Kinds Of Diagrams Research Articles

Brain imaging provides insights about the interaction between instruction and diagram use for mathematical word problem solving

Diagram use is generally considered an effective strategy in solving mathematical word problems, and many teachers demonstrate the use of this strategy when they are teaching. Despite such demonstrations, however, the majority of students evidence poor, ineffective use of diagrams in problem solving. This may be due to a lack of task-appropriate instruction, but to date, there is inadequate evidence to support this idea. Therefore, the present study aimed to better understand the development of diagram use competence following the provision of task-appropriate instruction, focusing on both behavioral and neurophysiological evidence (i.e., brain activity, using functional near-infrared spectroscopy or fNIRS). Sixteen participants (mean age 15.7 years) were asked to solve mathematical word problems for which the use of tables (which is one kind of diagram) was deemed effective. Data collection progressed in three phases: (1) Pre-test without the demand for diagram use, (2) Pre-test with demand to use a table, and (3) Post-test (after participants received instruction on table use for problem solving). Although table use increased in Phase 2, it was only in Phase 3 that such use led to increases in correct answers. In Phase 3, fNIRS measurements also indicated an increase in blood flow to the frontal area (DLPFC and VLPFC) of the brain usually associated with working memory activity. These results demonstrate important neurophysiological changes resulting from task-appropriate instruction that promotes effective strategy use and improves learning performance.

Algorithms useful for calculating multi-component equilibria, phase diagrams and other kinds of diagrams

Phase diagrams are important in materials science. They consist of lines separating regions with different sets of stable phases and different kind of axes can be used. Many available phase diagrams are drawn directly from experimental information. However, they are closely related to the thermodynamic properties of the phases and can be calculated from thermodynamic models of the phases using the Calphad technique. This paper presents a set of algorithms to calculate equilibria and several kinds of diagrams using a very flexible set of conditions and axes. The algorithms can be applied to multi-component systems using model parameters in thermodynamic databases.

Umple: Model-driven development for open source and education

Umple is an open-source software modeling tool and compiler. It incorporates textual language constructs for UML modeling, including associations and state machines. It includes traits, aspects, and mixins for separation of concerns. It supports embedding methods written in many object-oriented languages, enabling it to generate complete multilingual systems. It provides comprehensive analysis of models and generates many kinds of diagrams, some of which can be edited to update the Umple code. Umple runs on the command line, in a web browser or in integrated development environments. It is designed to help developers reduce code volume, while they develop in an agile, model-driven manner. Umple is also targeted at educational users where students are motivated by its ability to generate real systems from their software models.

Big Bang Bifurcations in the Tantalus Oscillator Under Biphasic Perturbations

The Tantalus Oscillator is a nonlinear hydrodynamic oscillator with an attractive limit cycle. In this study, we pursue the construction of a biparametric bifurcation diagram for the Tantalus Oscillator under biphasic perturbations. That is the first time that this kind of diagram is built for this kind of oscillator under biphasic perturbations. Results show that biphasic perturbations have no effect when the coupling time is chosen over a wide range of values. This modifies the bifurcation diagram obtained under monophasic perturbations. Now we have the appearance of periodic increment Big Bang Bifurcations. The theoretical results are in excellent agreement with experimental observations.

Basins of Attraction in the Calculation of Critical Points

Critical point calculations are extremely useful in Chemical Engineering context, since the correct prediction of the critical coordinates are important in various situations (for instance, in enhanced oil recovery). In this work, we proposed the use of the basins of attraction to show the convergence behavior of two strategies for critical point calculations in a system with two critical points, formed by methane + hydrogen sulfide. This kind of diagram – with complex convergence patterns – justifies the development of robust methodologies to solve systems of algebraic equations with multiple solutions.

Do UML object diagrams affect design comprehensibility? Results from a family of four controlled experiments

Objective: The main objective of our study is to assess whether the use of UML (Unified Modeling Language) object diagrams improves comprehensibility of software design when this kind of diagrams is added to UML class diagrams.Method: We have conducted a family of four controlled experiments. We involved groups of bachelor and master students.Results: Results suggest that the use of object diagrams does not always introduce significant benefits in terms of design comprehensibility. We found that benefits strongly depend on the experience of participants and their familiarity with UML. More experienced participants achieved better design comprehensibility when provided with both class and object diagrams, while less experienced seemed to be damaged when using class and object diagrams together. Results also showed the absence of substantial variations in the time needed to comprehend UML models, with or without object diagrams.Implications: Our results suggest that it is important to be aware and take into account experience and UML familiarity before using object diagrams in software modeling.

