Kind Of Editing Research Articles

An invisible heritage. Company books and "bookhood" in the Italian case

This contribution sets out to frame the phenomenon of company books and its con- temporary evolution in Italy in the context of corporate publishing and communication. Corporate history books, biographies and other kinds of editions are promoted by organizations to preserve and communicate their own corporate history, identity and heritage to stakeholders. Despite representing a distinctive and long-standing pub- lishing genre, corporate monographs remain a singular case of "books-no books" affected by a fundamental inattention and prejudice about their literary and docu- mentary quality. The historic and contemporary profiles of this sector are retraced and compared through a focused review of several field studies and literary "classics" concerning the Italian case. Indeed, books stand among the most refined, highly performing but also most complex media to be used, in absolute terms, by companies and profes- sionals, who are being called upon to rediscover and learn how to drive such a pow- erful technology of communication, one that has a long life ahead of it yet.

To Mars and Beyond: Engineering Life as a Moral Duty

To Mars and Beyond: Engineering Life as a Moral Duty

CRISPER/cas9-Human Germline Gene Editing: Study of Islamic Ethical and Scientific Perspectives

The advancement of technology in medical science has just changed human lives, as well as biomedical innovations are making human lives better but lesser harmful. In past, scientifically and religiously approved techniques such as testtube baby & human stem cells therapy have served humanity especially infertile and connubial parents. Nowadays, the advancement in CRISPER/cas9 technology which is about human germline gene editing, just rekindled the religious and ethical concerns, especially in Islamic perspectives. Although, human germline genome editing and modification have been started decades ago claims about disease prevention strategies have raised many religious concerns such as tampering with God’s creation, human dignity, safety and efficacy of the technology, and human genetic enhancement. This kind of editing might result in inheritable changes in the human genome. So, questions about its status whether it should be allowed or not, need deep & serious study from religious and ethical perspectives. This study will encompass Islamic perspectives on these concerns in the light of ethical principles of Islam while considering and assessing the permissibility or lawful status of CRISPR/Cas9 mediated human germline gene editing. This research study also aims to address the controversial discussions among Muslim jurists regarding human germline gene editing as well as to comprise the related ethical regulations and concerns.

From the Editor

From the Editor Brenda Machosky On Editing Dedicated to the Memory of Helen Tartar, editor extraordinaire Before I wrote my first book, I didn't fully understand how the "editor" really worked. In shepherding that first book to publication, I had the good fortune and excellent guidance of Helen Tartar, longtime humanities editor at Stanford University Press, underappreciated there and in a fit of downsizing, forced to relocate to Fordham University Press, where she was given the means and the opportunity to flourish, especially in her forte, working with young scholars. My book had its particular fits and starts and a bit of a challenge getting past the review board. I'll never forget sitting with Helen at a book exhibit, probably at the American Comparative Literature Association annual convention, a moment of quiet while everyone was in sessions, and figuring out the last revisions to my manuscript. It wasn't a long conversation, or a demanding one, but somehow, she was working her magic. I left that convention knowing exactly what I needed to do, and I marveled at her ability to help me figure that out. At that point, I started to know what an editor could do, to understand when writers talked about "my editor" and all that this relationship implied. I realized the full power of a talented and successful editor at the memorial service for Helen Tartar after her untimely death, again at a meeting of the American Comparative Literature Association in New York City. Attendees were encouraged to bring copies of their books to display—too many to count and an awesome display of her range. But the stories told by those, like me, who were fortunate enough to work with her as an editor, deepened my understanding of what a good editor can do. Here were people, now well respected and established scholars, talking about their own "quiet moments" receiving her advice to get their struggling books through to publication. So now I am an editor, of a journal, a different kind of editing, and I am new at it. After a few issues in which I have learned the process, how to work with the publishing platform, and started to develop systems for solicitation and reviewers, I can now reflect on what it means to be an editor of this journal, Antipodes, and the editorial decisions I have already started to make. As I reviewed this issue's content, while simultaneously working on new submissions and calls for future issues, I started to reflect on my role, and responsibility, as an editor. The people I've admired most in academia have all been like Helen. They make the time to "pay it forward" to the next generation. Kuleana is an untranslatable Hawaiian word for something like fundamental responsibility. As an editor, my kuleana is to treat each submission with respect and encouragement. Teaching at a university without graduate students, editing is an opportunity for me to work with scholars making [End Page 3] their way into publishing, as an associate editor at Speculum did for me with my first article (when I barely knew what a page proof was, and the proof came in the mail!). And being an editor is a growth opportunity for me as I work with established scholars on publication. In editing a journal sponsored by an organization, the American Association of Australasian Literary Studies (AAALS), I have been thinking of ways to make the project of each issue more shared, more collective. In the first issue I edited, there was already a special section devoted to the work of Alexis Wright, edited by Belinda Wheeler (33.1). And then, fortuitously, an opportunity to publish a special section on the topic of Southeast Asian Diasporic literature in Australia emerged from a Modern Language Association convention session that AAALS cosponsored (33.2). With volume 34, a pattern established itself, with a featured writer in the first issue of the volume and a special topic in the second. In this first issue of volume 34, Peter Mathews has edited the featured writer section about Brian Castro, and following, Eva Rueschmann is editing a special topic on film in...

