Kind Of Injury Research Articles

Variation among Fraxinus families in foliar response to ozone

Seedlings representing 10 open-pollinated families of Fraxinuspennsylvanica Marsh, and 2 of F. americana L. were exposed to 490 μg/m3 ozone (0.25 ppm) for 6 h at 24 °C and 75% relative humidity. At time of exposure, the seedlings were approximately 2 months old from seed and had three or four pairs of primary leaves. Both percentage of leaf surface injury and kind of injury varied significantly among families of the same and different species and between pairs of leaves at different nodal positions. Results reveal that total foliar ozone injury may be a complex of genetically independent symptom responses that should be distinguished in future studies of the genetics of ozone resistance.

Introduction to General Toxicology

In this small monograph on general toxicology, with consideration for its molecular and biochemical principles, the goal is to provide briefly the three main phases of toxic action as it relates to various compounds: (1) the exposure phase, which includes factors that determine the uptake of the toxic agent from the environment, (2) the pharmacokinetic or toxokinetic phase, which includes processes such as adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion factors that determine the biologic availability of the toxic substance, and (3) the pharmacodynamic or toxodynamic phase, which covers the various mechanisms involved in the induction of the toxic effect on specific organs or systems. Included in the publication are the dose-response and time-response relationships necessary for a full understanding of toxicological mechanisms, interaction among various compounds, a focus on the systemic site of action by toxic agents, which relates to the specific kind of injury produced, toxicological risks of dangerous substances

Ultrastructural studies of traumatic cataractogenesis: observations of a repair process in mouse lens.

Lenses of CFI mice were studied with the transmission electron microscope at frequent intervals through 13 months following a transcorneal needle injury to the lens. While this kind of injury causes a high incidence of traumatic cataract in the human and frog, it elicits a repair process in the mouse lens whereby the damaged capsule, epithelium and lens fibers are rapidly renewed and permanent lens opacity seldom occurs. Ultrastructural changes in lens epithelial cells adjacent to the wound, which precede and accompany localized cellular proliferation and production of new capsule, involve a rapid increase or enlargement of organelles associated with protein synthesis and assembly. The capsule and epithelium are repaired within a couple of months. Cortical lens fibers in the wound area undergo conformational changes into smaller, ordered arrays of "membranous sacs". These are replaced within a week by normal appearing lens fibers. There is minimal degeneration or hyperplasia noted, and except for a few fibroblastic cells on the lens surface, little evidence remains of the injury by two months. Ultrastructural differences between mouse and human lens, such as presence or absence of dense bundles of microfilaments and desmosomes are considered in relation to lens shape and tension, and susceptibility to injury-induced cataract.

Basic Pattern of Tissue Repair in Human Lungs Following Unspecific Injury

A method is described by which tissue samples from postmortem human lungs may be adequately fixed for electron microscopy. An electron microscopy and morphometry study of lungs of patients dying of adult respiratory distress syndrome revealed that the alveolar epithelium was transformed to a vastly cuboidal epithelium irrespective of the inspired oxygen concentration, which in several cases did not exceed 40 percent. This constant change in alveolar epithelium, resulting in a consistent overall thickening of the epithelial barrier by a factor of 4:5 in all cases, was interpreted to represent a characteristic reaction pattern of alveolar epithelium to various kinds of injury. Arguments are presented to indicate that hypertrophy of cuboidal type 2 epithelial cells is a necessary step in the repair process, since type 1 cells are unable to divide by mitosis.

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and pulmonary emphysema: the role of proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors.

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and pulmonary emphysema: the role of proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors.

Kinds of Accidents and Kinds of Injuries—Ambiguities in the Remoteness Rule in Negligence

Kinds of Accidents and Kinds of Injuries—Ambiguities in the Remoteness Rule in Negligence

Acute Foliar Injury of Eastern White Pine Induced by Sulfur Dioxide and Ozone

Ramets of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) were exposed to both SO/sub 2/ and O/sub 3/ in a controlled-environment chamber. Current needles between 4 and 5 weeks old were acutely injured by SO/sub 2/ at dosages ranging from 15 +- 5 parts/hundred million (ppHM) for 2 h to concentrations as low as 5 +- 1.5 ppHM for 1 h. These results demonstrated that certain strains of the eastern white pine trees are extremely sensitive to low levels of SO/sub 2/. New needles on different branchlets of the same tree could be independently injured by either O/sub 3/ or SO/sub 2/ at approximately 25 +- 5 ppHM for 2 h. Sulfur dioxide was considerably more phytotoxic than O/sub 3/. Macroscopic differences in development of injury on new needles induced by both gases are discussed. No histological differences of diagnostic significance were noted between the two kinds of injury.

