Kinds Of Smoke Research Articles

The Creation of the Universe Judging from the Naqli and Aqli Propositions

This study aims to determine the basis, process, interrelationship, and urgency of the creation of the universe in terms of the naqli argument. This type of research is a qualitative research with library research method , which is a series of activities related to the method of collecting library data through reading, recording and processing research data by conducting a review study of books, literatures, notes. and reports related to the problem being solved. The results of the study indicate that the basis for the creation of the universe in terms of the naqli argument is explained in the verses of the Qur'an, including QS. Al-A'raaf [7]: 54, QS. Yunus [10]: 3, QS. Hud [11]: 7, al-Hadid [57]: 4, and others. The review of the naqli arguments explains that the process of creating the universe is divided into six stages, namely the big explosion, until the creation of animals and then humans. While the review of aqli theorems in science, the beginning of the creation of the universe was put forward by the Big Bang theory , Stephen Hawking, Rasyid Ridha, Marconi, and others. There are several links between the texts and the theories that have been put forward, including the process of creating the universe which is divided into six stages, the process of creating the universe comes from something solid, the material for the formation of the universe comes from water, the material for the creation of the heavens and the earth is a kind of smoke. (dukhon) . There is a link between the process of creating the universe, reviewing the naqli (al-Qur'an) and aqli (science) propositions with the finding of compatibility with scientific evidence that answers a lot of cues from the Qur'an, so as a believer, his faith should be more and more about the existence of Allah, the truth of Islam, and the truth of the holy verses of the Qur'an.

ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ СИСТЕМЫ МИКРОЦИРКУЛЯТОРНОГО РУСЛА В ТКАНЯХ ПАРОДОНТА У ЛИЦ МОЛОДОГО ВОЗРАСТА ПРИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ВИДАХ КУРЕНИЯ

Subject. Tobacco smoking is one of the risk factors of periodontal disease development; therefore, special attention should be paid to this group of patients in periodontal treatment management. Any pathological process in periodontium is directly or indirectly connected with microcirculatory disturbances. Therefore, the correction of these disturbances will promote the normalization of the periodontal morphofunctional status.
 Objectives. To study functional state of the microcirculatory channel system in the periodontal tissues of the young patients with different types of smoking.
 Matodology. Clinical examination of 240 patients was carried out with subsequent division into subgroups depending on the smoking type: smoking cigarettes, electronic cigarettes with liquids, tobacco heating systems and hookah with further division into subgroups depending on the smoking experience: up to 1 year, from 1 to 5 years, more than 5 years. Subsequently indices were determined: simplified index of oral hygiene according to Green–Vermillion (OHI-s, 1964), papillary-marginal-alveolar index (PMA modified by Parma, 1960), bleeding index SBI (Muehlemann modified by Cowell, 1975). For objective assessment of microcirculation in periodontal tissues we used high-frequency ultrasonic Dopplerography device "Minimax-Doppler-K" (LLC "SP-Minimax", St. Petersburg) with subsequent determination of average linear blood flow rate (Vas) and Gosling (PI) and Purcelo (RI) indices. Microcirculatory channel dynamics in periodontal tissues of the studied groups was studied in the state of physiological rest, immediately after smoking, in 15 minutes, in 30 minutes and in 60 minutes. 
 Results. On the basis of the carried out research the distinctive indices of microcirculation in the periodontal tissues before and after different kinds of smoking as well as the functional state of the vascular architectonics were determined. 
 Conclusions. The given research allows to understand at which types of smoking the smallest and the largest changes of microcirculation in periodontal tissues are observed and that also should be taken into account in daily clinical practice when seeing young periodontal patients who smoke.

