Kind Of Phase Change Material Research Articles

Experimental study of a paraffin-based composite phase change material with graphite sheet, copper powder and silver copper powder

In order to study a kind of phase change material with high thermal conductivity (TC) and high latent heat (LH) of phase change used in mine cooling work clothes. This paper prepared a phase change material based on paraffin and added graphite sheet (GS) composite material with different thickness and metal (copper powder (CP), silver copper powder (SCP)) composite material, and test the thermal parameters. The results showed that the LH of the composites increased by 16 % when the thickness of GS was increased from 0.02 to 0.08 mm. And with the addition of GS, the TC of the composite was increased by 15 %. The LH of the SCP composite is greater than that of the CP composite when the metal addition is 5 %, after which the LH gradually decreases and is the same when the mass fraction of metal added is 8 %. The TC of the composite material grow from 4.451 to 6.012 W/(m⋅K) with the addition of CP; the TC of the composite material grow from 4.457 to 20.332 W/(m⋅K) with the addition of SCP. Through the performance test of the cooling clothing, the cooling clothing can effectively improve the thermal comfort of human body.

Optimization of the placement and area allocation for the installation of the phase change material on swimming pool roofs under diverse climatic conditions

The increasing cost of energy, the limited source of fossil fuels, and their excessive emissions that cause significant industrial damage are the most important reasons for replacing them with renewable energy resources, aside from trying to use existing energy sources efficiently. Phase change materials are considered a promising approach for saving thermal energy with specific thermophysical properties. Operational temperature, cost, and thermal energy saving capacity are the most important factors when applying them to different energy saving applications. In this article, two kinds of phase change materials with different characteristics were modeled on the roof of a swimming pool. The optimum area for Phase Change Material installation on the outer part of the roof was found in the first part of the research, and then a weighted index was introduced to indicate the energy, emission, and cost of each modeled state. Afterward, four types of roofs containing two layers of phase change materials are modeled in a colder and hotter city in addition to Tehran, Iran. The best results were obtained from modeling two-layer Phase Change Material for the studied locations, leading to energy savings of 22 %, 21.4 %, and 23 % in the heating application and, 13 %, 3.9 %, and, 12.8 % in the cooling sector, for Tehran, Tabriz, and Yazd, respectively that are three cities with different weather conditions. On the other hand, when the weighted index with a priority for energy consumption was calculated, the different results were obtained.

Roles of phase change materials on the morphological, physical, rheological and temperature regulating performances of high-viscosity modified asphalt

The composite of phase change material (PCM) and high-viscosity modified asphalt (HVMA) is expected as a new material regulating the temperature of high-performance pavements, thereby ameliorating the urban heat island effect. This study focused on evaluating the roles of two kinds of PCMs, i.e. paraffin/expanded graphite/high-density polyethylene composite material (PHDP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), on a series of performances of HVMA. Fluorescence microscopy observations, physical rheological properties tests and indoor temperature regulating tests were conducted to determine the morphological, physical, rheological and temperature regulating performances of PHDP/HVMA or PEG/HVMA composites with various PCM contents prepared by fusion blending. Fluorescence microscopy test results revealed that the PHDP and PEG could be uniformly distributed in HVMA, but their distribution size and morphology were obviously different. Physical test results showed an increase in the penetration values of both PHDP/HVMA and PEG/HVMA compared to the HVMA without PCM. Their softening points did not change significantly with increasing PCM content due to the presence of a high-content of polymeric spatial reticulation. Ductility test reflected that the low-temperature properties of PHDP/HVMA were improved. However, the ductility of PEG/HVMA was much reduced due to the presence of large size PEG particles especially at 15 % PEG content. Rheological results from the recovery percent and non-recoverable creep compliance at 64 °C confirmed that the PHDP/HVMA and PEG/HVMA had excellent high-temperature rutting resistance regardless of PCM contents. Notably, the phase angle results reflected that the PHDP/HVMA was more viscous at 5–30 °C and more elastic at 30–60 °C. By contrast, PEG/HVMA was more elastic at the whole temperature range of 5–60 °C. Lastly but not least, compared to HVMA without PCM, the temperature regulating effect was 4 °C during heating of PHDP/HVMA containing 4 % PHDP and PEG/HVMA containing 15 % PEG, and their delay time were 456 s and 1240 s, respectively.