Crash Helmet for the Automobile Driver

To the Editor:— To have worn seat belts 20 years ago would have produced as much laughter as Victor Borge's famous seat belts on the piano bench. With the passage of time seat belts have outgrown the nuisance phase and will usually be properly fastened, instead of pushed aside. We are becoming more safety conscious. Although reports of increasing automobile slaughter may have been rapturous news to Genghis Kahn, stories of people thrown from their automobiles because they were not wearing their seat belts, are today shocking. The requirement of seat belts in all new automobiles will, as of Jan 1, 1968, add the shoulder harness. Perhaps, the harness will meet with less opposition, as the seat belt gains acceptance. The Cornell Institute states that injury to the head occurs in 72% of auto accidents involving any kind of injury. In some states it has become mandatory for all cycle

Disease and Injury.

It must be unusual for a mere lawyer to be asked to review a medical book; it is also flattering. However, as Dr. Brahdy himself says in his preface, not only are doctors finding themselves, willy-nilly, more and more involved in legal matters, but also this book recognizes the lawyer's need to know rather a good deal about at least limited areas of medicine and in medical language . It is undoubted fact that as the concept of legally actionable wrong has expanded in response to a mushrooming scientific, industrial, technological world and also in response to a changing social philosophy, not only have entirely new kinds of injury been made compensible, but, too, the fierce litigation of modern days has made it necessary for even better presentation of evidence; this has meant more and more mutual involvement of doctors and lawyers, not always with happy after-feelings. Some such residue of

A sulfhydryl-disulfide hypothesis of frost injury and resistance in plants

(1) The need for a theory . Though many explanations of frost injury and resistance have been proposed, not one agrees with the known facts. A new hypothesis is needed to stimulate research along new paths. (2) The working hypothesis . Frost injury is due to an unfolding and therefore a denaturation of the protoplasmic proteins. This results from the formation of intermolecular SS† bonds induced by the close approach of the protein molecules due to frost dehydration. Frost resistance is a resistance towards SH oxidation and SH SS interchange and, therefore, to formation of these intermolecular SS bonds. (3) In support of the hypothesis . New biochemical knowledge and recent measurements of SH and SS contents in relation to frost injury and resistance support the hypothesis. (4) Usefulness of the hypothesis . All the accumulated information on frost injury and resistance can be explained by the hypothesis. It is also able to explain other kinds of injury, e.g. those due to drought, heat, pressure, etc.

Discrimination among injury processes reflected in acute radiation mortality.

SummarySeveral modes of injury that contribute to acute radiation lethality may be distinguished in two complementary ways: (1) by pathological examination and (2) by analysis of the kinetics of death after single exposures of varying degrees of protraction. The analytical approach is discussed, and statistical procedures are applied to 30-day mortality in 3–4 day chicks after 60Co γ-irradiation for exposure times varying from 3 to 1440 min. Kinetic analysis suggests that two irreversible (time-independent) processes lead to different kinds of injury. Time-dependent effects are taken to reflect reversible injury mechanisms. Three different processes of this kind are distinguished, each characterized by an accumulation of injury during exposure at a rate proportional to dose-rate and a constant (linear) reversal, or reduction, of the radiation effects.

Coronary occlusion after cardiac massage.

Manual massage of the heart for cardiac arrest is a dramatic event and is often lifesaving. 1 In view of the circumstances under which such massage is usually performed, however, it is not too surprising that structural changes in the heart occasionally result in the form of injuries to the epicardium, myocardium, endocardium, and small vessels. 2 The present report describes another kind of injury, which to the best of my knowledge has not been previously described, namely, the rupture of an atheromatous plaque of one of the coronary arteries, with subsequent occlusion and myocardial infarction. Report of a Case The patient was a 70-year-old woman who was subjected to surgical treatment for rectal bleeding on Nov. 25, 1958. A colostomy was successfully performed after resection of the rectal ampulla and distal portion of the sigmoid colon. Less than one hour after termination of the surgical procedure, respiration ceased and