Moving Beyond 'Therapy' and 'Enhancement' in the Ethics of Gene Editing.

Since the advent of recombinant DNA technology, expectations (and trepidations) about the potential for altering genes and controlling our biology at the fundamental level have been sky high. These expectations have gone largely unfulfilled. But though the dream (or nightmare) of being able to control our biology is still far off, gene editing research has made enormous strides toward potential clinical use. This paper argues that when it comes to determining permissible uses of gene editing in one important medical context-germline intervention in reproductive medicine-issues about enhancement and eugenics are, for the foreseeable future, a red herring. Current translational goals for gene editing research involve a different kind of editing than would be required to achieve manipulation of complex traits such as intelligence, and there are more pressing (and unresolved) questions that need attention if clinical use of gene editing in reproductive medicine ever becomes a possibility.

Experimental analysis of the effect of standards on compliance and performance

AbstractLegal directives – whether laws, regulations, or contractual provisions – can be written along a spectrum of specificity, about which behavioral and legal scholarship present conflicting views. We hypothesized that the combination of specificity and monitoring promotes compliance but harms performance and trust, whereas the combination of specificity and good faith enhances both the informative goal‐setting aspects of specificity and people's sense of commitment. To test these hypotheses, we used a 2x2x2 experimental design in which participants were instructed to edit a document with either general or detailed instructions, with a reference to good faith or without it, and with a review of the work or without it. Participants could engage in various levels and kinds of editing, allowing us to distinctly measure both compliance and performance. When participants require information and guidance, as in the case of editing, we found that specificity increases performance relative to the vague standard condition. We discuss the characteristics of the regulatory frameworks in which our findings are especially relevant.

Analysis of the Translation Strategies of Ku Hungming’s English Version of Zhongyong from the Perspective of Skopos Theory

Zhongyong as one of the most important Chinese Confucian classics is gems in the history of Chinese civilization. It has been translated into many foreign languages. There are many kinds of editions just for English translation. With the development of globalization and openness of the continuous improvement, the English version of Zhongyong plays an important role in the transmission of Confucianism and Chinese ancient philosophy. This paper, based on the Skopos theory, analyzes the purposes of Ku Hungming’s translation of ZhongYong and the translation strategies used to achieve his translation purposes, which contributes to the readers’ better understanding of Ku’s translation of Zhongyong and its practical and instructive meanings in Chinese culture transmission.

The potential and pitfalls of editions in educational contexts

By the example of school reformer and education scholar Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827) along with editions of his writings and correspondence, this article examines the relationship between sources, research traditions, historiography, and the production of editions. What emerges is that those sources that have been turned into editions for use by researchers exercise a significant influence on the issues researchers explore and on historiography, while the kind of historiography dominant at any given moment has always privileged a particular kind of edition. In light of two examples, this paper elaborates on the problems this creates for historiography after the linguistic turn and how these can be minimized – in significant part by tapping the potential of digital editing.
 
 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15572/ENCO2014.04

The potential and pitfalls of editions in educational contexts

By the example of school reformer and education scholar Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827) along with editions of his writings and correspondence, this article examines the relationship between sources, research traditions, historiography, and the production of editions. What emerges is that those sources that have been turned into editions for use by researchers exercise a significant influence on the issues researchers explore and on historiography, while the kind of historiography dominant at any given moment has always privileged a particular kind of edition. In light of two examples, this paper elaborates on the problems this creates for historiography after the linguistic turn and how these can be minimized – in significant part by tapping the potential of digital editing. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15572/ENCO2014.04

An Experimental Analysis of the Effect of Specificity on Compliance and Performance