Online in situ detection of local air conditions in hazardous operation scenarios

Although the risk of some hazardous operations has been greatly reduced, the changes in air conditions caused by them cannot be ignored. A lot of smoke is produced in some hazardous workplaces, which is very easy to cause air pollution. Exposed to this condition for a long time, human health is also greatly endangered. Therefore, the online detection of air conditions in hazardous workplaces is of great significance. In this work, electric welding operation is taken as an example to study the air conditions in hazardous workplaces. The real-time detection of smoke generated from electric welding operation is carried out by Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The spectral line of lead is found in the smoke spectrum of lead tin wire. Some other metal elements are also detected in the smoke of the tin wire, such as Sn, Cu, Ca and K. Consequently, it is recommended to use lead-free tin wire. In addition, two welding scenarios are simulated. The results show that the generated smoke contains different element information with different welding objects. Then, the quantitative analysis of lead in smoke is carried out. It shows that the concentration of Pb can be calculated by the spectral line intensity in the spectrum. Finally, combined with the error back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN), different kinds of smoke are classified, and the recognition accuracy is more than 99%, which proves that the combination of LIBS and BP-ANN is developed into an important method in the monitoring of different air pollutants.

Finding benzene everywhere we look

Hand sanitizers . Spray sunblock and sun aftercare lotions . Athlete’s foot and jock itch sprays . Deodorant and antiperspirant sprays . Dry shampoo and conditioner sprays . These are all products found to contain benzene over the last year. The rash of discoveries raises three big questions: How big of a problem is this? Where is the benzene coming from? And is it a new problem or just one that no one had noticed? None are easy questions to answer. Benzene is found in petroleum and most kinds of smoke, and its derivatives are ubiquitous in natural and synthetic materials. Acute exposure to benzene carries the normal asphyxiation and central nervous system depression risks associated with inhaling organic solvents. Benzene can also be absorbed through the skin or digestive tract. Chronic exposure is linked to leukemia and other blood disorders. People use many of the contaminated products daily. “That

IS THE DERANGEMENT OF PULMONARY FUNCTION DUE TO BIOMASS FUEL SMOKE MORE THAN THAT OF TOBACCO SMOKE?

It is a known fact for a long time now that tobacco smoke having ample harmful effects on the lung function, but biomass fuel being one of the cheapest mode of fuel available for cooking and domestic purposes, especially in the rural areas also having near or even more ill effects on the lung function health. Does the biomass fuel smoke impact on the lung function health being concealed, due to the fact of over impression of effects by the tobacco smoke? So, exposure indexes been formulated to assess how much impact been created by these different kinds of smoke on the lung function indices.

Does COVID19 Infect the Brain? If So, Smokers Might Be at a Higher Risk.

COVID19 is a devastating global pandemic with epicenters in China, Italy, Spain, and now the United States. While the majority of infected cases appear mild, in some cases, individuals present serious cardiorespiratory complications with possible long-term lung damage. Infected individuals report a range of symptoms from headaches to shortness of breath to taste and smell loss. To that end, less is known about how the virus may impact different organ systems. The SARS-CoV2 virus, which is responsible for COVID19, is highly similar to SARS-CoV. Both viruses have evolved an ability to enter host cells through direct interaction with the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 protein at the surface of many cells. Published findings indicate that SARS-CoV can enter the human nervous system with evidence from both postmortem brains and detection in cerebrospinal fluid of infected individuals. Here, we consider the ability of SARS-CoV2 to enter and infect the human nervous system based on the strong expression of the ACE2 target throughout the brain. Moreover, we predict that nicotine exposure through various kinds of smoking (cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, or vape) can increase the risk for COVID19 neuroinfection based on known functional interactions between the nicotinic receptor and ACE2. We advocate for higher surveillance and analysis of neurocomplications in infected cases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The COVID19 epidemic has spurred a global public health crisis. While many of the cases requiring hospitalization and intensive medical care center on cardiorespiratory treatment, a growing number of cases present neurological symptoms. Viral entry into the brain now appears a strong possibility with deleterious consequences and an urgent need for addressing.

