Kind Of Glass Research Articles

Structural changes on the surfaces of borosilicate glasses induced by gamma‐ray irradiation

AbstractVitrification is a kind of glass that can solidify high‐level radioactive waste (HLW). As the basic material of vitrification, borosilicate glass was studied extensively. To keep HLW away from the biosphere, the tolerance of borosilicate glass to irradiation is important. In this work, various samples of borosilicate glass with different compositions were irradiated with gamma rays at ambient temperature to study their stability. The hardness, moduli, and microscopic changes on surfaces of the borosilicate glasses were measured at specific absorbed doses. Upon the gamma irradiation, the structural changes on surfaces of borosilicate glasses were identified, which were strongly influenced by the composition of borosilicate glasses. The results demonstrate that gamma irradiation, as well as beta irradiation, might strongly influence the properties of vitrification. The irradiation effects on vitrification induced by gamma irradiation should be paid more attention to than before.

A Study on the Removal of Heavy Metal with Mg-Modified Zeolite

The subject of this study is a zeolite generated as a by-product of recycling LAS (lithium-aluminum-silicate) resources, a kind of glass and ceramic produced by induction. The zeolite by-product is modified into Mg-zeolite using Mg as a cation to absorb Pb, a heavy metal generated from water pollution caused by recent industrial wastewater. An ion-exchange method is used to carry out the modification process, from zeolite byproduct to Mg-zeolite, and simultaneously absorb the Pb in the heavy-metal solution (99.032 mg/L). It is found that the sodium zeolite in the raw material residue can be modified to magnesium zeolite by reacting it with a mixture solution at 1 M concentration for 24 h. As a result, it is found that the residual Pb (0.130 mg/L) in the heavy metal solution is shown to be absorbed by 99.86%, with successful formation of a Mg-modified zeolite.

Effect of Stress Fields on Acoustic Emission during Delayed Fracture of Glass

We investigated the effects of the stress field on acoustic emission (AE) during delayed fracture of glass. Delay fracture occurrence was controlled by the Vickers indentation load and kind of glass. Delayed fractures of glass were monitored by an AE method. After the Vickers hardness test, the glass surface was observed and its condition was compared with the AE signals. Characteristic AE signals were identified, and it was shown that the AE method is effective in measurements on the delayed fracture of glass.

Forecasting of PVB Film Using ARIMA

Automotive industries especially car manufacture is the highest technologies at this time. Its production is increase in several years. One of car component that produced in Indonesia is automotive glass. Automotive glass that we knew is Laminated and Temperlite. The kind of glass that can show car quantity is Laminated Glass because it used only one on the car. One of material that used for Laminated Glass is PVB Films. Forecasting become important to set production capacity. In this study we use ARIMA forecasting method by MINITAB to calculate plan of consumption PVB Films based on data of 12 months consumption result on 2017. The result show that ARIMA 0-1-1 is the best model. The quantity result is higher than other ARIMA Model that are 1-1-0 and 1-1-1.

Effect of outdoor noise and façade sound insulation on indoor acoustic environment of Italian schools

The paper deals with the effect of outdoor noise mainly due to traffic and façade sound insulation on indoor noise level and speech intelligibility in classrooms. Results refer to the complete building stock of the Italian school buildings based on a census of the Italian Ministry of Education.The selected school sample consists of more than one hundred Italian schools of all levels (from nursery to upper secondary school) located in three Italian regions, built in different time periods and with different building techniques. The selected sample is representative of typical Italian schools.The façade sound insulation and the reverberation time of each school have been measured. The average outdoor noise level of about half the investigated schools has been measured and, for each school, the age of the building and the main characteristics of the façade have been listed (kind of glass, kind of ventilation, windows size, etc.). Based on these data, the correlations between both the main characteristics of the façades and the year of construction and the façade sound insulation have been investigated. Moreover, the influence of the noise coming from outdoor on the indoor noise level, speech intelligibility and speech to noise ratio have been analysed with reference to the situations both before and after the works carried out to improve the acoustic performances of façades.Results show that the indoor sound pressure level due to traffic noise is considerably reduced after the improvement of the façade acoustic insulation, while further treatments to indoor surfaces should be necessary to reduce internal reverberation time and to improve speech intelligibility.