Multiple Phase Change Materials Integrated Into Power Module for Normal and High Current Reliability Enhancement

In many applications, power modules are subject to varying operating conditions and critical power cycles which cause the chip temperature to fluctuate. This will reduce the power module reliability due to thermal stresses. It can be beneficial to constrain the temperature variation through thermal management. This article proposes to integrate multiple phase change materials into the power module for such a purpose and verifies the concept by simulation of different operation scenarios. Experiment results on a power module containing two kinds of phase change materials show the superiority in reducing chip temperature at normal and high current conditions. The method can effectively reduce the chip temperature fluctuation of power modules with changing power or current level.

Optimization of double-layer shaped phase change wallboard in buildings in two typical climate areas in China

Phase change material (PCM) applied in buildings can significantly improve thermal comfort and realize building energy conservation. In recent years, double-layer shaped phase change wallboards (DLSPCWs) that depends on the latent heat absorption and release of two kinds of PCMs can effective control the indoor temperature fluctuation, and have been play an important role in improving the indoor thermal environment. The related researches show that, it is rare but necessary to optimize the DLSPCWs in different typical climate areas in order to further promote the application development of PCMs in buildings for energy conservation. Aimed this, fifty-four different DLSPCWs were constructed in this study by selecting different phase change thermal storage layer from four kinds of form-stable PCMs and changing the thickness of the layer to optimize the structure of DLSPCW in two typical climate areas, including severe cold area (Xining city, China) and hot summer and warm winter area (Haikou city, China) respectively. Comsol Multiphysics was used for heat transfer simulation and calculation of the DLSPCW in order to determine its best structure combination pattern for the two areas, and DesignBuilder for comparing and analyzing the building energy conservation effect when using the optimal DLSPCW in buildings. Compared with the ordinary wall, the optimized DLSPCW saved 14,198.96 kW·h electric energy during the heating period in Xining, while 18,816.62 kW·h electric energy in Haikou during the cooling period. The results proved that the optimum structure of the DLSPCW not only reduced the heating load and the cooling load but realized the maximum utilization of the PCMs.

Graphene Aerogel‐Supported Phase‐Change Material for Pyroelectric Energy Harvesting: Structural Modification and Form Stability Analysis

3D porous graphene aerogel (GA) has a capability to infiltrate plenty of phase‐change materials (PCM) into the internal pore. Since carbon‐based materials can offer excellent solar light absorption and conversion of thermal energy, they are widely used as container‐like supporting materials. In general, the GA shows a volume shrinkage problem due to the capillary force during the infiltration process, thus causing a loss in pore volume, that is, PCM weight loss. The PCM amount is proportional to both the absorbed and released thermal energies. Herein, cysteamine is introduced to bind GA. The PCM composite can reduce the volume shrinkage and have an excellent form stability even under the external force. Two kinds of PCMs are connected to a pyroelectric electrode to generate electrical energy. In addition, finite‐element method estimates the temperature profile and electrical peaks to confirm experimental results.

Thermal Properties and Characterization of n-Decyl-Lauryl Alcohol/Expanded Graphite/Silicon Carbide Composite Phase Change Materials for Refrigerator Cold Energy Storage

In this study, a kind of phase change materials (PCMs) with a low melting point (around 0 ℃) was prepared using n-decyl alcohol (DA) and lauryl alcohol (LA) as PCM, expanded graphite (EG) as supporting matrix. Nano silicon carbide (SiC) as a thermal conductivity promoter was added to modify the composite PCM. Expanded graphite with strong adsorption performance was used to not only prevent the leakage, but enhance the thermal conductivity. Leakage experiments showed that the maximum adsorption rate of DA-LA in composite PCM was 92 wt.%. The physical properties and chemical compatibility of composite PCM were studied, and the results showed that the raw materials were well absorbed and dispersed homogeneously into the porous structure of the EG, and they were only a physical bond with each other without chemical reaction. The melting and solidification temperature of composite PCM with the SiC mass ratio 3 wt.% was -0.85 ℃ and 1.08 ℃, and the latent heat of melting and solidification was 85.62 J/g and 74.94 J/g, respectively. the thermal conductivity of composite PCM with 9 wt.% SiC addition was 1.61, which was more than 4.19 times that of pure DA-LA. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) experiment showed that composite PCM had outstanding thermal stability and durability. The present study confirms that this composite PCM is a potential candidate for cold energy storage in refrigerator applications.