FREQUENCY AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH TOBACCO SMOKING AMONG YOUNG FEMALE STUDENTS IN PAKISTAN

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency and factors associated with smoking among female university students in Pakistan.METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was conducted in 4 cities (Karachi, Hyderabad, Multan and Lahore) of Pakistan. A total of 689 female students from 18 universities (including medical, engineering & social sciences universities) filled the questionnaire through convenient sampling method. Data analysis was done on SPSS 22. Binary logistic regression, with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to determine the factors associated with smoking.RESULTS: Mean age at initiation of smoking was 16.65±2.46 years. Total frequency of smoking was 7.4% (n=51/689). Out of 51 students involved in smoking, 25 (49%) used shisha, 7 (13.7%) used Cigarette and 19 (37%) used both modes of smoking. Students who consider smoking necessary for Social gathering are 5 times more prone to smoke. Strong relationship between advertisement on Social media and smoking was found (p<0.05). Female students from fashion, business administration, media Sciences and engineering were more frequently indulge in smoking when compared to medical sciences (p<0.05). Less than 1% of cigarette smokers and 29.6% shisha smokers respectively were comfortable doing smoking in front of their parents. In females who were engaged in both kinds of smoking, 52.3% reported use of shisha before cigarette. Among non-smoker females 19%frequently visit shisha bar with family and friends.CONCLUSION: Although overall frequency of smoking was noted to be low among female students but parental approval of shisha, indulgence of shisha smokers in cigarette is alarming and cannot be ignored.KEY WORDS: Tobacco Smoking (MeSH), Shisha (MesH); Females (MeSH); Universities (MeSH); Students (MeSH); Social Media (MeSH); Frequency (MeSH)

Differentiating Smoke: Smoke as duwa and Smoke from bsang on the Tibetan Plateau

ABSTRACTOn the Tibetan plateau, smoke, either as by-product of heat-generating activities or intentionally produced, is ubiquitous. Wafts of smoke rising from the central flaps of black yak-hair tents in pastoral communities are mirrored by yak-dung smoke rising out of chimneys in stone houses of agricultural areas. Observers of summer horse races and other community events might note the presence of thick plumes of smoke emerging from pyres of dried branches, often placed within or near a cairn of stones and prayer flags or latse (T. la rdzas) (Tibetan transcription within text follows the vernacular of Kham nomadic dialect. In the first use of a Tibetan word, it is followed in parentheses by the standard Tibetan Wylie transliteration). To a casual observer, the ever-present smoke might seem homogenous but, for Tibetans, smoke is expressive of multiple contexts and meanings. In this article, I attend to different kinds of smoke as they are articulated in the literature and experienced by nomadic pastoralists in eastern Tibet. Smoke as duwa (T. du ba, dud pa) from everyday activities including yak-dung burning and cigarette smoking and smoke from bsang (T. bsang) – a ritual complex of fumigation and purification – reveal that Tibetan perspectives distinguish kinds of smoke. Understanding where smoke comes from and the contexts of which it is part are crucial when attempting to delineate a conceptual and terminological category such as smoke. Tibetan phenomenological categories broadly prioritise vernacular ways of knowing and classifying, which presents a corrective to a dominant classification of smoke that could be used as rationale to resettle nomadic pastoralists and transform their way of life.

DÛHAN SÛRESİ 10. AYET BAĞLAMINDA "DÛHAN/DUMAN"

Holy Qur’an is the last book was sent to mankind as guidance. Prophet has notified the Qur’an. This is because the task for him. He also explained the Qur’an. Companions of the Prophet are appealed to the Prophet when they do not understand the issue. After the Prophet’s death continued activities to understand the Qur’an. For this reason, efforts have been made to understand the Qur’an. It is also written with commentary that explains the verse. There are various opinions on the books of tafsir about the meaning of the verse. Each commentators have described the verse based on their knowledge and understanding. They were found in the preferences among the various opinions. Mufessir sometimes unanimously agreed on the meaning of the verse. Sometimes opinions are different. One of the verse is that the variety of opinions about the 10th verse of Surah ad-Dukhan. Translation of the verse is: “Then watch thou for the Day that the sky will bring forth a kind of smoke (or mist)/Duhan plainly visible.” There are various opinions about what the words mean the smoke/Duhan. There are still various views on this incident when or where when. There are several proofs for each view. There are three views about the smoke. According to the first view is from the stink of smoke signals. Therefore, this event has not yet occurred. According to the second opinion. The Prophet prayed against Meccan unbelievers. There famine occurred. As a result, they were subjected to fasting. They start seeing smoke because of hunger. According to a third opinions. Smoke appeared on the day of the conquest of Mecca. Because that day a rising dust set, and covered the sky in the form of smoke.