Chemical Composition Refining of Bioactive Glass for Better Processing Features, Part I

Abstract Bioactive glass is an emerging research area for many scientists around the world. A large processing window combined with high bioactivity are anticipated features for such kind of glass. In fact, both features depend upon the glass network connectivity (NC). A good bioactive glass has a network that ensures a balance between the processing properties and the bioactivity. This study aims at developing a new chemical composition based on that of ICIE16 bioactive glass. Therefore, new compositions were investigated by introducing boron oxide and magnesium oxide with different molar ratios ranging from 1 to 3 mol% each to the composition of ICIE16; In addition,Na2O was partially replaced by P2O5. Melt-quenching technique was followed to prepare the bioactive glass. So far, the results have shown that the processing window increases with the proposed modifications. BP3 and BM2 bioactive glasses show the maximum processing window of a round 250 K. The relationship between the chemical composition and the processing window as well as the corresponding bioactivity will be hereafter discussed.

Structural elucidation of AgAsS2 glass by the analysis of clusters formed during laser desorption ionisation applying quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

The structure of AgA(s)S2 glass, which has a broad range of applications, is still not well understood and a systematic mass spectrometric analysis of AgA(s)S2 glass is currently not available. Elucidation of the structure should help in the development of this material. The AgA(s)S2 glass was prepared by the melt-quenched technique. Laser desorption ionisation (LDI) using quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QIT-TOFMS) was used to follow the generation of Ag(m)As(n)S(x) clusters. The stoichiometry of the clusters generated was determined via collision-induced dissociation (CID) and modelling of isotopic patterns. The AgA(s)S2 glass was characterised by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The LDI of AgA(s)S2 glass leads to the formation of unary (Ag+/− and As(3+)) species, 38 binary (As(n)S(x), Ag(m)S(x)), and 98 ternary (Ag(m)As(n)S(x)) singly charged clusters. The formation of silver-rich nano-grains during AgA(s)S2 glass synthesis has been identified using TEM analysis and also verified by QIT-TOFMS. TOFMS was shown to be a useful technique to study the generation of Ag(m)As(n)S(x )clusters. SEM, TEM and EDX analysis proved that the structure of AgA(s)S2 glass is ‘grain-like’ where grains are either: (1) Silver-rich ‘islands’ (Ag(m,) m up to 39) connected by arsenic and/or sulfur or arsenic sulfide chains or (2) silver sulfide (Ag2S)m (m = 9-20) clusters also similarly inter-connected. This obtained structural information may be useful for the development of ultra-high-density phase-change storage and memory devices using this kind of glass as a base.

Er3+ doped germanate–tellurite glass for mid-infrared 2.7 μm fiber laser material

2.7μm fluorescence has been achieved in the different concentration Er3+ doped germanate–tellurite glasses. The germanate–tellurite glass shows a good thermal stability and Fourier transform infrared spectra indicates that the mid-infrared transmission spectra performance is good. Based on the measured absorption spectra, the Judd–Ofelt parameters were calculated and discussed. Moreover, the emission spectra of Er3+ doped glasses show that the emission intensity at ~2.7μm reaches a maximal value and no obvious concentration quenching phenomenon happens even if the ErF3-doping concentration is 1.5mol%. In addition, the 2.7μm radiative transition probability and emission cross section is 35.57s−1 and 13.87×10−21cm2 corresponding to the Er3+:4I11/2→4I13/2 transition and superior gain performance was also obtained from the prepared glass. Meanwhile, energy transfer mechanism has been investigated in detail. Hence, the spectroscopic characteristics as well as the good thermal property indicate that this kind of glass is an attractive host for developing mid-infrared fiber laser.