A CLINICAL OBSERVATION OF ACOUSTIC LESION CAUSED BY HEAD INJURY

Following results were obtained through the clinical examination of 603 head injury cases from labour accidents. 1.Statistics of these patients from the view point of sex, age, profession, kind of injury, location of injury, period until the examination, unconsciousness, farcture, bleeding, paralysis of the cranial nerve, subjective symptoms, etc.were showed. 2.In 52.8% of the cases showed subjective deafness, while 61.1% showed objective deafness. The average hearing losses of speech range was below 30db in 76.6%, and over 81db in 2.8% of the cases, being perceptive type in 86.6%, mixed type in 9.8%, and total deafness in 2.7%.On audiogram, gradual high tone loss form was seen in most of the cases and then following order: flat form, abrupt high tone loss form, and dip form. 3.Tinnitus was observed in 51.1% of the cases.Habitual tinnitus was seen a little more fre- quently than the occasional one.In 80% of the case which had tinnitus, objective deafness was recognized. 4.Subjective disturbance of veslibular function was seen in 57.1% and objective disturbance was seen in 48.7% of the cases.Eighty percent of patients showed positive Romberg test and 52.6% showed abnormality in stepping test, 12.8g% showed abnormality in postrotatoric nystagmus, and 34.9% showed the same in caloric nystagmus. 5.Finding of the ear drum, patency of the custachian tube, and results of differential hearing test, namely Noise Test, Fowler Balance Test, Temporary Threshold Shift, Fatigue Test, Differe- nce Limen Test, was showed.Furthermore the pathogenesis of auditory disturbance caused by head injury and its treatment were discussed.

An experimental study of the reactions of the rat placenta to various kinds of injury.

An experimental study of the reactions of the rat placenta to various kinds of injury.

Experimental Miliaria in Man: II. Production of Sweat Retention Anidrosis and Miliaria Crystallina by Various Kinds of Injury

Experimental Miliaria in Man: II. Production of Sweat Retention Anidrosis and Miliaria Crystallina by Various Kinds of Injury

THE EFFECT OF TRAUMA AND DISEASE ON THE URINARY 17-KETOSTEROID EXCRETION IN MAN1

IN 1941, in reporting a study of the normal variation in the urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion, Fraser, Forbes, Albright, Sulkowitch and Reifenstein (14) remarked upon a decrease in some of the subjects following various kinds of injury or stress. In a preliminary report a year later, Forbes (13) gave a few more examples of this phenomenon and speculated upon its possible relationship to the “Adaptation Syndrome” described by Selye (26). Since that time we have studied the problem further, and have accumulated a substantial body of data which it is the purpose of this article to present. The method of total neutral 17-ketosteroid assay employed in these studies has already been described (Fraser, et al. (14)). The sources of the steroids measured are the testis and the adrenal cortex in males, and the adrenal cortex alone in females. Hence, the test provides a chemical measurement which is an index, especially in females, of at least one aspect of adrenal function.

War Medicine: A Symposium.

This book is the result of the joint efforts of many authors, each of whom has contributed a chapter on some special phase of military medicine. It covers a wide range of subjects, which are classified under the headings of surgery, aviation, naval medicine and general medicine. The chapters of particular interest to the ophthalmologist are Ocular and Orbital Wounds in War, by William B. Doherty ; Ophthalmic Casualties Resulting from Air Raids, by Dorothy R. Campbell, and Shamming Night Blindness, by N. Bishop Harmon. In his discussion of ocular and orbital wounds, Dr. Doherty first reviews the anatomy of the orbit and then points out the types of lesions produced by different kinds of injuries. In his analysis he quotes freely from his own experiences and from the writings of Lagrange. Particular emphasis is placed on the necessity of a thorough examination in any case of injury of the eye

