Kinds Of Constituents Research Articles

On obligatorily fronted adverbials in German – the case of klar ‘of course’

In German, almost any kind of constituent can occupy the first position, the prefield, of a declarative clause.Either a constituent is moved there from a base position within the clause or it is filled by a semantically voidpronoun. Nevertheless, some expressions such as expressive adverbials rarely occur in the prefield. Meinunger(2022) refers to such expressions as ‘prefield-phobic’. But the opposite is also the case: some expressions onlyoccur in the prefield and not in other positions of the clause or with a different interpretation. An example ofsuch a ‘prefield-philic’ expression is the evidential sentence adverb klar, lit. ‘clear’. In the prefield it means ‘ofcourse’ (Klar weiß ich das! ‘Of course I know’), while it means ‘clearly’ in other positions of the clause (Erhat es ganz klar gewusst. ‘He has clearly known’). The article describes these uses and suggests that there aretwo sentence adverbs of klar with different histories. One means ‘clearly’ and has developed from the manneradverbial klar by extension of the scope. The other means ‘of course’ and has developed through reanalysis ofthe adjective klar used as an independent exclamatory utterance (Klar! ‘of course’) into a sentence adverb. Theanalysis is supported by diachronic evidence and appears to carry over to other prefield-philic expressions.

Impact of silica fume and PET fibre over the strength aspects of the concrete

In this exploratory research, PET fibre and silica fume were practised for the intensification of the commonplace concrete. PET fibre was practised at dissimilar proportions of 0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.25% & 1.50%, while the silica fume was practised at 0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10.0%, 12.5% & 15.0%. for practising the research work in efficient manner purest form of both kinds of constituents were purchased from India-Mart and the physical and chemical composition details for both the constituents were provided by them. Then several samples were prepared depending upon proportion of PET fibre and proportion of the silica fume. Then all the samplings were examined for resistance against the compressive loads, resistance against the tensile loads, resistance against the flexural loads, quality of the PET fibre-Silica fume based modified concrete and its water absorption. The outcomes of the compressive load application test reveals that with the usage of the silica fume most significant value was attained at 15 % practice of the silica fume. Then this silica fume was utilized in combination with the PET fibre. In this particular case most, significant value was gotten at 15% practice of the silica fume and 1.25% of PET fibre. These kinds of outcomes were mainly attained due to the highly reactive nature of the silica fume and it reacts with the cement in a more reactive manner and leads to improved outcomes. The outcomes of the flexural loads and tensile loads application test were similar to the application of the compressive loads and the maximum value in both the cases were attained at 15% practice of the silica fume and 1.25 % application of the PET fibre. It was mainly due to the high tensile strength of both silica fume and PET fibre. The outcomes of the rebound hammer and UPV examination were similar and the best and optimum results were gotten at 15% practice of the silica fume and 1.25 % application of the PET fibre. These kinds of outcomes were mainly attained due to the highly reactive nature of the silica fume and it reacts with the cement in a more reactive manner and leads to improved outcomes.

Simultaneous Extraction and Determination of Characteristic Steroidal Saponins and Homoisoflavonoids in Zhejiang Ophiopogon japonicus.

Zhejiang Ophiopogonjaponicus (ZOJ) is a specific variety of Ophiopogon japonicus with characteristic steroidal saponins and homoisoflavonoids, which are also main pharmacodynamic constituents with clinical effects, including curing inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. However, few analysis methods were applied to simultaneously and quantitatively determine two kinds of its constituents, and hazardous organic solvents are mostly used for extraction. In this study, a new validated simultaneous extraction and determination method for four characteristic steroidal saponins and homoisoflavonoids in ZOJ was established by ionic liquid-ultrasonic extraction (IL-UAE) combined with HPLC-DAD-ELSD analysis, which can be used for the quality control of ZOJ. Chromatographic separation was performed with a DAD wavelength at 296 nm, and the ELSD parameters of the drift tube temperature (DTT), atomizer temperature (AT), and nitrogen gas pressure (NGP) were set at 20% heating power, 70 °C, and 25 psi, respectively. The optimal IL-UAE conditions were 1 mol/L [Bmim]CF3SO3 aqueous solution, a liquid-material ratio of 40 mL/g, and an ultrasonic time of 60 min. The proposed method is reliable, reproducible, and accurate, which were verified with real sample assays. Consequently, this work will be helpful for the quality control of ZOJ. It can also present a promising reference for the simultaneous extraction and determination of different kinds of constituents in other medicinal plants.