Mapping the Relationship of Contributing Factors for Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease.

While detecting and validating correlations among the contributing factors to the preclinical phase of Alzheimer’s disease (pAD) has been a focus, a potent meta-analysis method to integrate current findings is essential. The entity-relationship diagram with nodes as entities and edges as relationships is a graphical representation that summarizes the relationships among multiple factors in an intuitive manner. Based on this concept, a new meta-analysis approach with this type of diagram is proposed to summarize research about contributing factors of pAD and their interactions. To utilize the information for enriched visualization, width and color of the edges are encoded with reporting times, number of pAD subjects, correlation coefficient, and study design (cross-sectional or longitudinal). The proposed Probabilistic Entity-Relationship Diagram (PERD) demonstrated its effectiveness in this research for studying pAD. Another kind of diagram with occurrence order for some factors was also proposed to provide sequential information of the factors. In addition, PERD could potentially develop into an online application named PERD-online, which would help researchers to pool findings on the same relationships and guide further tests to validate uncertain relationships in PERD. PERD as a generic graphical meta-analysis tool can also be applied in studying other multifactorial diseases.

A comparative study of linear and region based diagrams

Therearetwo categoriesof objects spatialinformation science investigates: actual objects and their spatial properties, such as in geography, and abstract objects which are employed metaphorically, as for visual languages. A prominent example of the latter are diagrams that model knowledge of some domain. Different aspects of diagrams are of in- terest, including their formal properties or how human users work with them, for example, with diagrams representing sets. The literature about diagrammatic systems for the repre- sentation of sets shows a dominance of region-based diagrams like Euler circles and Venn diagrams. The effectiveness of these diagrams, however, is limited because region-based diagrams become quite complex for more then three sets. By contrast, linear diagrams are not equally prevalent but enable the representation of a greater number of sets with- out getting cluttered. Cluttered diagrams exhibit inherent complexity due to overlapping objects, irrelevant details, or other reasons that impinge upon their legibility. This study contrasts both types of diagrammatic systems and investigates whether the performance of users differs for both kinds of diagrams. A significant difference can be shown regard- ing the number of diagrams that can be drawn within a fixed period of time and regarding the number of errors made. The results indicate that linear diagrams are more effective by being more restrictive and because region based diagrams show much clutter due to overlapping, coincident, and tangentially touching contours, as well as an overwhelming number of empty zones. Linear diagrams are less prone to errors and do not suffer from clutter.

Architectural Drawing - An Animate Field

Architectural drawing is changing because architects today draw with computers. Due to this change digital diagrams employed by computational architectural practices are often emphasized as powerful structures of control and organisation in the design process. But there are also diagrams, which do not follow computational logic worth paying attention to. In the following I will investigate one such other kind of diagram, a sketch diagram, which has a play-like capacity where rules can be invented and changed as you go. In that way, sketch diagrams are related to steered indeterminacy and authorial ways of directing behaviour of artefacts and living things without controlling this behaviour completely. I analyse a musical composition by John Cage as an example of a sketch diagram, and then hypothesize that orthogonal, architectural drawing can work in similar ways. Thereby I hope to point out important affordance of architectural drawing as a ¬hybrid between the openness of hand-sketching and the rule-basedness of diagramming, an affordance which might be useful in the migrational zone of current architectural drawing where traditional hand drawing techniques and computer drawing techniques are being combined with each other.

A Notation of Unified Modeling Language in various Areas

Any complex system is best understood by making some kind of diagrams or pictures. These diagrams have a better impact on our understanding. So if one looks around then it is realized that the diagrams are not a new concept but it is used widely in different form in different industries. UML diagrams are defined to understand a system in better and simple way. A single diagram is not enough to cover all aspects of the system. So UML defines various kinds of diagrams to cover most of the aspects of a system. Own set of diagrams can also be created to meet the users requirements. Diagrams are generally made in an incremental and iterative way. In this paper why one requires the UML is shown in brief. Importance of UML diagrams is also highlighted in this paper. Different criterion's of importance are elaborated. Here in the paper two broad categories of diagrams and then are again divided into sub-categories is shown: a) Structural Diagrams, b) Behavioral Diagrams. The picture of building blocks of UML diagram is also highlighted. Types of modeling describes how the user can draw different diagrams and in what areas these can be used. A description of web based UML is also given in this paper.