Analysis on energy transfer process of Ho3+ doped fluoroaluminate glass sensitized by Yb3+ for mid-infrared 2.85 μm emission

This work reports the mid-infrared emission properties around 2.85μm in a Yb3+/Ho3+ codoped fluoroaluminate glass. This fluoroaluminate glass shows a good thermal stability and high transmittance around 3µm. The mid-infrared emission characteristics and energy transfer mechanism upon the excitation of the conventional 980nm laser diode have been investigated. The prepared glass possesses higher spontaneous transition probability (31.77s−1) along with the larger calculated emission cross section (1.91×10−20cm2) corresponding to the laser transition of Ho3+:5I6→5I7. Besides, the upconversion, 1.2μm and 2μm fluorescence spectra were measured to understand mid-infrared emission behavior together with decay curves of Ho3+:5I6 level. Moreover, energy transfer microparameters between Yb3+ and Ho3+ were calculated and discussed based on Dexter׳s model. Hence, the advantageous spectroscopic characteristics of Yb3+/Ho3+ codoped fluoroaluminate glass as well as the good thermal property indicate that this kind of glass is an attractive host for developing mid-infrared solid state laser.

Making smart phones smarter with photonics.

Smart phones and tablets have become ubiquitous. Corning® Gorilla® Glass is well-known to provide durability and scratch-resistance to many smart phones and other mobile devices. Using femtosecond lasers, we report high quality photonic devices, such as a temperature sensor and an authentication security system, we believe for the first time. It was found that this kind of glass is an exceptional host for three dimensional waveguides. High quality multimode waveguides are demonstrated with the lowest measured loss value (0.027 dB/cm loss) to our knowledge in any glass using fs laser inscription. High quality (0.053 dB/cm loss) single-mode waveguides have been also fabricated using a fs laser scan speed of 300 mm/s, the fastest fabrication speed reported to date. The longest high quality waveguides (up to 1m) are also reported. Experiments reveal that Gorilla Glass seems to be an ideal glass to write waveguides just below the surface, which is of great interest in sensing applications.

SEM-EDS analysis of ancient gold leaf glass mosaic tesserae. A contribution to the dating of the materials

Metal leaf (gold, silver or their alloys) glass tesserae began to be used in wall mosaics in the first century AD (the first examples are in Rome) and their use has been uninterrupted up to day.The metal leaf could be obtained from circulating coins, jewellery or refining. According to various techniques that have changed over the centuries, the leaf was hot fixed between two glass layers.From an archaeological point of view, it is interesting to know when and where these tesserae were made, if they were new made or if they were reused tesserae recovered from earlier dismantled mosaics.The determination of the glass composition of the tesserae is not of great help in this connection, for the same kind of glass was used over long periods. Available information is still scanter for glasses produced between the 1st to 8th centuries when the batch of raw materials (a natural soda called natron and a silica-lime sand) was melted in large tank furnaces and chunks of raw glass were transported all over the Mediterranean to be remelted and shaped into manufacts in small pot furnaces.The SEM-EDS analysis is proposed in this study as a useful tool to investigate the composition of both the glass and the gold alloy in leaf tesserae from mosaics of the 1st - 9th centuries. The comparison of the composition of the gold leaf of the tesserae with that of circulating gold coins (for which an important analytical data base is available), adds further information to the glass analysis, allowing us to improve the dating of the tesserae and increase the knowledge that may result from scientific analyses. The results demonstrate that good quantitative analyses of the metal leaf can be performed and that metal leaves made of pure gold or gold-silver alloys were used.

Absorption Simulation of Micro-Structual Material on BK7

The absorption characteristics of micro-structural material, such as “black silicon”, aroused extensive attention. In order to understand the impact of the micro-structure, based on Monte Carlo method, the optical simulation is used for absorption characteristics of micro-structural material. In this paper, the body material used for simulation is a kind of glass, BK7, which has been widely used. And, there are a number of 400 structual cells in the model. The bottom square of each cell is fixed to 50×50 µm, and the height of cells is adjustable. For each height, the reflectance, transmittance and absorption of microstructural material can be caculated. Then the relationship between the height and reflectance, transmittance and absorption can be built up. In our simulation, a very complex relationship between the absorption and the the structure of the material is showed. Generally, the absorption increases while the height of microstructual cell increasing.