Performance Assessment of Direct Vapor Generation Solar Organic Rankine Cycle System Coupled with Heat Storage

Phase change materials employed as thermal energy storage can aid in maximizing the use of stored solar energy. The current research examined the impact of three kinds of phase change materials (PCMs) on the dynamic performance of a solar organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system based on a direct vapor production. A number of evacuated flat plate collectors, a condenser, an expander, and an organic fluid pump make up this system. The thermodynamic cycle model of the direct vapor generation (DVG) solar ORC system was combined with the finite difference model of a phase change material heat storage tank created in MATLAB. The effect of PCMs (Organic, Inorganic and Eutectic PCMs) on the collector, ORC, and system efficiency, net power output, PCM temperature, and heat stored was studied weekly, monthly, and annually. Among the selected PCMs, Mg(NO3)2.6H2O had the highest system efficiency at 9.34%; KNO3-NaNO2 had the highest net power output at 33.80 kW; and MgCl2.6H2O stored the maximum energy of 20.18 MJ annually. Under the given operational and boundary conditions, the spring and fall were preferable to the summer and winter months for storing heat from phase change materials.

Optimum orthogonally structured fins in charging enhancement of phase change materials (PCMs): PCMs’ thermophysical properties effects

Ameliorating energy storage and utilization efficiency is significant to achieving the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutralization. The orthogonal fins have been applied to enhance the average charging rate of specific phase change material (PCM) such as paraffin wax, the optimum structure dimension has been obtained. In practical applications, there are many kinds of PCMs and their thermophysical properties are different. Therefore, systematic investigations about influences of PCMs’ thermophysical properties on optimum dimensions of orthogonal fins are significant. In this work, thermophysical property effects of PCMs are numerically discussed. The mechanism is illustrated semi-quantitatively and the corresponding prediction correlations between optimum dimension of orthogonal fins and thermophysical properties of PCMs are regressed by the results. Compared to non-optimum orthogonal fins, average charging rate can be further enhanced by 20% after optimization. Thermophysical properties of PCMs significantly influence the optimum dimension of orthogonally structured fins. Higher thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, density and heat of fusion induce smaller optimum dimension, while higher viscosity and specific heat capacity induce larger optimum dimension. Meanwhile, power correlations between optimum dimension of orthogonal fins and thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat capacity and heat of fusion are regressed. An exponential correlation between optimum dimension and density is obtained. The correlations between the optimum relative distance and the dimensionless numbers (include Stefan, Prandtl and Rayleigh numbers) are regressed from the simulations. The reliabilities of the correlations are also verified. The results supply useful information to choose and design optimum orthogonal fins to enhance average charging rate of PCMs-based LHTES unit with various thermophysical properties.

Erythrocyte Membrane-Coated Invisible Acoustic-Sensitive Nanoparticle for Inducing Tumor Thrombotic Infarction by Precisely Damaging Tumor Vascular Endothelium.

Selective induction of tumor thrombus infarction is a promising antitumor strategy. Non-persistent embolism due to non-compacted thrombus and activated fibrinolytic system within the tumor large blood vessels and tumor margin recurrence are the main therapeutic bottlenecks. Herein, an erythrocyte membrane-coated invisible acoustic-sensitive nanoparticle (TXA+DOX/PFH/RBCM@cRGD) is described, which can induce tumor thrombus infarction by precisely damaging tumor vascular endothelium. It is revealed that TXA+DOX/PFH/RBCM@cRGD can effectively accumulate on the endothelial surface of tumor vessels with the help of the red blood cell membrane (RBCM) stealth coating and RGD cyclic peptide (cRGD), which can be delivered in a targeted manner as nanoparticle missiles. Asakind ofphase-changematerial, perfluorohexane (PFH) nanodroplets possess excellent acoustic responsiveness. Acoustic-sensitive missiles can undergo an acoustic phase transition and intense cavitation with response to low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU), damaging the tumor vascular endothelium, rapidly initiating the coagulation cascade, and forming thromboembolism in the tumor vessels. The drugs loaded in the inner water phase are released explosively. Tranexamic acid (TXA) inhibits the fibrinolytic system, and doxorubicin (DOX) eliminates the margin survival. In summary, a stealthy and acoustically responsive multifunctional nanoparticle delivery platform is successfully developed for inducing thrombus infarction by precisely damaging tumor vascular endothelium.