Evaluation of groundwater quality and contamination in drinking water basins: a case study of the Senirkent-Uluborlu basin (Isparta-Turkey)

Egirdir Lake is an important water resource protected by special regulations. The lake is located in the southwestern part of Turkey. The water quality of the lake is affected by the surface and groundwater sources coming from the basin. The quality of water in the study area is threatened by agricultural activities, anthropogenic effects and industrial areas. As an important water resource, both water quality and protection from contamination are serious issues. The present study aimed at examining the quality and contamination of surface and groundwaters in Senirkent-Uluborlu basin which is located in the surface discharging area of Egirdir Lake. It is concluded that there is a water recharge from the basin to Egirdir Lake with meanly 25,680,000 m3/year surface water and meanly 33,220,000 m3/year groundwater flows. Hydrogeological structure of the basin has been explained in the study. The hydraulic relation of aquifers with lake has been proven and the water quality has been evaluated by investigating the hydrogeochemical properties of groundwaters in the basin. Groundwater samples have been taken from 17 separate locations chosen representatively by taking into consideration the type of land usage in the basin. The hydrogeochemical analysis results of the water samples have been evaluated according to different kinds of diagrams and statistical methods and it has been seen that the waters in the basin are of CaMgHCO3 water type. According to the Stuyfzand Hydrogeochemical Classification Systems, the water of the basin is of G2-3-CaHCO3 + water type. The results of chemical analyses showed high concentrations of NO2 and NH4 which must be nil. In the study area, agricultural activities are probably the most significant anthropogenic sources of NO2 and NH4 contamination in groundwater. The high concentration values of NO3, Zn, Mn and Fe which were found in some water samples exceeding the safe limits of drinking purposes resulted from anthropogenic pollutions. It is recommended that more precautions have to be considered to protect the basin water from contamination.

Integral reduction by unitarity method for two-loop amplitudes: a case study

In this paper, we generalize the unitarity method to two-loop diagrams and use it to discuss the integral bases of reduction. To test out method, we focus on the four-point double-box diagram as well as its related daughter diagrams, i.e., the double-triangle diagram and the triangle-box diagram. For later two kinds of diagrams, we have given complete analytical results in general (4-2\eps)-dimension.

Complete Analyses on the Short-Distance Contribution of Bs → ℓ+ℓ− γ in the Standard Model

Using the Bs meson wave function extracted from non-leptonic Bs decays, we evaluate the rare decays Bs → ℓ+ℓ− γ (ℓ = e, μ) in the standard model, including contributions from all four kinds of diagrams. We focus on the contribution from the four-quark operators, which were not taken into account properly in previous studies. We find that the contribution is large, leading to the branching of Bs → ℓ+ℓ− γ being nearly enhanced by a factor 3 and up to 1.6 × 10−8. The predictions for such processes can be tested in the LHC-b and B factories in the near future.

Research on the Analysis Method of the Technology Roadmap Supporting Enterprise Technology Decision Based on Patent Text Mining

In this article, the method for generating technology roadmap based on patent text mining is put forward, and the algorithm of construction two kinds of diagrams, the product and technology effect matrix diagram and the product technology time evolution roadmap, are also presented. Using the method, technology policymakers and technology researchers can grasp the whole competition status, the relationship and the evolution process of the products and technologies.

A review method for UML requirements analysis model employing system-side prototyping

User interface prototyping is an effective method for users to validate the requirements defined by analysts at an early stage of a software development. However, a user interface prototype system offers weak support for the analysts to verify the consistency of the specifications about internal aspects of a system such as business logic. As the result, the inconsistency causes a lot of rework costs because the inconsistency often makes the developers impossible to actualize the system based on the specifications. For verifying such consistency, functional prototyping is an effective method for the analysts, but it needs a lot of costs and more detailed specifications. In this paper, we propose a review method so that analysts can verify the consistency among several different kinds of diagrams in UML efficiently by employing system-side prototyping without the detailed model. The system-side prototype system does not have any functions to achieve business logic, but visualizes the results of the integration among the diagrams in UML as Web pages. The usefulness of our proposal was evaluated by applying our proposal into a development of Library Management System (LMS) for a laboratory. This development was conducted by a group. As the result, our proposal was useful for discovering the serious inconsistency caused by the misunderstanding among the members of the group.

A Specific-domain Design Tool for FPGA-based Image and Video Processing System

The complexity of image processing algorithms using mathematical calculations grows from the nature of the image to be processed and the desired result. A hardware implementation of these algorithms for the needs of real-time and embedded systems improves performances. In this paper we present some existing approaches used for hardware systems modeling. We propose a new graphical tool for designing image and video processing embedded systems called VIP DESIGN (Video and Image Processing Design). The novelty of our approach is that we bypass the shortcomings of existing languages by providing a high level of abstraction through two kinds of diagrams: structural diagram and filter edition diagram. It also allows formal verification and automatic code generation for ASIC and FPGA implementation.