Legal directives, whether laws, regulations, or contractual provisions, can be written along a spectrum of specificity, about which behavioral and legal scholarship present conflicting views. We hypothesized that the combination of specificity and monitoring promotes compliance but harms performance and trust, whereas the combination of specificity and good faith enhances both the informative goal-setting aspects of specificity and people’s sense of commitment. To test these hypotheses, we used a 2x2x2 experimental design in which participants were instructed to edit a document, either with general or detailed instructions, either with a reference to good faith or without it, and either with monitoring or without it. Participants could engage in various levels and kinds of editing, allowing us to measure distinctly both compliance and performance. When participants require information and guidance, as in the case of editing, we found that specificity increases performance relative to the vague standard condition. We discuss the characteristics of the regulatory frameworks in which our findings are especially relevant.

Préludes , and: Balladen = Ballades , and: Ballades Op. 23, Op. 38, Op. 47, Op. 52 (review)

Reviewed by: Préludes, and: Balladen = Ballades, and: Ballades Op. 23, Op. 38, Op. 47, Op. 52 Jonathan D. Bellman Frédéric Chopin. Préludes. Herausgegeben von = edited by Norbert Müllemann. Fingersatz von = Fingering by Hermann Keller. (Urtext.) München: G. Henle Verlag, 2007. [Preface in Eng., Fre., Ger., p. iv–xiv; sigla used in footnotes, p. 1; score, p. 2–59; commentary in Eng., Ger., p. 61–71 (detailed critical commentary in Ger. only at www.henle.de). ISMN M-2018-0882-6; ISBN 979-0-2018-0882-6; pub. no. HN 882 (paper), HN 883 (cloth). $25.95 (paper), $45.95 (cloth).] Frédéric Chopin. Balladen = Ballades. Herausgegeben von = edited by Norbert Müllemann. Fingersatz von = Fingering by Hans-Martin Theopold. (Urtext.) München: G. Henle Verlag, 2008. [Preface in Eng., Fre., Ger., p. v–xvii; sigla used in footnotes, 1 p.; score, p. 1–55; commentary in Eng., Ger., p. 57–74 (detailed critical commentary in Ger. only at www.henle.de). ISMN M-2018-0862-8; ISBN 979-0-2018-0862-8; [End Page 857] pub. no. HN 862 (paper), HN 863 (cloth). $28.95 (paper), $43.95 (cloth).] Fryderyk Chopin. Ballades Op. 23, Op. 38, Op. 47, Op. 52. Edited by = Herausgegeben von = éditée par Jim Samson. (The Complete Chopin: A New Critical Edition.) (Urtext.) London: Edition Peters, 2006. [Frontispiece (facsim.), p. [ii]; preface in Eng., Fre., Ger., p. iii–x; score, p. 1–57; notes on editorial method and practice in Eng., p. 59–60; critical commentary in Eng., p. 61–69. ISMN M-57708-258-5; ISBN 979-0-57708-258-5; pub. no. Edition Peters no. 7531. Paper. $19.95.] One of the standard components of undergraduate- and graduate-level bibliography classes is a unit examining a variety of contrasting editions of music: facsimile, diplomatic transcription, urtext, scholarly edition, performance edition, study score, and editions that seek to combine elements of two or more types. Such a pedagogical exercise underscores the validity of all of these different kinds of editions, depending on user need. One size does not fit all; the needs of a piano student playing her first Chopin prelude, for example, are not the same as those of the Chopin scholar, or the graduate student in musicology reviewing large portions of the repertoire for qualifying examinations. The lesson is that different kinds of editions are conceived with such different purposes in mind. Similarly, each new edition—particularly of Chopin, whose music is not exactly hard to find—should likewise have a reason for being. If there is to be a new performance edition of Chopin’s works, it ought to respond to a specific need, and to offer some improvement over previous editions: improved fingerings and editorial apparatus, better readability, perhaps a deeper-context approach to variants. If it is a new scholarly or scholarly-performance edition, it is reasonable to hope for new information: more up-to-date scholarship, reconsideration of sources or access to new ones, or perhaps a deeper editorial consideration before performance suggestions are made about the relevant historical-notational conventions and performance practices. Consider, for example, the ongoing Complete Chopin: A New Critical Edition of that composer’s works from Peters. As of this writing, four volumes are out: the preludes, edited by Jean-Jacques Eigeldinger; the ballades, edited by Jim Samson; the Waltzes, edited by Christophe Grabowski; and the Piano Concerto no. 1, edited by John Rink. Future volumes will appear under the editorship of these same and others such as Anatole Leikin. The only fingerings that are included are those authentic to the composer, such as those he notated in his students’ scores. A philosophical statement (more on this matter shortly) is provided in each volume, and alternate versions of certain works are also included, in appendices. The entire project brings together many of the top names in contemporary Chopin scholarship. (For chopinistes of indefatigable curiosity, mention should also be made of the Chopin Early Editions project of the Special Collections Research Center at the University of Chicago Library, http://chopin.lib.uchicago.edu/ [accessed 18 February 2009]. High-quality digital images of a variety of first and early...