Active and passive smoking – New insights on the molecular composition of different cigarette smoke aerosols by LDI–FTICRMS

The aerosol generated when a cigarette is smoked is a significant indoor contaminant. Both smokers and non-smokers can be exposed to this class of pollutants. Nevertheless, they are not exposed to the same kind of smoke. The active smoker breathes in the mainstream smoke (MSS) during a puff, whereas the passive smoker inhales not only the smoke generated by the lit cigarette between two puffs (SSS) but also the smoke exhaled by active smokers (EXS). The aerosol fraction of EXS has until now been poorly documented; its composition is expected to be different from MSS. This study aims to investigate the complex composition of aerosol from EXS to better understand the difference in exposure between active and passive smokers. To address this, the in-situ laser desorption ionisation Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (LDI–FTICRMS) was used to characterise the aerosol composition of EXS from two different smokers. Results clearly indicated many similarities between EXS samples but also significant differences with MSS and SSS aerosol. The comparison of MSS and EXS aerosol allowed the chemicals retained by the active smoker's lungs to be identified, whereas the convolution of the EXS and SSS aerosol compositions were considered relevant to the exposition of a passive smoker. As a consequence, active smokers are thought to be mainly exposed to polar and poorly unsaturated oxygenated and nitrogenated organics, compared with poorly oxygenated but highly unsaturated compounds in passive smokers.

Research of Smoke Isolating with Air Curtain at Ship’s Tunnel

The rapid spreading of poisonous smoke is the main reason which causes death in ship fires. Ships always have long tunnels to traveling passengers or cargos. Because of their longness and straightness, smoke diffuses rapidly. Fire doors are used to stop the smoke from spreading into other parts in vessels. When the fire doors are closed, the way for evacuation is also closed. So it’s important for the professionals to develop a kind of smoke-preventing device which can let people pass by when stopping the smoke. The air curtain is a kind of smoke isolating device which is used to decrease the heat exchange in supermarket or freezer. This paper analyzes flow field, the heat control and the smoke isolating ability of air curtain used in the ships’ long tunnels with different jet angles and initial velocities. At last, a suitable angle is proposed.

Effects of Active and Passive Smoking on Ear Infections.

Otitis media (OM) is one of the most frequent diseases in young children, causing to visit a physician, and also the most common indication for antibiotic prescription. The peak incidence and prevalence of OM is 6 to 18months of age. In children, second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure is associated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections, such as acute otitis media (AOM), pneumonia, and bronchitis. Despite the overwhelming evidence of the role of SHS exposure on infant health, a very high proportion of children still continue to be exposed. This important relationship between all kinds of smoking and poor health may not be appreciated universally. With this article, we aim to review tobacco smoke exposure and OM connection. How this exposure may cause OM especially in young children? What can be done to prevent and to reduce the harmfull effects of tobacco smoking?

