosa produced extremely small coagulations of no immediate or postoperative relevance. Conclusions: The Ho:YAG laser constitutes an effective instrument for the fragmentation of any kind of ureteral stone; it allows the use of thin or ultrathin instruments and, if manipulated with care, does not damage the ureteral mucosa or the ureteral wall.

Silikatischer Sandstein unter städtischen Umweltbedingungen: Verwitterung und Reinigung der Kirche Betlem (Barcelona, Catalonien) / A siliceous sandstone in an urban environment: the decay and cleaning of the church of Betlem (Barcelona, Catalonia)

Abstract The aims of this paper are to study and characterize the siliceous sandstone used in the construction of an important Barroque church placed in the down town of Barcelona. The degree of resistance to the urban polluted environment is evaluated and the decay forms and weathering mechanisms studied by means of mineralogical analytical techniques. A complete restoration campain was carried out including the cleaning of the whole facade and sculptural elements. We studied the rock previous to, during and after the cleaning processes. The main results achieved are as follows: i) two rock types have been identified as building stones which may be differenciated by the mineralogy of the cement leading to a different behaviour and durability; ii) several decay forms have been identified, namely the darkening of the surfaces by dirt accumulation, the weathering of the feldspars forming the rock and the transformation of formed pyrite nodules; iii) the mechanisms leading to the decay forms identified are studied and a model for the decay (aesthetical and physical) of this kind of stone is proposed for urban environment. On the basis of these results a cleaning process with water and neutral detergent using non metallic brushes as proposed was applied. The results of this cleaning on each lithotype are evaluated by means of microscopical analyses of fragments of stone after cleaning. The different behaviour of both types of stone are analyzed and documented on a microscopical scale.

Drying of a white porous limestone monitored by NMR imaging

Staining of porous limestone is a frequent problem observed when this kind of stone is used as floor pavement. From a chemical point of view, this staining originates from a reaction between alkalies (NaOH and KOH) released by the fresh mortar and absorbed by the stone and the organic elements always present in this kind of stone. Up to now, no other explanation of this phenomena has been given. CSTC and UCL showed that, in addition of the chemical potentiality characterised by the organics content of the stone, another factor had to be taken into account: the drying process of the material. A French limestone (Tercé Sculpture) sample has been saturated by capillarity, and its drying has been monitored by NMR imaging. NMR results were compared with the weight loss curve. The results have clearly shown the existence of two different stages in the drying process. The first stage corresponds to a constant drying rate period, and the second is characterised by a falling drying rate. NMR measurements led us to a better understanding of the physical meaning of these two stages. During the first one, evaporation occurs on the external faces of the sample. During the second one, evaporation occurs inside the sample. We concluded that the physical key factor in the problem of staining was the amount of water evaporated during the first stage of drying.

超仕上における砥石の切れ味制御

A new method of the superfinishing is investigated, in which the cutting ability of diamond stone is controlled by changing the strength of electrolytic in-process dressing. Water-solution type coolant and metal bonded stone are used to employ the electrolytic dressing. As work materials, a carbon steel S 45 C, a bearing steel SUJ 2 and alumina are used. The results obtained are as follows. It is effective for control of electrolytic dressing to change the operating time of electrolysis or the ratio of on-time to off-time in electric pulse. As the dressing becomes stronger, the cutting ability of stone improves and the metal removal rate becomes larger. As the dressing becomes weaker, the cutting ability of stone is lost and then the surface roughness of workpiece becomes smaller. The cutting ability of stone which has been lost in finishing operation can be regenerated again applying the strong electrolysis. This in-process dressing method makes it possible to obtain the intended finishing performances of metal removal rate and surface roughness, and to finish several work materials of different machinability using a same kind of stone.

Mineralogia e cristalografia do diamante do Triângulo Mineiro

The purpose of this work is to characterize the diamond from the "Triangulo Mineiro" region (Minas Gerais) according to its morphological features; surface structures and surface figures; spectrographc properties (IV absorption and UV fluorescence) and specially by the recognition of its mineral inclusions. These crystallographic data may be important to guide, with greater sucess, the future geological work searching the diamond matrix-rock, until unknown in that region. The morphological study revealed a predominance of the rhombododecahedral habit among the single forms presented by the diamond crystals. It is very frequent also the occurrence of diamond twinned crystals (33% of the observed samples). The predominance of the rhombododecahedral habit, with both rounded faces and edges, is explained as a result of a natural dissolution process in a oxidizing media. The rhombododecahedral form was deduced here as the equilibrium form during that process. It was considered in that assumption the dissolution velocities changes, according to the diamond crystal structure. The surface figures and surface structures are, on its general features, the same as the described ones on diamonds from other localities. Some of them, however, may be not still mentioned. The origin of some of those figures should be admitted as a result of crystal dissolution, by its presence on natural clivage surfaces. The infrared absorption diagrams showed a anomalous occurrence of the type lb diamonds. That kind of stone is very rare amongst the natural ones and that property may be the more remarkable characteristic of the diamond from the "Triangulo Mineiro". The mineral inclusions, identified by x-ray diffraction (precession method) - forsterite, pirope, magnesio-chromite and pentlandite - sugests a genetic process very close to the ultrabasic rocks. The secondary effects observed on the host crystal (anomalous birefringence and tension fractures) and the epitaxic development of the inclusions in the diamond, indicates, on the other hand, that those minerals were enclosed during the diamond crystal growing. The primary paragenesis, revealed by that syngenetic inclusions, sugests the equilibrium: forsterite + spinel + coesite ;pirope, that may be applied to estimate the pressure and temperature conditions in the time of the diamond crystallization.