Problems in Editing John Donne's Letters: Unreliable Primary Materials

AbstractThis paper is part of a Literature Compass panel cluster on the forthcoming Oxford edition of Donne's letters.Margaret Maurer introduces the cluster which offers papers by the three editors and seeks to examine the new directions the edition will pursue. The papers were originally delivered to the members of the John Donne Society in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in February 2008.The cluster is made up of the following articles:‘The Oxford Edition of Donne's Letters: Well Underway’, Margaret Maurer, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00598.x.‘“Apparitions, and Ghosts”: H(a)unting Donne's Letters’, M. Thomas Hester, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00599.x.‘“Only in Obedience” to Whom? – The Identity of a Donne Correspondent’, Dennis Flynn, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00600.x.‘Problems in Editing John Donne's Letters: Unreliable Primary Materials’, Ernest W. Sullivan, II, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00601.x.***This essay examines some of the difficulties in producing the kind of edition of Donne's prose letters that everyone would like – one that establishes the canon, dates, recipients, and texts that accurately represent what Donne wrote. By examining the texts of the two Donne letters that survive in holograph as well as in various seventeenth‐century printings (letters to Edward Herbert and Lady Kingsmill) as well as one to the Duke of Buckingham that survives in holograph and in a nineteenth‐century transcription and printings, I show how editorial intervention and physical degradation have so compromised the texts of some of the letters in Donne's Letters to Severall Persons of Honour (1651) and A Collection of Letters, Made By Sr Tobie Mathews (1660) and even in the holograph to Buckingham that the surviving texts (including their dates and recipients) of nearly all of Donne's letters are problematical. Worse, the evidence shows that the changes to the originals would not have been recoverable had these few holographs not survived. Any edition of Donne's prose letters, then, will have to attend to risk assessment as well as to the traditional features of an edition.

Standing in Rich Place: Electrifying the Multiple-Text Edition or, Every Text is Multiple

Back in 1996, W. Speed Hill listed eight different kinds of editions being created by current editors, one of which was the hypertext edition. In the ten short years since then, the hypertext edition has blossomed to the extent that it includes within its one category many of the different kinds of editions Hill listed. This paper reviews the way the electronic medium has been used thus far in the development of editions, discusses some of the challenges that editors face as they work in the new medium, and explores issues in the further development of electronic texts, especially in the way that multiple versions and meanings can more accurately—and more dramatically be represented in a medium that allows for a dynamic rather than static text.

The Publishing of John Tillotson's Collected Works, 1695–1757

Abstract This article investigates the publishing history of John Tillotson’s collected sermons in the early and mid-eighteenth century. Evidence from imprints and other printed and manuscript sources is used to establish how much the Tillotson copyright was worth, who owned it, and what kinds of editions of the sermons were produced. Publishing Tillotson’s works was a significant and profitable part of the business of many leading London booksellers. The publishing history of the sermons thus sheds light on important features of the trade in this period, such as the activities of wholesaling and copyright-owning congers, the booksellers’ sales of copyright, and the relationship between the London and Scottish trades. Detailed consideration of the editions produced by Brabazon Aylmer and Richard Chiswell also reveals the impact individual booksellers could have on the books they published.