The Malpractice Insurance Question

IT is quite evident to any one who has practised medicine—and especially radiology— for any considerable time, that insurance against and indemnity guarantee for malpractice lawsuits is almost as necessary as is a license to practise. Malpractice suits are unusually distasteful because they are attacks upon our professional reputations, and reflections upon the entire medical profession as well as— most especially—upon the defendant in the case. Medical malpractice is usually understood to mean unskillful practice or negligence on the part of the physician, when as the result of such unskillful or bad practice or negligence, death ensues, or the health, efficiency, or appearance of the patient is impaired. Thus, malpractice may be willful, negligent or ignorant, and in some cases criminal as well as civil suits may be brought. Civil suits for the recovery of damages on account of injuries supposed or alleged to have been experienced as the result of willful negligence or of ignorance, are very common, and, unfortunately, cases depending upon alleged X-ray burns for the cause of the damage are becoming more and more frequent as the number of X-ray machines multiply and persons of more or less (usually less) experience and familiarity with their operation and with their effects, undertake to employ them. In practically all other kinds of injury, error, or even apparently gross negligence, there may be found some plausible way out of the difficulty; but when an X-ray burn appears as the cause of the injury, things always look bad for the doctor who produced it. It is true that the presence of an X-ray burn is very seldom a good and sufficient reason for charging malpractice, because we, as physicians, have every possible incentive to do the best we can for every patient with whom we come in contact. Our reputations and our very living depend upon this, even if our humanitarian instincts did not so guide us. When suits are brought for alleged malpractice and damage resulting from X-ray burns, the number of verdicts against the defendants who inflicted the alleged burns are many times more than all the other verdicts for damages, in proportion to the relative numbers of suits brought, and likewise (he verdicts rendered by courts and juries in X-ray burn cases are for larger amounts than are those for the ordinary run of medical malpractice cases. With these indisputable facts and figures staring us in the face, is it not easy to see why some of the insurance corporations refuse altogether to insure X-ray workers against malpractice? Is it not equally clear why those insurance organizations who are willing to carry our risks against malpractice suits must charge the X-ray worker more than they charge the physician who does not use the X-rays at all? It seems to me that it is exactly parallel to making a fifty-year-old man pay more than a twenty-five-year-old man for a thousand dollar life insurance policy.

“Towering” of Birds

I HAVE read Mr. Romanes' communication on the “towering” of grouse and partridges with much interest. As he requests further information, may I be permitted to contribute the following:—I once observed a pheasant which, after being shot, flew apparently untouched for about one hundred yards, then towered ten or fifteen yards, and fell dead. As a rule birds that have towered are picked up dead, as Mr. Romanes states; but such is not invariably the case. A correspondence took place in the Field some weeks since in answer to the question: “Do towered birds ever rise again,” and several replies were elicited in the affirmative. The conclusion warranted by that correspondence seemed to be that towering arises from at least two distinct kinds of injury. In the first, the common form, the bird is struck in the back, and is always found precisely where marked down. It seems to me that in this kind of towering the perpendicular flight may be attributed to a cause perhaps other than, or at all events additional to, pulmonary haemorrhage. I consider that haemorrhage is a necessary factor, and Mr. Romanes makes out a very strong case in favour of its being into the lungs. That the movements of the wings are convulsive, and the explanation of the towering, I am not inclined to dispute, but I think it has yet to be proved that the convulsive flapping of wings (the directing power of the brain being in abeyance) always produces perpendicular and never merely erratic flight. Every towering bird acts in a precisely similar way. Are we to take it for granted that in asphyxia it is only certain sets of muscles, and these always in the same and to an equal degree, that are spasmodically affected? I have noticed that a towering bird very often has his legs hanging straight down (I do not allude to those cases where they are palpably mutilated), and it strikes me as being likely that paralysis of the legs and lower part of the back may have something to do with the flight being upward. A man who has paraplegia always complains that he cannot move his legs because they are so heavy. This sensation would doubtless be felt by a bird paralysed behind, and this, in addition to the loss of its steering apparatus and the co-operating contractions of the posterior muscles, would produce a loss of balance with much the same effect as though the after parts had really become disproportionately heavy. I have no desire to be dogmatic, but merely offer this as a possible assisting factor in some cases.

Art. XIX.—Medico-Legal Treatise on Homicide by External Violence, in relation to the causes of death by violence and the signs of death by the different kinds of injury to the nervous, circulating, respiratory and nutritive systems, also to the circumstances which modify the Medico-Legal characters of injuries and exculpatory pleas.

Art. XIX.—Medico-Legal Treatise on Homicide by External Violence, in relation to the causes of death by violence and the signs of death by the different kinds of injury to the nervous, circulating, respiratory and nutritive systems, also to the circumstances which modify the Medico-Legal characters of injuries and exculpatory pleas.