Kind Of Duty Research Articles

Московский концептуализм в монологе с авангардом

This article is the first to explore the relationship of Moscow conceptual artists with the creative and moral legacy of the Russian avant-garde of the 1910s-1920s. In the 1960s, the previous generation of Soviet non-official artists resonated with the avant-garde legacy upon getting acquainted with it and attempted to continue the tradition seen precisely as a formal experiment. Meanwhile, the Moscow conceptualist circle recognized Russian avantgarde as a conceptual source for the consequent ideologization of the entire reality and as a project of the violent transformation of life. And if social realism was a more obvious opponent for conceptualists, the forbidden art of the avant-garde became its own Other, alien in a very close and uncomfortable sense. The relations articulated in Moscow conceptualism over several decades were different and ambiguous; they developed and evolved as the legacy of the avant-garde became more familiar and as the socio-political and cultural context changed. In the 1970s, the conceptual art practice did not seek a ‘dialogue’ with the avant-garde, and the reflections of the older generation of Moscow conceptualists were marked with intention to dissociate themselves from the avant-garde and its aesthetic systems (the discussion of the political engagement of the avantgarde was pushed forward for later reflections, mainly into the 2010s). The 1980s brought liberalization into the study and exhibiting of the Russian avant-garde, and its admiration became a kind of duty that was taken ironically by the next generation of Moscow conceptual artists. To get international recognition, contemporary Russian art required to establish any affiliation (negative, if not positive) with the brand of the ‘Russian avant-garde’. The artistic practice of Ilya Kabakov has radically escalated the polemics with the avant-garde, which was subsequently projected onto the entire Moscow conceptualism. However, the exploration into the history of Moscow conceptualism as a response to the avant-garde project reveals heterogeneity of such a response, comprising individual halftones and historical dynamics.

Refleksi Orientasi Pendidikan Islam Berbasis Kecerdasan Profetik

The orientation of Islamic education generally refers to two directions of interest, namely serving Allah SWT and understanding humans as caliphs on earth with various kinds of duties and responsibilities. The focus of this research is prophetic intelligence in growing the potential of Islamic life through the orientation of Islamic education at the Puncak Darussalam Islamic Boarding School and maintaining a good balance of relationships between individual intelligence (Intelligence Quotient), emotional intelligence (Emotional Quotient) and spiritual intelligence (Spiritual Quotient) which is prophetic. The figure of the Prophet Muhammad SAW as uswah hasanah or the best role model for mankind. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a single case study type. The important findings of this research are: (a) the growth of the potential for students' Islamic life and an environment based on prophetic intelligence (b) the maintenance of a good, balanced relationship between humans and their God as caliph on earth. These findings indicate the importance of Islamic boarding schools responding positively in managing students and their environment in accordance with the orientation of Islamic education and the Islamic boarding school's vision and mission

Barking up the wrong tree: when you do not hire a business lawyer, reality bites

Research methodology This case was developed from both primary and secondary sources. Primary sources were interviews. The secondary sources include legal opinions and journal articles. Case overview/synopsis In 2012, Scot and his co-owner, both experienced groomers, planned to open their own grooming business. Scott talked with his accountant about the best legal entity for their situation, and the accountant advised Scott that a limited liability company (LLC) would be the best choice. The accountant steered Scott to Legal Zoom, an online legal resource that helps people form business entities, including LLCs. A few years after starting their business, Scott and his co-owner reached an impasse: Scott wanted to expand the business; his co-owner did not. Scott talked with an attorney and learned that the standard form LLC operating agreement from Legal Zoom did not cover this kind of situation. How is an LLC formed? What are the consequences of a flawed LLC formation? What kinds of duties do accountants owe business owners? Complexity academic level This case was written for use in an undergraduate introductory business law course, an introductory accounting course or an accounting ethics course. The focus of the case supports classroom discussion for online and face-to-face instruction regarding business entity formation and fiduciary duties. Educators who use critical thinking in lessons to apply information about the roles of accountants and attorneys working with business owners can use this case to explore and discuss the impact ethical decisions can have on business owner clients. Learning objectives Through evaluating and examining this case, students will be able to: • understand what an LLC is and explain how one is formed; • recognize the consequences of flawed LLC business entity formation; and • articulate the roles of accountants in the formation of an LLC.