Silicon-on-Insulator Optical Buffer Based on Magneto-Optical 1 × 3 Micro-Rings Array Coupled Sagnac Ring

Optical buffer is a key technology to control optical routing and solve channel competition, which directly determines the performance of information processing and storage. In this study, a switchable optical buffer using the nonreciprocal silicon-on-insulator (SOI) magneto-optical micro-ring (MOMR) array coupled with Sagnac ring was introduced, which can exceed the time-bandwidth limitation. The transmission equations and propagation characteristics of optical signal in 1 × 3 micro-rings and Sagnac ring coupled 1 × 3 micro-rings based on two kinds of phase-change materials were studied. The group time delay, effective buffer time and readout operation in the buffer were also investigated.

Optimization of supercooling, thermal conductivity, photothermal conversion, and phase change temperature of sodium acetate trihydrate for thermal energy storage applications

The demand for space heating and domestic hot water has caused an increase in building-energy consumption. Thermal energy storage systems can effectively solve the mismatch between heat supply and demand. Phase change materials (PCMs) can be served as the thermal storage media for thermal energy storage systems. In this study, the tailor-made sodium acetate trihydrate (SAT, a kind of PCM) was developed. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was employed as the nucleation agent of SAT, meanwhile other carbon-based materials, including carbon fiber (CF), expanded graphite (EG), and graphene nanoplates (GNPs), were synergistically used as thermal conductivity and photothermal conversion enhancers. Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) was innovatively adopted as a phase change temperature regulator for SAT. The results showed that the supercooling degree of SAT decreased to 0.9 °C with the presence of MWCNTs. The thermal conductivity of SAT improved by 54.9%, and the photothermal conversion efficiency increased to 89.3% after incorporating GNPs into the SAT/MWCNTs composite. Furthermore, phase change temperature of the SAT/MWCNTs composite, ranged from 57.5 °C to 45.1 °C, could be prepared by adjusting NH4Cl contents for satisfying different application scenarios. The results indicate that the prepared SAT composites can be potentially used in different thermal energy storage systems.

Encapsulation of Coconut Oil Using Ethyl Cellulose as Coating Shell for Thermoregulating Response of Cotton

ABSTRACT Phase change material (PCM) with its heat storing and releasing ability provides a thermoregulating effect. For thermoregulation, different kinds of PCMs are used among which the paraffins are widely used due to their high enthalpy values. Here, coconut oil was used as PCM in the core by encapsulating cellulose-based shell. Mostly, melamine formaldehyde-based shells are used for encapsulation due to their ease in formation and have toxic effect on humans and environment, so bio-degradable solution is provided using cellulose based shell with coconut oil as core PCM. Ethyl cellulose with its outstanding properties and biocompatible nature provides eco-friendly nanoencapsulation. This research work reports the development of nanocapsules of ethyl cellulose as shell and coconut oil as core PCM via solvent evaporation technique and its application on cotton fabric through coating. The encapsulation was performed using general full factorial design of experiment containing three factors and three levels of each factor except the first factor (type of solvent). The resultant capsules and fabric were characterized using Zeta Sizer, Differential Scanning Calorimeter, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Infrared thermography. Different combination of factors used in experimentation resulted in the investigation of effect of solvents, emulsifiers, etc. on particle size.