A sequential separation of linderane and norisoboldine using supercritical fluid and ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction from Lindera aggregate

ABSTRACT Linderane (LDR) and norisoboldine (NOR) are two typical active compounds in Lindera aggregate (Sims.) Kosterm. In this study, a new method of sequential extraction of LDR and NOR from L. aggregate was developed by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (IL-UAE) for the first time. The suitable SFE with CO2 conditions for LDR were 60 min dynamic extraction time, 40°C temperature and 30 MPa pressure. And the optimal IL-UAE factors for NOR were 2.06 mol/L 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Bmim] Br) aqueous solution, 44 mL/g liquid–solid ratio, and 67 min ultrasonic time. Compared with the traditional extraction process, the sequential methods not only can obtain higher extraction efficiency, but also can realize the selective extraction for two different kinds of constituents with less consumption of traditional organic solvent. In addition, this environmentally friendly method could be used in a large-scale industry.

Valorization of harmful parthenium weed by its conversion into active charcoal

Studies in managing harmful parthenium weed by converting it into active charcoal have been described in this paper. Cheaply available calcium chloride has been used as a catalyst for the pyrolysis of parthenium weed. Although this preliminary study is limited to the use of two temperatures of pyrolysis with three ratios of catalyst to biomass, the results show ample scope for suggesting the use of active charcoal obtained for pollution abatement of effluents containing special kind of constituents, like large-size molecules.

Pharmacological Evaluation of Mentha spicata L. and Plantago major L., Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Anxiety and Insomnia in Colombian Caribbean Coast.

Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent, chronic, and disabling conditions that impose enormous health and economic costs both on individuals and on society. Medicinal plants are an invaluable source of bioactive metabolites that can be useful as new pharmacological treatment. Teas from Mentha spicata and Plantago major are employed by Colombian populations to treat stress and insomnia. This work was conducted to evaluate their anxiolytic and hypnotic properties. For this, we employed the Elevated Plus-Maze test and the sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis method using Wistar rats. Oral administration of M. spicata extract (1000 mg/Kg) significantly increased the exploration and time spent in the open arms, which indicates its anxiolytic activity. On the other hand, both M. spicata and P. major extracts (1000 mg/Kg) remarkably augmented the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital, suggesting a sedative and hypnotic effect of the plants extracts. In addition, the acute toxicological study demonstrated that the doses used did not induce mortality or toxicity effects at hepatic or renal level. The bioactivity seems to be related to several kinds of constituents, mainly phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and tannins. In conclusion, these results reinforce the potential use of these species in the therapy of anxiety.

Sequential extraction and separation using ionic liquids for stilbene glycoside and anthraquinones in Polygonum multiflorum

In recent years, ionic liquids (ILs) have received more attentions in green extraction and separation process as a kind of novel environment-friendly solvent, and their application in the field of natural products needs to be extended. In this paper, a new method of the sequential extraction for stilbene glycoside and anthraquinones from Polygonum multiflorum was developed for the first time and different ionic liquids was used and compared. It was found two benzothiazolium ILs including [BBth][Br] and [HBth][p-TSA] had good selectivity and high efficiency. In addition, the important extraction conditions were also investigated and optimized. Compared with the traditional acid/alcohol-water extraction process, the extraction assisted by ionic liquid not only can obtain higher yield in shorter time, but also can realize the selective extraction for two different kinds of constituents with less consumption. Furthermore, the recovery of target compounds and recycling of ionic liquid were also studied and it was found that solvent extraction combined with cation-exchange resin had the ideal recovery performance.