Tinajero, Araceli. El Lector: A History of the Cigar Factory Reader

Tinajero, Araceli. El Lector: A History of the Cigar Factory Reader. Trans. Judith E. Grasberg. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010. Print. 268 pp. ROBERTO GONZALEZ ECHEVARRIA YALE UNIVERSITY Araceli Tinajero’s El Lector: A History of the Cigar Factory Reader focuses on a figure that is unique to Cuban culture. The cigar factory reader emerges, develops and endures as an integral part of the manufacture of the most typical of Cuban products, derived from a native plant (sugar cane is an import). The emblematic quality of cigars is so not only due to the economic importance of the tobacco industry in Cuban history, but to the fact that smoking was first observed by Europeans in Cuba. It was in the Caribbean that the Spanish learned the smoking habit, which they then disseminated throughout the world. Nothing could be more original, in the sense of more of the origin, than Cuban cigars –the plant from which they are made grows and seem to have always grown out of Cuban soil. The reader, the lector, came centuries later, but his art is implicated in a custom deeply ingrained in Cuban life because of this historical depth, and also because it is an activity that produces pleasure and, now we know with certainty, also death. But we didn’t have to wait for modern medicine to tell us that death lurks in smoking, we already had the presence of fire, ashes, the visible consumption of the cigar, and the fleetingness signified by smoke itself –incense is also a kind of smoke. These qualities and resonances at once made the reader a kind of priest officiating in a solemn ritual. I know of no other figure so tightly woven into the fabric of Cuban tradition or so distinctive. Explicitly and sometimes implicitly professor Tinajero’s book

Lessons from the recent case of CO poisoning due to shisha (hookah, narghile) tobacco smoking in Singapore

Dear Editors, In their interesting report, Lim et al. state that shisha CO poisoning is rare in Singapore [1]. The situation is actually the same worldwide. In Saudi Arabia, only 1 shisha smoker out of 24 cases of CO-related intoxications of various origins could be identified [2]. A few years ago, two cases related to hookah lounges were reported in France, a country with a total of about 1,000 neo-Orientalist smoking tea houses by that time [3]. Prevention should focus on the long overdue message that shisha smoking should never take place in poorly ventilated places, particularly when cigarette smoke is simultaneously generated [4]. A recent study from Jordan tends to support this key public health position [5]. Unfortunately, this message was not understood. On the one hand, traditional cafes in the Middle East, Asia and Africa are usually efficiently ventilated, contrary to their counterparts in other parts of the world. On the other hand, one basic difference between the traditional 4-century-old social use of hookah and the contemporary one is the nature of the heating source, which has changed over the last 2 decades from natural charcoal to commercial quick-lighting products [4]. It is unfortunate that Lim et al. did not provide a better description of the conditions in which the poisoning occurred. For instance, where did it take place: at home, in a coffee or tea house, or in the street? Was the place poorly ventilated? Was there simultaneous smoking of cigarettes or other tobacco products (cigars, pipes, etc.)? What about the charcoal and the size of the shisha? Was the smoking mixture tobamel/moassel (based on molasses and flavors added to the tobacco with no direct contact with the heating source) or jurak (a similar though stronger unflavored product in direct contact with the charcoal)? All these details are of great importance when evaluating the overall contribution to CO. A pioneering study has previously shown that the bigger the hookah is, the lower the amount of CO produced, and the latter also depends on the smoking product itself and the type of charcoal used (commercial vs. natural) [6, 7]. It is likely that in the case report the charcoal was of the quick-lighting type and the smoking mixture tobamel/moassel. However, it is also possible that it was jurak (a very popular product in the Arab-Persian Gulf region) [4] since the patient was said to be of Saudi descent [1]. Comparing the volumes of smoke of both cigarettes and shisha (e.g., 100 or 200 cigarette equivalents) is problematic because in both cases the chemical composition is completely different (number of compounds, water and glycerol proportions, CO and particle concentrations, etc.). This is true for both active and passive smoking. Fortunately, shisha smoke is many times less concentrated in CO than cigarette smoke [3]. Also, exhaled CO measured in non-smokers exposed to hookah smoke virtually does not vary [8]. Unfortunately, a WHO report (not the one cited by Lim et al.) did not distinguish between both kinds of smoke [9]. Only recently have experts acknowledged that “WP [waterpipe] smoking is so different from cigarette smoking that data on smoke composition and toxicity cannot be extrapolated from one to the other.” However, the same tobacco researchers mention, and therefore validate, the yields of toxicants obtained through a “standardized” waterpipe smoking machine study, which is at the very source of the global confusion [9–11]. Since CO is certainly the most significant risk factor associated with the growing global use of hookahs, I would like to inform Lim et al. of the existence of relevant and sometimes conflicting studies. The first one is about carboxyhemoglobin levels in shisha smokers [12]. Charcoal is known to be the major source of CO. The second study was carried out recently in the USA, but it is not free of biases; for example, only 10 g of the smoking product was used for a whole 60-min session [13]. In fact, in most reliable studies in the Middle East, 20 g is generally used in the shisha bowl [8, 14]. Finally, Lim et al. were right, based on three references (refs. 1, 4, and 5 in their article), to rely on the substantial and impressive 84-page WHO report on shisha smoking [15]. Surprisingly, the authors of the Cochrane Review deemed it not relevant for inclusion in their publication, contrary to the other agency short report advertised as an “Advisory Note” [9, 16, 17].