Influence of Nano Phase Change Materials on the Desalination Performance of Double Slope Solar Still

Abstract Solar still is the ancient low cost device to distillate the saline water. Paraffin is a kind of phase change material which has a thermal storage characteristic and it can absorb and release a large amount of latent heat during the phase transition process. Ethylene Glycol was used as a PCM to study the thermal characteristics of water and absorption rate. A Nano phase change material plays a vital role in solar energy conversion and is used to enhance the thermal conductivity behavior on thermal energy storage systems. Materials at the nanoscale have a larger surface area and it has higher thermal properties than the macro particles. Incorporating NPCM into basin material helps to improve the productivity and the evaporation rate. The performance of the single basin double slope solar still was higher than the single slope solar still. Despite significant efforts, there are some challenges, such as the thermo physical properties of basin material, flow rate, insulation material and thickness that must be overcome in order for this technique to be useful in practice. In this paper, a detailed comparison of the various solar stills, designs, fabrications and water production analyses are discussed. Hence it is confirmed that NPCM has a higher potential than PCM for saline water desalination processes. This study confirmed that the Paraffin composites are stable up to 160°C and it increases the efficiency due to increased thermal properties of NPCM.

Influence of the number of holes and two types of PCM in brick on the heat flux passing through the wall of a building on a sunny day in Medina, Saudi Arabia

In this article, the impact of using two types of phase change material (PCM) in brick on a summer day according to the climate of Medina, Saudi Arabia is studied numerically. Bricks with square holes filled with PCM are used for the inner sidewall. For this purpose, PCMs P116 and n-Eicosane are used to fill the bricks and are compared with the case without PCM to determine its effect on the amount of heat flux passing (HEFP) through the wall. The effect of the different number of holes (1–4) is also studied. Two-dimensional numerical simulations are performed using the control volume method. The results show that the maximum HEFP through the wall occurs in the afternoon. Examination of the melting front of PCMs indicates that the melting front moves from the hot wall toward the cold wall and the type of PCM are important during the completion of the melting process. In general, the usage of PCM minimizes the amount of HEFP through the wall. The usage of PCM n-Eicosane results in a greater decrease in the quantity of heat flux going through the wall. At midday, the biggest drop in heat flow occurs. Using additional holes, particularly when the bricks are filled with PCM n-Eicosane, dramatically lowers the HEFP through the wall. The kind of PCM used to decrease flux going through the wall is determined by the temperature of the building.

Bio-based poly (glycerol-itaconic acid)/PEG/APP as form stable and flame-retardant phase change materials

With the improvement of people's living level, smart home and comfortable life put forward novel and highly scientific requirements for building materials and home environment. Environmental protection, renewability, processing convenience and use safety (non-toxic/fire safety) are all core indicators that need to be considered in an all-round way in the process of material design. In this work, we used a simple and efficient green process by blending ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and poly (glycerol-itaconic acid) loaded polyethylene glycol (PEG) to prepare fire safe phase change materials (PCMs). The flame retardancy, phase change performance and thermal response behavior (including form stability, thermal conductivity, cycle stability, and latent heat etc.) were systematically characterized. The results showed that limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased significantly with the increase of APP content. Typically, when the filling amount of APP reached 15 wt%, the LOI value increased from 21.6% to 28.7%, vertical testing reached UL-94 V0 rating and the pHRR decreased by 36.15%. The as-prepared PCMs show excellent form stability, and the enthalpy of phase change keeps higher than 70 J g−1, which is at the high level as that of same kinds of PCMs. Notably, due to its high preparation efficiency for PCM fabrication and the profiles of all bio-based supporting matrix, solvent-free pathway, mild curing temperature, and fire safety, it is expected to be effectively applied in building for the thermal regulation.

Optimization of thermal efficiency on solar parabolic collectors using phase change materials - experimental and numerical study.

Solar energy is a one-of-a-kind renewable energy source that has many uses, and in the thermal applications, it is receiving more attention and is becoming more feasible. The present work presents numerical and experimental studies to investigate the performance of a parabolic trough solar concentrator (PTC) integrated with a thermal energy storage system. A new receiver design is built that stores thermal energy using phase change material (PCM). A concentric absorber tube with two different kinds of PCM - MgCl2·6H2O and erythritol (filling the annular-space of absorber tube) - were used to construct a PTC, and its thermal performance and thermal efficiency were investigated under two different HTF flow rates of 0.005 kg/s and 0.033 kg/s. Solar energy is transformed into heat, which is then used to store in the PCM before being discharged to cold water, which is the final heat transfer fluid in the receiver's inner pipe. The simultaneous studies of the PTC with and without PCM are investigated. A commercial Mat Lab's operating model through an imperialist competitive algorithm of the entire PTC system is presented, and the numerical results were compared to the experimental results, which were carried out with and without PCM in PTC. With the PCM in PTC (0.005 kg/s and 0.033kg/s), the HTF exhibited gain in peak temperatures of 11°C (erythritol) and 9°C (MgCl2·6H2O) at 0.05 kg/s, whereas the peak temperatures further increase to 14°C (erythritol) and 12°C (MgCl2·6H2O) respectively at 0.033 kg/s, as compared to HTF without PCM. Average thermal efficiency of PTC with HTF flow rate of 0.033 kg/s was highest with usage of erythritol (40.6%), among all the cases. The experimental and predicted thermal efficiency performance indices for different flow rates and PCM are found to be with a deviation of around ± 1.9%, demonstrating the accuracy of the developed numerical model.