The Book Unbound: Editing and Reading Medieval Manuscripts and Texts (review)

Reviewed by: The Book Unbound: Editing and Reading Medieval Manuscripts and Texts Daniel J. Ransom Siân EchardStephen Partridge, eds. The Book Unbound: Editing and Reading Medieval Manuscripts and Texts. Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press, 2004. xx+236 pp. $50.00 cloth. This collection of essays has its origin in a 1999 workshop organized by the editors. The intended focus was to be codicology, and one assumes that the title of the book reflects that early intention. In the event, other aspects of editing and studying texts were emphasized, and the title serves to hint at these interests as well. That is, the book to be unbound is not the ancient codex but the modern edition. And it is to be unbound in two senses. First, as a book publication, the modern edition need not be hogtied by theories of editing. Second, many of the essays point toward and encourage electronic, web-based editions, “texts” that are not bound between covers. Of course, an electronic edition is also unbounded, unconstrained by the limits of conventional publishing. Some of the essays seek to show, in particular cases, what opportunities electronic formats can provide. It should be noted that most of the essays, while they do address editorial issues, are essentially briefs for editorial projects undertaken by the contributors. And each clarion call for one kind of editing is made, at least in part, to validate the project in hand. Thus broader debates regarding editorial practice are addressed only briefly and intermittently. One consequence of this orientation is that, with the exception of Joan Grenier-Winther's description of how to set up an electronic database for a web-based edition, the essays speak less to editors than to scholars interested in the texts under discussion. That said, I should also observe that for the most part the discussions are learned and interesting. Three of the essays consider the diachronic study of texts, with an eye not necessarily on the original version but on an altered version. Anne L. Klinck, who completed an edition of the Southern Version of Cursor Mundi begun by Sarah Horrall, offers telling remarks aimed at those who theorize [End Page 243] editing but do not put their theories to the test of application. And she calls attention to the sleight of hand practised by one proponent of textual mouvance (each version of a text has its validity) who cannot escape the analytical imperative of distinguishing between better and worse texts, between shifts that are accidental and meaningless and shifts that are deliberate and significant. In turn, Meg Roland proposes a parallel-text edition of the “Roman War” episode in the “Malory Documents.” Her proposal seems reasonable, but she never demonstrates its utility. Caught up in larger debates and peripheral matters, Roland provides merely a decorative sample of parallel texts, one that is not quite linked to the brief commentary that she offers. She cites comparative analyses of the Roman War section that have already been published by others but asserts simply that a parallel-text edition would highlight “the dynamic interaction of the two versions.” A more persuasive case for the study of mouvance by way of a comparative edition is made by Peter Diehl, who examines an inquisitor's manual as it existed in a fifteenth-century manuscript and in a sixteenth-century printed text. Substantial differences between the two versions allow one to trace cultural shifts, and an edition for this purpose would be especially valuable to scholars who are interested in the later era. That is, editions need not be founded on interest in original texts; rather, they must serve particular audiences. A more theorized discussion, titled “Toward a Disjunctive Philology,” is presented by William Robins, who offers some consideration of best-text and stemmatic editions in order to recommend, as a sort of compromise (or escape from the tyranny of these models), a parallel-text edition that highlights the very problems that editors must adjudicate. With a “best text,” one could juxtapose a “worst text” or a critical text (one's choice, as Robins observes about kinds of editions, “depends upon what you want to know”). He prefers this approach to...

Toasting Transformation I

This symposium pays tribute to the silver anniversary of the publication of Morton Horwitz's The Transformation of American Law, 1789-1860, which I will refer to as Transformation I so as not to confuse it with its equally celebrated and less excoriated sequel, The Transformation of American Law, 1879-1960: The Crisis of Legal Orthodoxy (Horwitz 1992). Twentyfive years out, most books are long forgotten, but Transformation I generated an astonishing impulse to commemorate this particular anniversary. I think this says something significant about the book's relationship to its audience, both at the time of its publication in 1977 and, even more interestingly, today. The three essays in this symposium originated as a session honoring the book and its author at the 2001 annual meeting of the American Society for Legal History. We also include here a response from Horwitz himself, who confined his participation in the session to a few self-effacing remarks (Horwitz 2003). Readers looking for the conventional academic review essay may profitably turn elsewhere (Tulsa Law Review 2002). But skipping the symposium is not recommended for those seeking enlightenment in the ways of the academy. Most publications bom in conference sessions undergo the kind of editing that strips them of the qualities that made them effective as oral presentations. These essays, which decisively succeeded in both entertaining and enlightening the large audience in attendance at the conference, possess a certain stylistic flair. Each one makes a substantive point about the book and links that point to the book's original reception while also charting the

SCHEMA: A Knowledge Edition Interface for Obtaining Program Code from Structured Descriptions of PSMs: Two Case Studies