A Puzzle of Enforceability: Why do Moral Duties Differ in their Enforceability?

Abstract When someone is poised to fail to fulfil a moral duty, we can respond in a variety of ways. We might remind them of their duty, or seek to persuade them through argument. Or we might intervene forcibly to ensure that they act in accordance with their duty. Some duties appear to be such that the duty-bearer can be liable to forcible interference when this is necessary to ensure that they comply with them. We’ll call duties that carry such liabilities enforcement-apt. Not all duties seem to be enforcement-apt. Some, for example, accept that a person in a monogamous marriage has a moral duty to refrain from infidelity, but deny that a spouse can be compelled to comply with their duty to be faithful without transgressing her rights. More controversially, some think that our duties to assist others in severe need are not enforcement-apt. What could explain the contrast between duties that are enforcement-apt while and those that are not? We’ll call this the puzzle of enforceability and our paper considers three broad strategies for responding to it. The first strategy takes the form of identifying some substantive feature or features that are necessary and/or sufficient for a duty to possess some enforcement status. We consider a range of candidate explanations of this sort but find that none are plausible. The second strategy rejects the idea that there are genuinely enforcement-inapt duties and instead seeks to explain why there can nonetheless be marked differences amongst duties concerning how they can be enforced and who can enforce them. We find that this strategy too is largely unsuccessful. The third strategy offered seeks an explanation of differences in enforcement status by appeal to the broader social costs of enforcing certain kinds of duties. We find that this approach holds some promise but note that it requires adopting a controversial set of moral commitments. We conclude by considering our options in the absence of a solution to our puzzle.

Making robo-advisers careful? Duties of care in providing automated financial advice to consumers

ABSTRACT 'Robo-advisers' are digital tools that provide automated, personalised advice to consumers. The uses of robo-advisers, and the sophistication of the technologies behind them, are growing. One field in which robo-advisers have already become prominent is financial services, where they are being used to provide credit, budgeting, insurance and investment advice. Professional advisers are subject to a general law duty of reasonable care, which overlaps with requirements of suitability or best interests commonly imposed under financial services legislation. This article considers how these kinds of duties should be interpreted in applying to financial robo-advisers. It argues that the legal duty of reasonable care for automated financial advice requires regard not only to the risks familiar from human advisers, of self-interested or poorly suited recommendations, but also the risks arising from the use of digital technology in providing advice, including the possibility of misunderstandings in interactions with consumers, and arising from inaccurate, opaque and possibly biased models.

Understanding Short Text Through Lexical Semantic Analysis

Information of quick texts is crucial for many packages however there are many demanding situations. First, the fast texts do not constantly look at a written language’s syntax. As a end result, traditional natural language processing gear cannot be without problems applied, ranging from element-of-talk tagging to dependency parsing. second, brief texts usually do now not incorporate sufficient statistical signals to help a few of the state of play Thirdly, short texts are greater ambiguous land noisier, land are generated in a big quantity, which further will increase the problem of coping with them. We argue that semantic knowledge is important for better understanding of brief texts. on this paintings, we build a prototype gadget for short text expertise that takes advantage of semantic expertise furnished by using a famous know-how base and harvests it automatically Our methods for responsibilities which includes text segmentation, component-of-speech tagging, and idea labeling, inside the feel that during these kind of duties we awareness on semantic. We perform a complete evaluation of the overall performance on actual-existence facts. The outcomes display that semantic information is critical for the understanding of quick texts and our information-intensive technique.

Occupational competence needs analysis of welder on medium-scaled car body industries in Indonesia

The purposes of this research are 1) Identify the duties and 2) tasks of welders in medium-scale welding industries. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. The research objects are 4 welders and 3 supervisors/chief productions from two medium-scale car body industries in Magelang, Indonesia. The data collection techniques used are documentation, observation, and interview. The data analysis techniques used are descriptive analysis and DACUM research chart which are validated by an expert’s judgment. This research manages to identify (1) six kinds of duties (plan the job, machinery and equipment preparation, material welding, inspect welding results, fix welding results, maintain machinery and equipment) and (2) seventeen kind of tasks that are executed by welders in medium-scale car body welding industries, twenty three knowledge and skills, nine working attitudes that should be owned by a welder, and at least nineteen kind of machines and supporting equipment in which the operation should be mastered by a welder in medium-scale welding industries.