Fully bio-based Poly (Glycerol-Itaconic acid) as supporter for PEG based form stable phase change materials

A novel fully bio-based Poly (Glycerol-Itaconic acid) (PGI) was designed and highly efficiently synthesized by solvent-free polycondensation. The Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) was used as the phase change material (PCM) working substance and encapsulated by the sustainable PGI supporter. PEG chains were tightly encapsulated with the PGI supporting material mainly under hydrogen bonds due to the structural compatibility between PGI and PEG. The PCMs can achieve high form stability and high phase change enthalpies in the same kinds of PCMs. Furthermore, the phase change temperatures and enthalpies of the PCMs can be adjusted conveniently by regulating the PEG content and molecular weight. Notably, this process extremely facilitates the realization of efficient mass production due to the eco-friendly nature, high efficiency and low cost.

Energy saving performance optimization and regional adaptability of prefabricated buildings with PCM in different climates

In recent years, prefabricated building is widely used in residential building and construction site. However, due to the high heat transfer performance of prefabricated building envelopment, the indoor thermal environment of prefabricated building is poor. The application of phase change material (PCM) of prefabricated building envelopment is an effective mean to improve the indoor thermal condition in building. In this paper, the thermal performance and energy consumption of prefabricated building with PCM were investigated by using EnergyPlus software in five different climatic regions. Results showed that PCM placed inside the building wall or roof is more energy-saving than outside; PCM placed on the east or west side building wall is better for energy saving and indoor air temperature improvement; cetane has the best energy-saving effect among the five kinds of PCM; thickness of PCM with optimal energy saving is 10 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm and 30 mm in the areas of severe cold, cold, mild, hot summer and cold winter, hot summer and warm winter, respectively. Conclusively, PCM can significantly improve the thermal and energy performance of prefabricated building in different regions, which promote the development of such buildings.

Effects of phase change material (PCM)-based nanocomposite additives on thermal decomposition and burning characteristic of high energy propellants containing RDX

A kind of phase change material (PCM)-based nanocomposite was prepared and added into high energy propellants containing RDX as additives to investigate its effect on thermal decomposition and burning characteristic of high energy propellants. The effect of PCM-based nanocomposites on thermal decomposition of high energy propellants is investigated by TG/DSC-FTIR-MS technology. Due to the delayed protection effect (PCM-based nanocomposites can absorb lots of heat at the range of certain temperature when it undergoes structure change or phase transitions) of PCM-based nanocomposites under the thermal decomposition condition, the thermal stability of high energy propellants modified with PCM-based nanocomposites is improved. At the same time, the concentration of N2, NO2, H2O and CO2 is increased during thermal decomposition of high energy propellants whereas NO and CO is decreased. The burning gaseous products and burning characteristic of high energy propellants are studied by the combination of closed bomb test and Fourier transform infrared spectrum. The main burning gaseous products are N2, CO2, CO, H2O, CH4, etc. After the high energy propellant modified with PCM-based nanocomposites, the concentration of CH4 is increased while CO, CO2 and H2O is decreased under the high-pressure burning condition. The progressivity factor of high energy propellants is increased by 22.2% compared with the control sample while the maximum pressure is merely decreased 1.25% after the addition of the PCM-based nanocomposite, thus PCM-based nanocomposites can be used to adjust the burning process and improve the burning progressivity of high energy propellants. This study is expected to boost the practical application of PCM-based nanocomposite to the propellant formulation and effectively control the burning characteristic of high energy propellants.