The basic conjecture in this paper is that besides the basic libraries of tasks and problem-solving methods (PSMs), it is necessary to develop two complementary twin libraries. One of them consists of knowledge-acquisition schemas, as they are required by PSMs, and the other one contains those PSMs‘ reduction methods, from the knowledge level to the symbol level. In order to support this conjecture, we first describe the reduction method fundamentals based on hierarchical graphs representing the underlying computational model. Then we shall comment on the development of the SCHEMA interfaces by using this interface, we can directly obtain the program code, provided the task knowledge, PSM, and application domain are edited following the knowledge acquisition schemas by means of structured natural language sentences. This kind of editing unmistakably and in reversibly establishes the relationships with the underlying model. Since the reduction method links the underlying model with the program code, the reduction process is completed. Conversely, we can retrieve the underlying model graph and the knowledge-level model from the program code because of the reversibility of the reduction method. In order to make clear the reduction method and SCHEMA interface functioning from the user viewpoint, we shall apply them to a classification and diagnose generic task (Hierarchical Classification), which will be decomposed by using the “Establish and Define” PSM, and another task to carry out a plan, which will be decomposed by using the “act-check-decide” PSM. We shall finish this paper with a reflection on the knowledge-level modelling and the necessity of an increase of the available reduction methods and knowledge acquisition schemas which are included in our SCHEMA interface.

Sources vs. Text: An “Integrated Edition of Sources”

The aim of this note is to attract attention to a new venture in scholarly publication—Beatrix Heintze's Alfred Schachtzabel's Reise nach Angola, 1913-1914. Und seine Sammlungen für das Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. Rekonstruktion einer Ethnographischen Quelle (Köln, 1995), the first issue of Afrika Archiv, a new series to be devoted to text editions. That this is not to be confused with an ordinary text edition is already intimated by the work's title, which translates as Alfred Schachtzabel's Voyage to Angola, 1913-1914, and his Collections for the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. Reconstruction of an Ethnographic Source. In other words, it speaks of a “reconstruction” and “a source edition,” not “text edition.” As well, Heintze is described as the author of this book rather than the editor. Yet she presents the work as a new kind of edition—the “integrated edition of sources.”Heintze is an experienced text editor, having published both a voluminous conventional collection of documents and a set of ethnographic drawings. Yet when she examined the surviving documentation pertaining to Schachtzabel's expedition in Angola, she became convinced that a standard edition of all his work would be unwise. The unpublished materials at hand are too disparate and slender.

The Texts of Twelfth Night

To all appearances, Twelfth Night has one of the least problematic texts in the Shakespearean canon. Unlike Hamlet and King Lear, each with one Folio and one or more Quarto versions, Twelfth Night has a single text because the play only appears in the Folio. Moreover the Folio edition is remarkably clean and free of error. Consequently, the text of Twelfth Night appears particularly stable. Only the most extreme of textual critics would claim that the first Folio constitutes a flawed text because the stage direction in the middle of act 1, scene 5 reads enter Violenta instead of enter Viola.' Yet even that small typographical error, and the subsequent correction of the name in later Folios, mark the text as a copy, subject to the same kinds of editing that the new textual bibliographers have examined in other Shakespearean plays. The implications of their work reveal the multiplicity of the apparently single text of Twelfth Night. The impetus for the recent interest in editing begins in plays such as Lear where editors have combined the Folio and Quarto versions of the play to produce a King Lear that is neither. As critics such as Michael Warren and Randall MacLeod point out, we have been reading the works of editors and assuming that we are reading the work of Shakespeare. This revelation has inspired an increasing interest in the problems of editing Shakespeare's texts and in the implications of the ways past editing influences what we think about these plays.2 Such explorations have led, in the case of King Lear, to a radical reconsideration of the texts we use. In The Division of the Kingdoms an array of convincing arguments asserts that, because the first Quarto and the Folio of Lear are sufficiently different in structure and characterization, they must be considered as separate texts.3 As a result, the new Oxford edition of Shakespeare's works includes two versions of King Lear.4 As Barry Adams has argued, even in a play such as Twelfth Night, where we have only one text, editors have manipulated the text in ways that alter meaning. Adams's concern is with Rowe's emendations of lines nine through fourteen of the first scene, which include changes in capitalization, spelling and punctuation. Adams argues

EDIT—an interactive network service; design and implementation

AbstractEDIT is a time‐sharing system which offers interactive services over the NPL network. These services include various kinds of editing, word processing, data movement and file control. The system is implemented on a PDP11/40 and can serve up to 30 users simultaneously, on high‐speed displays and other terminals. There is an attached background processor (PDP11/45) which supports graphics and background jobs.This paper describes the design and implementation of EDIT and relates this to the needs of the system and of its users.