Observation of 27μm emission from diode-pumped Er^3+/Pr^3+-codoped fluorophosphate glass

This work reports the intense emission at 2.7 μm in a Er(3+)/Pr(3+)-codoped fluorophosphate (FP) host glass. This FP glass shows good thermal stability and high transmittance around 3 μm. The emission characteristic and energy transfer upon excitation of a conventional 980 nm laser diode are investigated. The prepared glass possesses higher spontaneous transition probability (22.16s(-1)) along with a larger calculated emission cross section (6.57 ± 0.11) × 10(-21) cm(2) corresponding to the laser transition (4)I(11/2)→(4)I(13/2). In addition, the effect of Pr(3+) codoping on the 2.7 μm photoluminescence in FP glass is demonstrated. Hence, the advantageous spectroscopic characteristics of Er(3+)/Pr(3+)-codoped FP glass together with the outstanding thermal property indicate that this kind of glass may become an attractive host for developing solid-state lasers at around 2.7 μm.

Optical Fibre Current Sensor for Electric Power Industry

The paper deals with the optical fibre current sensor based on new optical fibre made of glass with a high value of refractive index. This kind of glass was developed to meet the requirements of these optical fibres. The aim of investigations was to develop a new optical fibre with adequate magneto-optical properties and a relatively weak linear birefringence resulting from the process of its production. These features are of essential importance for optical fibre current sensors. The results of investigations concerning such optical fibres have been presented, displaying satisfactory magneto-optical properties, as well as only low linear birefringence induced by stresses arising in the course of their manufacturing.

The compact Platform for <i>In Situ</i> Nanoindentation and Scratch Test

A kind of experimental platform for in-situ nanoindentation and scratch test has been developed, which has high resolution of displacement and can be used to carry out nanoindentation and scratch test. The precision driven element composing of flexure hinges and piezoelectric actuator was analyzed, which was used to realize indenter’s precision motion. The components, working principle and performances of testing platform were introduced. The calibration experiments of loading and displacement sensors were carried out, and it showed loading and displacement sensors had high linearity and stability. The indentation experiments were carried out on a kind of glass. The experimental results showed proposed testing platform had good reproducibility and scheme was feasible. The research work will provide theoretical foundation and key technologies for nanomechanics test, and has theoretical significance and application value to materials science, micro-electronics, precision optics and biomechanics, etc.

E-bracadabra

It's a bird! It's a plane! It's?gone? Illusionist Franz Harary first wowed audiences 15 years ago by making the space shuttle disappear. There's a kind of glass that becomes reflective when electrically charged, so you're able to produce and vanish objects by turning their reflections on and off, he says.

The Red Syenite of the Pilanesberg Complex; a potential raw material source for the South African ceramics and glass industry

The Red Syenite deposit on the farm Zandrivierspoort 210 JP, located on the periphery of the Pilanesberg Alkaline Complex, is considered here as a potential source of nepheline syenite, a material that is used as a flux in the manufacturing of glass and ceramics. Glass and ceramics manufacturers have different specifications as far as the quality and the product form is concerned. Local glass manufacturers generally require beneficiated material with a low Fe content, depending on the kind of glass being manufactured. Ceramics manufactures also require material with a low Fe content, but the material may be unbeneficiated as most of these factories already have facilities to remove Fe and other materials considered deleterious to the product or manufacturing process. The minimum requirement is that the material must be crushed and milled to a specific size fraction (< 10 mm). A common concern expressed by the industry is the requirement for continuity of production, and an assurance of consistent quality from the supplying deposit. The availability of feldspar as an alternative starting material, at a lower cost than nepheline syenite, is responsible for an unwillingness of potential users to switch to nepheline syenite, despite its proven advantages. Extensive additional geological confirmation is required to estimate the sized and quality of the resource of the nepheline syenite in the Pilanesberg Alkaline Complex. To demonstrate its viability, a preliminary investigation has been undertaken on one such a deposit to show that the deposit will probably be able to sustain production over a considerable period and display internal homogeneity that would ensure the consistent quality of the material produced. Given the uncertainties in all parameter considered at this stage it must be stressed that the financial study is merely used to highlight the projects potential viability and to identify its risks. For this purpose a hypothetical project was designed which shows that such an operation would be most sensitive to the production rate, capital required, and the selling price of the product. Transport and operating costs show a less significant influence on the viability of the project.