Pharmacological evaluation of the anxiolytic-like effects of Lippia graveolens and bioactive compounds

Context: Lippia species (Verbenaceae) are widely used in Latin America and Africa as folk medicine for their tranquilizing properties. Objective: To evaluate the anxiolytic-like effects and safety of Lippia graveolens Kunth. by exploring its aqueous and organic leaf extracts and identifying the responsible chemical constituents. Material and methods: Aqueous and organic extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol) were pharmacologically evaluated at several doses. Chemical constituents were identified using MS, NMR and GC-MS analysis. The isolated compounds (3 mg/kg, i.p.), extracts (1, 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p.), and the reference drug diazepam (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) were assessed in CD-1 mice using experimental behavioural models: open-field, cylinder, hole-board, plus-maze and sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis, as well as their acute toxicity (LD50). Results: After administration of the extracts and bioactive compounds, a significant anxiolytic-like response from 1 mg/kg, i.p. was observed, resembling the effect of diazepam. Major presence of thymol (33.40%) was observed in the hexane extract; whereas for the first time in this species a p-cymene + thymol mixture (9.78%), naringenin (0.18%) and cirsimaritin (1.16%) were obtained as bioactive constituents of the ethyl acetate crude extract. Acute toxicity was calculated to be LD50 = 1000 mg/kg for the crude hexane extract, lower in comparison to the other extracts analyzed (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg). Discussion and conclusion: Our results suggest that L. graveolens exerts anxiolytic-like activity involving many kinds of constituents, mainly of the terpenoid and flavonoid nature. These results reinforce the potential use of this species in the therapy of anxiety.

Integrating qualitative and quantitative characterization of Prunellae Spica by HPLC-QTOF/MS and HPLC-ELSD

The present study was designed to analyze the major constituents in Prunellae Spica and establish a method for simultaneous determination of two constituents contained in Prunellae Spica. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) technique was used to identify the constituents in the extractive of Prunellae Spica. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD) was used to simultaneously quantify two kinds of constituents contained in Prunellae Spica. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to compare the similarity and difference among samples from different regions of China. In the present study, 22 compounds were identified and some new fragmental pathways of triterpenic acids were discovered. An accurate and reliable HPLC-ELSD method was developed and validated for the first time to simultaneously quantify multiple constituents, including rosmarinic acid, maslinic acid, corosolic acid, betulin, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid in the extract of Prunellae Spica. (PCA) revealed some similarities and differences among different samples from different regions of China. In conclusion, our results from this study would be helpful in establishing a scientific and rational quality control method for Prunellae Spica.

Screening of active fractions with antithrombotic effect from Caragana jubata

The antithrombotic effect of Caragana jubata (Pall.)Poir.ethanolic extract (TE)was evaluated by inferior vena cava thrombosis in rats and acute pulmonary thrombosis in mice. To search for the bioactive fractions of TE, comparison on acute pulmonary thrombosis was made between the two main fractions of TE (TE-1 and TE-2). Besides, pharmacological effects of TE, TE-1 and TE-2 on bleeding time and clotting time were also studied. Reference substances combined with UPLC/DAD-q-TOF-MS were applied to identify the main six compounds and other chemical constituents of the TE. The results showed that TE could significantly reduce the rat thrombosis weight in all doses (P<0.01) and improve the protective rate to mice in medium and high doses (P<0.05). TE-2 showed a stronger effect on protecting the mice from paralysis or death and prolonging the bleeding time and clotting time than TE-1. Chemical constituents in TE mainly include isoflavones, pterocarpans and stilbenoids. Constituents in TE-2 were mainly isoflavones and pterocarpans, while those in TE-1 were mainly stilbenoids, which could be inferred that all of these three kinds of constituents may be responsible for the antithrombotic effects of Caragana jubata.

Ten Men and Women Got Married Today: Noun Coordination and the Intersective Theory of Conjunction

Œe word and can be used both intersectively, as in John lies and cheats, and collectively, as in John and Mary met. Research has tried to determine which one of these two meanings is basic. Focusing on coordination of nouns (liar and cheat), this paper argues that the basic meaning of and is intersective. Œis theory has been successfully applied to coordination of other kinds of constituents (Partee & Rooth, 1983; Winter, 2001). Certain cases of noun coordination (men and women) challenge this view and have therefore been argued to favor the collective theory (Heycock & Zamparelli, 2005). Œe main result of this paper is that the intersective theory actually predicts the collective behavior of and in men and women. And leads to collectivity by interacting with silent operators involving set minimization and choice functions, which have been postulated to account for phenomena involving inde€nites, collective predicates, and coordinations of noun phrases (Winter, 2001). Œis paper also shows that the collective theory does not generalize to coordinations of noun phrases in the way it has been previously suggested.