Capabilities, Freedom and Severe Poverty

Severe poverty is a key challenge for theorists of global justice. Most theorists have approached this issue primarily by developing accounts for understanding which kinds of duties have relevance and how responsibilities for tackling severe poverty might be assigned to agents, whether individuals, nations or states. All such views share a commitment to ending severe poverty as a wrongful deprivation with profoundly negative impact on affected individuals. While much attention has prioritised identifying reasons for others to provide relief, this chapter will examine the nature of the wrongful deprivation that characterises severe poverty. One influential view is championed by Martha Nussbaum in her distinctive capabilities approach. An individual might be considered to experience severe poverty where she is unable to enjoy the use of her capabilities which should be available to her. But this position raises several questions. Take the fact that about 1 billion people are unable to meet their basic needs today. Would the capabilities approach claim the number is much higher given its wider grasp of human flourishing beyond mere material subsistence – and what implications would flow from this? Or would the capabilities approach claim only a portion of those unable to meet their basic needs are in a wrongful state because their circumstances are a result of free choice – and what would this mean? These questions indicate a potential concern about whether the approach is over- or under-inclusive and why. This chapter will proceed by first providing a general overview of Nussbaum’s capabilities approach providing an indication about how her list of ten capabilities might be reformulated differently. The next section applies this approach to severe poverty in a critical discussion of how such poverty is best understood within the capabilities framework. The penultimate section considers the importance of freedom and choice that underpins the approach and its implications for how we apply it to severe poverty. The chapter ends with some concluding remarks about the broad limitations for understanding severe poverty as a kind of capabilities deprivation.

Hohfeld on the duties in privileges and claims

Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld was an American jurist who published a series of articles that were very important for 20th century analytical philosophy of right. Since they appeared, it has become common to distinguish between four kinds of right, one for each of the four ‘Hohfeldian incidents’: privileges (or liberties), claims, powers and immunities. Although Hohfeld’s theory has drawn much attention, very little of it has been directed to his concept of duty. In this article, I offer a clarification of this concept that takes into account both Hohfeld’s original intentions and the new uses that have been made of his theory. In section I, I analyze and clarify the definition of the concept of duty that we find in Hohfeld (1913) to show that it was employed in order to denote a legal obligation and that this use is purely descriptive. In section II, I discuss what kinds of duties may appear as correlatives of privileges and claims inside a Hohfeldian model. In section III, I conclude with a brief summary of the argument. Keywords: Hohfeld, rights, duties, privilegio, demanda.

Değişen Dünyada Değişen Okul

Bu çalışmada okul paydaşları tarafından değişen okul ortamının ve iyi bir okulun günümüzde nasıl ifade edildiği, paydaşlar gözüyle okulun değişen dünya standartlarında hangi görev ve sorumlulukları üstlendiği açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırma nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden olgubilim desenindede yürütülmüştür. Çalışma idareci, öğretmen, öğrenci ve velilerden oluşan toplamda 8 katılımcı ile yürütülmüştür. Verilerin toplanmasında yarı yapılandırılmış açık uçlu görüşme soruları kullanılmıştır. Veriler betimsel ve içerik analizi yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, okulun küresel değişimin getirdiği rekabet olgusunu benimseyen bir kuruma dönüştüğü, bireylerin akademik başarı dışında odaklandığı farklı bir konuları olmadığı, okulların bütünleştirici ve sosyalleştirici işlevlerinin kaybolduğu, geleceğe yönelik umutsuzluk oluşturduğu sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır.

How to Overcome Structural Injustice? Social Connectedness and the Tenet of Subsidiarity

Referring to the phenomenon of structural injustice resulting from unintended consequences of the combination of the actions of many people, Iris Marion Young claims for a new understanding of responsibility. She proposes what she calls a social connection model of responsibility which assigns responsibility to individuals also for participating in ongoing structural and social processes. To remedy structural injustice Young claims for collective action of various actors in society and assigns different degrees of responsibility depending on the agent’s position within the structural process. However, although Young mentions power, privilege, interest, and collective ability as parameters influencing the degree of an actor’s responsibility to contribute to structural change she does not elaborate which responsibilities concern which groups in society. As we will outline in our contribution, we hold the tenet of subsidiarity to be a useful supplement to the conception of Iris Marion Young which would allow for assigning such responsibilities to different layers in society. However, since the tenet of subsidiarity is only a supple principle which does not distinguish between different kinds of duties, we propose to enrich the tenet of subsidiarity by the Kantian conception of perfect and imperfect duties.