The removal of atmospheric sulphur by building stones

Measurements were made of the amounts of sulphur taken up by limestone from outdoor air and from SO 2-air mixtures in the laboratory. A limestone which had been exposed for five centuries could still absorb sulphur as fast as a new sample of the same kind of stone. The distribution of sulphur in old stones suggested that their activity had been maintained by rain-washing. The results are used to discuss the effect of absorption in cleaning city air.

Med hevet hånd

Med hevet hånd

Prehistoric Pot-Boilers

MR. WILFRED L. BULLOWS, of Streetly, Warwickshire, adverting to a reference to flint pot-boilers by Sir Arthur Smith Woodward in his article on fossil man in China (see NATURE, May 28, p. 784), writes to point out the unsuitability of flint for this purpose. In the course of an investigation of a prehistoric cooking site in Sutton Park, Warwickshire, in 1926, Mr. Bullows carried out a number of experiments with the view of ascertaining the methods probably employed in making use of several cooking pits which had been discovered on the site under mounds of broken stone of an undoubted antiquity. On a considerable area of ground laid bare by a fire which had taken place a few years previously, there were found not only a number of cooking pot-holes, oval in shape and of an original depth of about 1½ ft., but also hearths for heating the stones, as well as ridges of stone, which probably represented the clearings of the cooking pots. The pot-holes had not been lined with clay; but evidently undressed skins had been used as a lining, the shape of the hide probably being responsible for the oval shape of the pit. In a trial in a small pit lined with a sheepskin, it was found that four gallons of water could be raised to boiling point with heated stones in about forty minutes. Fifty pounds of stones, each weighing from two to three pounds, were required. The stones used here by prehistoric man were quartzite pebbles from the Bunter pebble beds, and the same kind of stone was used in the experiment. Flints were found to be useless, as not only did they split alarmingly in the fire, but sudden contraction in cold water reduced them almost to powder. A report by Mr. Bullows on his investigation of this interesting site in Sutton Park and its bearing on methods of cooking by the use of heated stones appeared in Trans. Birmingham Archol. Soc., vol. 52, pt. 2, 1927.

Stone Implements from Millstream Station, Western Australia

The Blacks nowadays are tame, but when Fortescue came up in about 1856 exploring, he had considerable bother with them, and even now in the Kimberley district, some 500 miles away, they are still in the Stone Age, and cannot be trusted. To-day at Millstream, stone implements are only used for circumcision and cutting out spears. The spears are made of hard wood and barbed both ways so that it is impossible to pull or push them out, and the blacks cut them out with a hot flake. The fire in which the flake is heated must not be lighted with a match but with a fire stick. By using a stone and not a knife they maintain that they do not get blood poisoning, and that the wound heals sooner. I showed one of my large black flakes to a native woman, and she said, “He good fella stone, he cut'em out spear, he borrow Ian.” Whether she meant a flake was called “borrow Ian,” or the kind of stone upon which the flake was made was “borrow Ian” I could not make out, but on showing her another, a yellow coloured scraper, she said, “He bad fella, he poison.”

Mundus Patet. 24th August, 5th October, 8th November

The mundus of Rome was believed to be a hole or underground pit or vault on the Palatine. It was said to be closed by a stone called the lapis manalis, which same name, oddly enough, is also given to an entirely different kind of stone, with which the pontifices occasionally worked some sort of magic in a drought. Plutarch, in the chapter in which he describes the foundation of Rome, says that the mundus, like the process of marking out a city, was of Etruscan origin; that firstfruits of all kinds were thrown into the pit, and that each new settler brought a bit of earth from his own country and cast it into the pit; he places the pit in the Comitium instead of the Palatine, but notes the word mundus as applied to it there, and the identity of this word with that for the heaven or universe.

XIV. Notes on the Origin and Early History of the Geological Society of Glasgow

Situated as Glasgow is, in the centre of a district full of interest to the geologist, and drawing much of its wealth and importance from the extensive mineral fields by which it is surrounded, it was to be expected that the science of geology would early attract the attention of many living in the city, as well as of others in the district, who had perhaps even better opportunities for observation and research. Indeed, the wonder is that systematic study of the science should have been so long delayed. Geology, in its practical department, is closely allied to the search for hidden treasure, and Scotchmen are usually credited with being keenly alive to whatever affects their material interests. They may, indeed, be too cautious to put faith in the “Philosopher's Stone,” but they are firm believers in any kind of stone which can be made a marketable commodity. It was not, however, in any mercenary spirit that the founders of “The Glasgow Geological Society” set about their labours. The actuating principle was simply a desire for knowledge—a longing to learn more of the mysterious structure of this wonderful creation on which we live and move; and I think it may be said with all confidence that every member of our Society has found himself amply rewarded by the knowledge he has attained and the pleasure he has derived from the prosecution of his studies. I can, at all events, say so much for myself, and the grateful feelings I entertain This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract

VI. Part of a letter from Mr. Patrick Blair to Dr. Hans Sloane, R. S. Secr. giving an account of the asbestos, or lapis amiantus, found in the high-lands of Scotland

I Take leave to communicate the Relation of a Gentleman in the High-lands , not many Miles hence, who has lately built an House of a singular kind of Stone, digg'd out of a Quarry not far from him.