Tobacco smoke: Unraveling a controversial subject

Cigarettes are a modern and industrial form of tobacco use and obviously involve more than just tobacco. A multitude of physical processes and chemical reactions occur inside the burning zone of a cigarette. Cigarette smoke is an aerosol of liquid droplets (the particulate phase) suspended within a mixture of gases and semi-volatile compounds. Two kinds of smoke with different composition and properties are produced during smoking: mainstream smoke inhaled by the smoker and sidestream smoke, which is released into the environment between puffs from the lit end of the cigarette. Several techniques and modifications have altered the design of the cigarette during the last 50 years and changed smoke composition, with the effect of lower tar and nicotine smoke yields. An enormous amount of research has been done since the 1950s on smoke composition. With regard to the numerous toxic or carcinogenic constituents identified in tobacco smoke, there is a strong focus in the industry and with the authorities on the over 40 compounds, called “Hoffmann analytes”. The yields of tar and nicotine in mainstream smoke of a cigarette brand as printed on the pack are measured with smoking machines under highly standardized conditions. Yields must comply with regulatory limits set in a number of countries. Smoking by machine is different from the smoking behavior of humans. There is a growing movement to develop more “realistic” methods to estimate smoke yields. But it is unclear whether alternative smoking regimens are more representative of human smoking behavior and provide better predictions of human exposure. Tobacco smoke has strong biological and toxicological effects in vitro and in vivo. There is an obvious need for developing a unified and validated testing approach particularly for the assessment of additives and the evaluation of new potentially reduced exposure products (PREPs). This paper gives a comprehensive overview of cigarette design, the composition and toxicity testing of smoke, and the way machines and people smoke – with links to the more detailed literature.

The Humanities and the Public Soul1

What is public scholarship in the humanities and the arts? There are many meanings to these four keywords—public, scholarship, humanities, arts. Public scholarship itself is a recent term for practices that, while venerable in some fields, are still new to the arts and humanities. What are these unfolding practices and knowledges? In the humanities and in many areas of the arts, collaborative work of any kind is rare, and there is a weak tradition of partnerships by faculty, graduate students, and undergraduates with community and public partners, either individuals or organizations. Consequently, there is plenty of room for ambiguity and debate about definitions. In order to establish a clear starting point for understanding public scholarship in the cultural domain, therefore, I will begin with a strict construction of the word “public”, referring to work conducted in a deliberately democratic fashion by peers impelled by diverse interests and a common public purpose. I will focus on the importance of multiplicity and complexity in work in the arts and humanities that is jointly created as a public good by academic and community collaborators. When I was growing up, my father published an article in the Saturday Evening Post, one of many he would write for the Post throughout the 1950s, entitled “They eat smoke for love”. It was about the passion of volunteer fire fighters. Still, that phrase, “they eat smoke for love”, captures something about my father’s own passion for writing, pursued over a long career as a journalist, novelist, editor, professor, and selfpublished social prophet. The bitter irony of “eating smoke” hints at the long odds of making a living as a writer. But the phrase also applies to the question before us now, to the community-minded love for a different kind of smoke—the fluid paths of imagination and inquiry. The word “soul”, in the title that Harry Boyte suggested for this essay—“The humanities and the public soul”—floats before us, unresolved and undefined, probably undefinable. The evocative power of that phrase, “the public soul”, goes straight to the heart of the quandaries