System Design for Non-Destructive near Infrared Analyses of Chemical Components and Total Aerobic Bacteria Count of Raw Milk

In order to develop a system for quality and safety evaluation of non-homogenised raw milk using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, two stages of research have been conducted. The first stage was the development of a compact NIR system for measuring the major constituents such as fat and protein in an aseptic environment. The second stage was the measurement of the total aerobic bacteria count (TBC). In the first stage, two compact sample holders for commercially-available capped test tube were designed. One system was equipped with an NIRSystem6500 research-type NIR spectrophotometer, hereafter referred to as MilkSpec-2. The other was equipped with a hand-held NIR spectrophotometer, the FT20, hereafter referred to as MilkSpec-3. For MilkSpec-2, the highly satisfactory results were obtained with the multiple determination coefficients of determination ( R2) = 0.99 and 0.96, and standard errors of prediction (SEP) = 0.03% and 0.07% for fat and protein, respectively. The results for MilkSpec-3 were also satisfactory but inferior compared with MilkSpec-2; the results were R2 = 0.99 and 0.91 and SEP=0.06% and 0.08% for fat and protein, respectively. In the following stage, MilkSpec-2 was used for the measurement of TBC in terms of log colony forming units (CFU) mL−1. In the case of TBC measurements, where the concentration of bacteria itself or its by-products were very low, three kinds of commercial test tube made of the same kind of glass but differing in diameter were used to identify the appropriate physical pathlength. It was found that the medium sized test tube with an external diameter of 20 mm provided the best calibration results with R2 = 0.83, SEP = 0.55 log (CFU) mL−1 and the ratio of standard deviation of reference data in the validation set to SEP (RPD) = 2.33. The analysis of the calibration structure indicated that the information related to absorptions by bacteria metabolites such as lactic acid, urea and those of the carbon sources such as lactose and protein in milk might play substantial roles in the NIR-TBC determination.

Mössbauer studies of impactites from Huamalies province in Huanuco Region

This report is about the X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer studies of three impactite samples denominated PMe-8, PMe-9 and PMe-11 from Huamalies Province in Huanuco Region, Peru. When terrestrial rocks are submitted to pressures higher than 60 GP, the majority is completely melted, forming a kind of glass called impactites. X-ray diffraction indicates the presence of quartz as the principal mineralogical phase in all samples. The 57Fe Mossbauer spectra at room temperature of samples PMe-8 and PMe-9 show broadened spectra that were fitted using a distribution model. The most probable field of the magnetic component is 34 T, corresponding to the presence of small particles of goethite, confirmed by the 4.2 K spectrum. For the sample PMe-11, the MS showed the presence of well crystallized hematite.

Remembering Pop: David Lynch and the Sound of the '60s

For a neorealist . . . a glass is a glass and nothing more. . . . Contemplated by different people, the same glass can be a thousand different things, however, because each man charges what he is looking at with emotion, and nobody sees it as it is but how his desires and state of mind wish to see it. I advocate a cinema that makes me see that kind of glass, because such a cinema will give me an integral vision of reality, augment my knowledge of things and of people, and open up to me the marvelous world of the unknown. -Luis Bufiuel, The cinema, instrument of poetry