The mechanics of writing: Sol LeWitt, Stéphane Mallarmé and Roland Barthes

Sol LeWitt's text ‘Sentences on Conceptual Art’ is one of the most cited artists’ writings of the 1960s, a decade when the stagnation of modernist criticism prompted an increasing number of practitioners to theorise their work. Since then, art historians have deployed LeWitt's ‘Sentences’ to interpret his artistic practice, seeking access to the artist's intentions in these terse pronouncements. Others have highlighted the contradictory nature of LeWitt's writings, not least when they address the relationship between art and language (see above). But for LeWitt, the ‘Sentences’ were neither a key to understanding his work, nor a deliberate foil to that endeavour. Instead, he described them cryptically as: ‘an operational diagram to automate art’. This article takes seriously LeWitt's playful suggestion that his ‘Sentences’ are a kind of diagram which, rather than simply explaining his practice, might enable it to function mechanically. Although LeWitt's interest in the machine has been previously noted, the author traces his vocabulary to an article on ‘Mallarmé and Serialist Thought’ LeWitt read during the mid-1960s. Stéphane Mallarmé’s description of his Book as a ‘mechanism’ set in motion by an ‘operator’ proved highly influential for LeWitt, who adopted similar language in his writings on conceptual art. By exploring this encounter the author will highlight their shared, mechanical vocabulary, and a common urge to displace the author by constructing a permutational system. Another text by LeWitt took the form of an instruction manual, published alongside Roland Barthes's ‘The Death of the Author’ in a 1967 issue of Aspen magazine dedicated to Mallarmé. Issues of authorship, appropriation and homage were paramount during this prolific moment in the recent history of artists’ writings.

Integration of B Activity into a Global Design Process of Critical Software

The adequacy of the B method to produce a valid software implementation is well known, particularly in the guided transport domain. However, there is an important work to be performed using the informal specification before entering the B process. A lot of requirements are difficult to express and to assess using formal methods. The use of a human expertise cannot be avoided. The upstream requirements analysis may be assist with some graphical tool using UML notations. Nevertheless the main problem to be solved may be the choice of the adequate tool.Currently, there are several kinds of diagrams in the UML (Unified Meta Language) notation and they are partially redundant. Considering a more general point of view, an important human contribution is to choose the representation which is best adapted to the considered assessment problem. To give an example, before the implementation task, a global checking of the functional validity performed by an expert is relevant. In this case, a compact readable graphical model is useful. Furthermore, the dynamic aspects are better illustrated when this model can be simulated. High level Petri nets have both qualities of language power and formal modeling. Moreover, there are some dedicated simulation tools.The aim of this task is to provide a valid input into the B process. However, up to now, all requirements are not naturally integrated into the B process. Temporal requirements checking can be assisted using efficient tools.The assessment problem does not forbid using various complementary formalisms. The global approach consists in identifying which kind of services may be provided by a particular tool and to mix them with other ones in order to analyze a system. The model driven engineering (MDE) provides an interesting framework in order to transmit specifications and requirements from one representation to another.

A geometric approach to the estimation of radial railway network improvement

A geometric approach to radial railway network improvement is presented here. It uses what we have called ‘isochrone circle graphs’, a kind of diagrams that reflect the values of two variables, mixing ideas from isochrone maps and from polar area diagrams (unlike the former, the areas of the sectors are related to population, not to ‘geographical areas’ and, unlike the latter, they do not compute the square root of the values). Isochrone maps are normally used in presentations to give the flavour of the improvement of timings in a transportation network. Meanwhile, the ‘isochrone circle graphs’ used in this paper allow to easily compute an index of the impact of a proposed renewal or improvement of railway lines in a radial railway network. Moreover, the application developed, implemented in a dynamic geometry system, allows to dynamically explore the impact of each proposed change using sliders.

Using UML(VR) for the support of the test data generation

Software testing is the most common practice for assuring software quality. A method of supporting test data generation using information from different kinds of UML diagrams is presented in the paper. This method is based on the UML(VR) concept which is the extension of the standard UML by vertical relations which formally define relations between elements from different kinds of diagrams. Using these vertical relations, we are able to employ UML as a basis for test data generation in different kinds of tests (module-based, requirement-based, etc.). Such an approach gives us a unique possibility to choose the testing method depending on the actual needs.