An Electronic Nose System Using Artificial Neural Networks with an Effective Initial Training Data Set

Nowadays there are several commercial electrical noses (ENs) applied in many applications, mainly in food and cosmetics industries. Most of them have been added with complicated mechanisms to control the measuring environment. Consequently, they are large in size and expensive. However, the reliability of those ENs can be achieved only at moderate levels. Therefore, a simple EN system with an effective method to analyze the data is proposed as an alternative way for classifying smells. The EN has not been added with a mechanism to control the measuring environment. Thus, the EN system is inexpensive, small and can be operated easily. However, a normalization method need to be utilized to reduce the effect of measuring environment. Then a method to select the representative training data for artificial neural networks (ANNs) based on a similarity index (SI) value is applied to reduce the training time. The results show the ability of the EN that is able to classify not only different kinds of smoke but also the same kind of smoke from different brands and different concentration levels quite precisely.

Simultaneous mainstream-sidestream smoke exposure systems II. The rat exposure system

A system for exposing rats to mainstream (MS) and sidestream (SS) smoke simultaneously from the same cigarette, and monitoring procedures, are described in detail. The equipment and procedures were used to expose Sprague-Dawley rats to mainstream smoke and to target deliveries of 10, 25, or 50% of the total SS smoke for 17 weeks. The estimated total particulate matter (TPM) dose was highly correlated with the increase in percent COHb for MS and SS smoke, but the COHb/TPM relationships were different for the 2 kinds of smoke. All SS TPM doses were much lower than the MS TPM dose, and the COHb/TPM ratio for SS smoke was much higher than for MS smoke. The TPM dose and per cent COHb for SS smoke were highly correlated with the per cent of SS sent to the exposure chambers. There were no significant differences in the total weight changes during the study for any of the smoke exposed groups, but weight changes during the 12–17-week period for sidestream exposed groups were inversely correlated with the level of sidestream exposure.

CILIASTATIC ACTION OF SMOKE FROM FILTER-TIPPED AND NON-TIPPED CIGARETTES.

THE ciliastatic effect of tobacco smoke has been examined by several workers. It is known that mammalian cilia stop beating after a relatively short exposure. Although attempts have been made to fractionate tobacco smoke in order to find out which fraction is most harmful1, little work has been done to compare the effects of different kinds of smoke.

The Russell Effect with Rubber

Abstract (1) The Russell effect from raw rubber, after exposure to light and air, depends on three factors: (a) smoke components: smoked sheet shows a strong Russell effect owing to the presence of these components; Para does not because it is prepared with a different kind of smoke; (b) tackiness: most crepes show little Russell effect, but prolonged exposure after acetone extraction causes concurrent increases in both the Russell effect and tackiness; (c) acetone extract: the extract shows a strong Russell effect, but this is scarcely apparent when it is present in the rubber. (2) The gaseous products that cause the Russell effect are decomposed or driven off at 80° C. (3) These gaseous products are not the same as those formed by treatment with ozone. (4) Antioxidants for raw rubber do not affect the Russell effect, but sodium bisulfite weakens it. (5) Mastication or mixing with sulfur alone has little effect, but mixing with diphenylguanidine, triphenylguanidine or hexamethylenetetramine plus sulfur, or with mercaptobenzothiazole alone, considerably weakens the Russell effect. (6) Vulcanized rubber (normally or overcured, or oxidized by aging) shows a very weak Russell effect; this effect therefore will not detect incipient oxidation or a tendency to oxidation. (7) Quartz mercury vapor lamps are not suitable for experiments on the Russell effect, because the results are complicated by the ozone formed around them. (8) Ozone, even in very low concentrations (0.01 per cent or less), causes a strong Russell effect in both raw and vulcanized rubber.