Study on quality standard of Eucommia ulmoides based on absorbed active components in rat plasma

The method was established for determination of geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid, pinoresinoldiglucoside, which are three kinds of constituents of Eucommia ulmoides absorbed into the blood components. LC-MS/MS technique was applied to determine the blood components of the bloodstream after administration of E. ulmoides extract. At the same time, HPLC was used for detection of the ingredients content of the blood sample from 23 batches of E. ulmoides. The results showed that geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid and pinoresinoldiglucoside are prototype into the blood in rats after oral administration of E. ulmoides extract, The linear range of geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid and pinoresinoldiglucoside was good, and the average recoveries geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid and pinoresinoldiglucoside were 98.69%, 100.8% and 98.39%, respectively. The method is simple and feasible with good reproducibility.

Chemical constituents and bioactivities of &lt;i&gt;Panax ginseng&lt;/i&gt; (C. A. Mey.)

Ginseng, Panax ginseng (C. A. Mey.), is a well-known Chinese traditional medicine in the Far East and has gained popularity in the West during the last decade. There is extensive literature on the chemical constituents and bioactivities of ginseng. In this paper we compiled the chemical constituents isolated and detected from ginseng including polysaccharides, ginsenosides, peptides, polyacetylenic alcohols, fatty acids, etc. Meanwhile we summarized the biological activities of ginseng, which have been reported over the past few decades, including: anti-aging activity, anti-diabetic activity, immunoregulatory activity, anti-cancer activity, neuroregulation activity, wound and ulcer healing activity, etc. Nevertheless, further studies to exploit other kinds of constituents and new biological activities of ginseng are still necessary to facilitate research and development in the future.

Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the Agastache mexicana extracts by using several experimental models in rodents

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAgastache mexicana is a plant that has long been used in large demand in Mexican folk medicine to treat pain, among others affections. Nevertheless, no scientific data confirming its use have been reported. The aim of this investigation was to examine the spectrum of antinociceptive activity of A. mexicana by using different experimental models of nociception in rodents. Material and methodsNociceptive activity was induced 30min post treatment of different doses of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from A. mexicana aerial parts. The writhing test in mice, and the formalin and plantar tests as well as the pain-induced functional impairment assay in rats (PIFIR model) were the experimental nociceptive models used. Antinociceptive response of the organic extracts was compared to that observed with the analgesic drug tramadol. ResultsA. mexicana organic extracts produced a dose-dependent and significant inhibition of the abdominal constrictions caused by 1% acetic acid injection (i.p.) in mice. A maximal antinociceptive effectiveness obtained with tramadol was also observed with the administration of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts in comparison to less effectiveness obtained with the methanol extract. At the same range of doses, A. mexicana organic extracts inhibited the behavioral responses in both phases of the formalin pain test, in which a more intense effect was observed in the inflammatory phase than in the neurogenic stage. With regard to the plantar test and PIFIR model, a significant but not dose-dependent antinociceptive response was observed at specific doses that depended on the organic extract evaluated. ConclusionThe antinociceptive activity of A. mexicana aerial parts depends on the intensity of the painful stimulus induced and involves different kinds of constituents. Our present results reinforce the use of this species in traditional medicine and its utility for pain treatment mainly associated with inflammation.

Vocative Syntax in Biblical Hebrew Prose and Poetry: A Preliminary Analysis

Vocatives are syntactically interesting items. On the one hand, they are intonationally part of a host sentence. On the other hand, they are only loosely linked syntactically with their host sentence and are not integrated into it as a clausal constituent. Previous descriptions of the vocative in Biblical Hebrew have largely considered the internal syntax of the vocative (e.g. the kinds of constituents that can be used as vocatives). The external syntax of the vocative, however, has been largely ignored. This article considers the external syntax of the vocative with respect to the locations in the host sentence that can serve as a niche for the vocative as an extrasentential element. Special attention is paid to the significant ways in which prose and poetry differ in this respect.

Are the Father and Son Different in Kind? Scotus and Ockham on Different Kinds of Things, Univocal and Equivocal Production, and Subordination in the Trinity

AbstractIn this paper, I examine how Scotus and Ockham try to solve the following problem. If different kinds of constituents contribute some difference in kind to the things they constitute, then the divine Father and Son should be different in kind because they are constituted by at least some constituents that are different in kind (namely, fatherhood and sonship). However, if the Father and Son are different in kind, the Son’s production will be equivocal, and equivocal products are typically less perfect than their producers. Therefore, the Son must be subordinate to the Father. In response, Scotus argues that different kinds of constituents do not necessarily result in different kinds of things, but Ockham rejects this, arguing instead that although the Father and Son are different in kind, they are still equal in perfection because of their identity with the divine essence.