Nalog u naslednopravnom zakonodavstvu Srbije i ostalih zemalja Evrope

When it comes to free acquisition, it is generally accepted that a person who gives a certain benefit to someone, can burden that same benefit with some kind of duty, within the limits set by the law. However, the previously said does not indicate that the purpose of the burden is to set the counteraction to free acquisition, nor it is related to the restriction of freedom of acquisition, but to allowed modifications. One of the aforementioned modifications is a precatory provision, which, in addition to conditions and deadlines, has found its place in the Inheritance law. Its legal effect is reflected in the constitution of the burden to a person designated by the deceased person. The authors examine: the concept and the effects of the precatory provision in terms of its fulfillment, as well as the consequences that occur when the precatory provision is not fulfilled; who can be a subject when it comes to the precatory provision, if there are any legaly binding corelations between them, what kind of consequences the aforementioned brings with it; as well as where lies boundary of precatory provision in relation to similar institutes. Special attention has been paid to the national legislation, with the overview of the current provisions of the former republics of SFRY, Russia, Bulgaria, Austria and Germany, for the purpose of examining the extent to which the domestic legislation of the precatory provisions is similar, that is, how much it deviates from above- mentioned European legislations. Having in mind that the drafting of Serbian Civil Code is in progress, authors use the opportunity to point out certain shortcomings of the legal solutions of the precatory provisions and also to emphasize possible direction in which these provisions could be de lege ferenda composed.

Europe’s commitments and failures in the refugee crisis

Liberal democratic states have three kinds of duties towards migrants and refugees. First, they should enhance their own citizens opportunities of free movement through entering reciprocity-based agreements with other states that are sufficiently similar or with whom they share a political union. Second, they should admit economic migrants if there are expected benefits for the receiving country, the sending country and the migrants themselves. Third, they have to allow for family reunification and to contribute to refugees protection because of their commitments to universal human rights. States can contribute to the latter goal by taking in refugees or by supporting other states that do so. In the international state system, a fair distribution of both types of burdens among all states cannot be secured. In the European Union, however, the principle of sincere cooperation and the need for coordination of refugee flows in the Schengen area of internally open borders combine a normative commitment with self-interests of states to overcome this prisoners’ dilemma. All the more tragic is the blocking of European solutions by unwilling member states who are ready to sacrifice European integration because they are not ready to accept their duties towards refugees.

On Health Justice. Some Thoughts and Responses to Critics.

On Health Justice. Some Thoughts and Responses to Critics.

The Use of Paraprofessionals in Electronic Resources Management: Results of a Survey

The authors surveyed 121 paraprofessionals employed in the management of electronic resources to gather information related to their institutions, education, and position descriptions. The authors sought not only to describe the kinds of work being performed by paraprofessionals in electronic resources, but also to explore correlations between institutional and educational variables and the kinds of duties being performed by electronic resources paraprofessionals. The authors discovered paraprofessionals performing a sizeable number of advanced duties and many holding advanced degrees but could find few predictive variables within our data correlating with the types of duties an electronic resources paraprofessional may be performing. In particular, holding an advanced degree seemed to yield little additional predictive power for ascertaining the level of an electronic resources paraprofessional's possible job duties.

Individual Duties Regarding Global Environmental Problems The Example of Climate Change

There now is a broad theoretical discourse regarding individual duties in which arguments for different kinds of duties as well as actions have been developed. The present paper aims at systematizing this discussion and offers an independent argument that there are duties beyond compliance with and promotion of institutions. The paper starts with some clarifications regarding duties to promote. Subsequently, the main section of the paper addresses the question whether individuals ought to reduce GHG emissions in their responsibility even if these do not contribute to promoting institutions via their communicative value. We first critically discuss objections against such a duty. In a second step, we justify the duty by further developing our so called fair share argument. Subsequently, we clarify the substance of these ‘fair share duties’ and show how they relate to duties to promote. In conclusion, we argue that there are three kinds of complementary, equally important duties: duties to comply with institutions, duties to promote institutions and individual behavioral duties not to exceed one’s fair share of emissions entitlements. The final section locates this tripartite distinction of duties in a framework of different levels of non-ideality.