Qualitative and quantitative determination of the caffeoylquinic acids on the Korean mountainous vegetables used for Chwinamul and their peroxynitrite-scavenging effect

Mountainous vegetables called chwinamul are used in Korea to promote health. Chwinamul was obtained from several plants belonging to the Compositae - e.g., Kalimeris yomena, Aster scaber, Solidago virga var. gigantea, Solidago viragaurea var. asiatica, Saussurea grandifolia, Ainsliaea acerifolia - were used for our experiments. Analytical methods for simultaneous determination of the caffeoylquinic acids (3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-di-O-dicaffeoyl-epi-quinic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-p-coumaroyl-caffeoylquinic acids) were established for chwinamul. The kinds of constituents were identified from HPLC chromatograms and it was possible to calculate the percentage (w/w) of seven of these compounds in the dried plants and in the extracts. The proportion of caffeoylquinic acids in the extracts ranged from 20.25 to 38.35%. Since it is known that peroxynitrite (ONOO(-))-scavenging is beneficial for amelioration of obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and even Alzheimer's disease, assays for peroxynitrite-scavenging activity were performed on the seven chwinamul plants. Of the tested extracts, the MeOH extract of A. acerifolia had the most potent effect (IC(50) 1.49 +/- 0.68 microg/mL). These results suggest that chwinamul vegetables can be used for treatment or prevention of peroxynitrite-related diseases.

Institutional Design and Information Revelation: Evidence from Environmental Right-to-Know

How governments design institutions for the revelation of information depends on how the costs and benefits are distributed across affected groups. In this study I examine the incidence of different kinds of constituencies and how governments give citizens access to information that affects them. A number of important studies have sought to understand the effect of such rules on the revelation of private information and policy outcomes, but we know little about the sources of those rules. Do the rules coincide with constituencies that benefit from their existence? Are they absent when strong constituencies can avoid bearing the costs of the rules? Using data on community “right-to-know” protections regarding environmental hazards, I compare the incidence of the benefits and costs of these design choices in the context of rules that reveal information and charge the cost of information revelation to the regulated community. The models show that the incidence of right-to-know protections depends on the presence or absence of constituencies that would enjoy their benefits or bear their costs. However, organizational costs limit the ability of affected constituencies to obtain institutional designs that reflect their interests.

The Unity of a Tractarian Fact

It is not immediately clear from Wittgenstein’s Tractatus how to connect his idea there of an object with the logical ontologies of Frege and Russell. Toward clarification on this matter, this paper compares Russell’s and Wittgenstein’s versions of the thesis of an atomic fact that it is a complex composition. The claim arrived at is that whilst Russell (at times at least) has one particular of the elements of a fact – the relation – responsible for the unity of the whole, for Wittgenstein the unity of a fact is the product of copulative powers inherent in all its elements. All kinds of constituents of Tractarian facts – all kinds (forms) of object – are, to use Fregean terminology, unsaturated.

Fingerprinting of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge by Thin‐Layer Chromatography Scan Compared with High Speed Countercurrent Chromatography

The components of the traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) can be influenced by soil, climate, and growth stage. Fingerprinting is an important means for its quality control. Our previous studies showed that high speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) was helpful in the development of TCM fingerprinting. Since the HSCCC method is new, it is necessary to compare it with more conventional ones, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE), and thin‐layer chromatography scan (TLCS). Comparisons with HPLC and HPCE were reported in our previous studies. In this study, HSCCC was compared with the thin‐layer chromatography scan (TLCS). With TLC, a quick, convenient, and cost effective technique, 8 stable components were separated in common within 48 min, respectively, from 3 crude samples of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge from different growth locations. In HSCCC separation, 12 components were separated, respectively, with good correspondence and precision within 13 h. Both TLCS and HSCCC were effective in showing the whole concentration distribution of all kinds of constituents in different samples. HSCCC showed better performance in analysis of tanshinones, which produced a fingerprint which contained more chemical information than that of TLCS. It was further proven that HSCCC could be a feasible and cost effective method in the development of the fingerprint of TCM.