Associative Duties and Global Justice

AbstractThis article examines the conflict between people's associative duties and their wider obligations of global justice. After clarifying the nature of associative duties, it defends the view that such duties may be civic in nature: obtaining between citizens, not just friends and families. Samuel Scheffler's 'distributive objection' to civic associative duties is then presented in the context of global distributive injustice. Three solutions to the objection are considered. One is that the distributive objection is more a philosophical puzzle than a practical problem because of the means by which global justice would be achieved. This is only partially correct. The second reply is that associative duties are additional to citizens' more cosmopolitan duties. This reply loses its purchase if global justice is conceived of in comparative terms. The third reply claims that associative duties are justified by genuine values and do not disappear even when over-ridden by more weighty moral concerns. While in practice, our duties to engineer global justice are likely to over-ride our associative duties in the near future, in ideal circumstances the two kinds of duties can co-exist.

Responsibilities and duties in the realm of work

Employee responsibilities are prior to working rights and they are an equally important part of business ethics. There are three main parts in articulation of these responsibilities: 1. general responsibilities and duties in the process of work and in workplace, where we face the challenges of honesty, confidence, reliability, and such. 2. specific professional duties tied with profession that has heghtened responsibility of some sort, where we may find characteristic virtues connected with those professions. 3. managerial duties and responsibilities based on specific positions of managers and leaders as deciders in most important issues in business. The decisions that managers and leaders have to make have great impact to all those involved in business, and temptations they face are hard and far-reaching. The issues analyzed in the paper include work discipline, loyalty to the company, conflicts of various kinds of interests, limits of obedience, virtues accompanying various kinds of duties and obligations. .

Mandatos y consejos en la filosofía práctica moderna

This paper addresses the traditional distinction between commands and advices in modern practical philosophy as doctrine of duties. The distinction plays an essential role in Christian Thomasius’ thought for his differentiation between distinct spheres of practical life, iustum, honestum and decorum , i. e. the spheres of law ( iustum ), proper ethics ( honestum ) and incoercible external behaviour – with ethical meaning –, including good manners ( decorum ). In Kant’s practical philosophy, the distinction between commands and counsels corresponds to the distinction between morality and prudence as pursuit of happiness. Moral life is ruled by moral law and by the idea of duty, that organizes in its own perspective the other aspects of practical activity and the different kinds of duties. As time passed, Kant is more and more interested to the historical realization of morality as Moralisierung through promotion of its external conditions such as pacific coexistence through the juridical law and improvement of intersubjective relations through Zivilisierung and good manners. Kant’s and eighteenth century’s doctrine of duties leave no space for a morality beyond duty as supererogation , a concept that has received a new attention in contemporary moral debate and can still be discussed in a Kantian perspective.

Feral? Why Blair wasn't all wrong

Former long-serving political editor of the BBC, Cole suggests that Blair’s attach on the British media – made in a speech as he prepared to vacate 10 Downing Street – was to a certain extent justified. “The recent burst of breast-beating about the loss of trust in the media has mostly been concentrated on broadcasting,” writes Cole. “But when you consider how many newspaper ‘scoops’ are not followed up by other papers, or even by the originator of the story, how many are never heard of again, you wonder whether trust in the printed word is being similarly eroded. Much of the blame for all this is put down to ‘spin’. Certainly the public relations trade, in which I include focus groups and public opinion polls, and not only in politics, but in business, the entertainment industry, and even charities, has gained an unenviable reputation for perverting the truth on behalf of its clients. This is where Tony Blair’s criticism of media obsession with ‘impact’ rings bells. Non-governmental organisation, charities, university researchers have all learned that the first sentence of their press release must contain a story. Sometime it is hyped. When I was news editor and deputy editor of The Guardian, we were very reluctant to print a story that claimed a forthcoming cure for cancer, lest it raised false hopes in patients and their families. Nowadays, researchers seem to claim cures for everything down to in-growing toenails, and gain publicity for them… The media do not operate in a vacuum. If we wonder why life is more strident today, we must look at others, including politicians, but also at ourselves. We have some kind of duty to truth, so far as we can discover what the truth is. But are we taking on the malignant forces that impede the search for truth as often as we ought?”