Kinds Of Colonies Research Articles

Hungary’s Rusyn Policy in the Early 1940s: The Subcarpathian Scholarly Society, the Journal Zoria/Hajnal, and the Rusyn Language

Hungary’s Rusyn Policy in the Early 1940s: The Subcarpathian Scholarly Society, the Journal <i>Zoria/Hajnal</i>, and the Rusyn Language

Urban Ecosophy for a Post-Colonial Ecohumanism of the City

Ecosophy traces its etymological roots to the ancient Greek wisdom (sophia) of the household (oïkos), and can be understood as a form of ethics to inhabit the earth. Reflecting on the current challenges of the city, like the relation to the nature, or the social and ethnic inequalities in the urban space and through the ecosophical gaze of Arne Næss and Felix Guattari allows us to address core issues of an urban ecosophy. Within Næss ecosophy of the “self-realization”, the paper is pointing the link with his ontology of the relation with Gandhi´s insight on non-violence and the importance of the “sense of place” with the understanding and identification to the local environment. Guattari´s ecosophy as the paper will show, leads also to the concepts of relation and of the “Tout-monde” from the post-colonial thinker, and friend of him, Edouard Glissant. Furthermore, Stiegler´s concept of neguanthropocene and considering cities as “complex exorganisms” echoes Guattari´s urban ecosophy with the emergence of the “data city” performing a new kind of colonialism with data in the urban space. Finally, the essay will demonstrate how the urban ecosophy, as a practical ecosophy, in correspondence with ecohumanism, is proposing a decentring of humanism by considering the ecology in the city. It makes then possible to reconcile a modernist philosophy of individual and collective emancipation and deployment of subjectivities in the city, the idea of universalism with a world citizenship, with an emerging philosophy of respect and ethic for the living.

Our Time Is Now: Race and Modernity in Postcolonial Guatemala

Our Time Is Now: Race and Modernity in Postcolonial Guatemala

The History of LGBTQ Discourses in Indonesia

There is a prevalent perception that the past colonialization and the expansion of Christianity have deeply affected the sexual regulations and norms in the formerly colonized countries. This perspective unavoidably affects how Christians today see the recent debate on the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) issue. The most prevailing perspective embraced by many conservative Christian leaders in the Global South today is that there is a political agenda from western countries by importing their liberal opinion on sexuality as a socially-chosen construct and not a naturally-given condition. For them, this is a new kind of colonialism. By discussing the specific case of Indonesia, the author argues that this is not always the case. By tracing back to the history of LGBTQ discourses in Indonesia, he attempts to show that colonization brought no impact on the recent LGBTQ debates. The discourses began to thrive in the last twenty years, mainly due to the internal political dynamics of Indonesia and the rise of Islamic populism after the 1998 reformation.

Domestic Colonies in Canada: Rethinking the Definition of Colony

AbstractWhat is a colony? In this article, I reconsider the meaning of colony in light of the existence of domestic colonies in Canada around the turn of the twentieth century. The two case studies examined are farm colonies for the mentally disabled and ill in Ontario and British Columbia and utopian colonies for Doukhobors in Saskatchewan. I show how both kinds of colonies are characterized by the same three principles found in Lockean settler colonialism: segregation, agrarian labour on uncultivated soil and improvement/cultivation of people and land. Defining “colony” in this way is theoretically interesting as it is different from the definition found in most dictionaries and post-colonial scholarship. There is also an inherent contradiction within domestic colonies as they both support state power over indigenous peoples, Doukhobors and the mentally ill and disabled but also challenge the principles of domination, individualism, private property and sovereignty upon which the Canadian settler state was founded.

Investigating the Possibilities of Zimbabwe Using Chinese Currency

China’s extensive relations with African countries continue to attract interest and concern, especially as the category of those expressing disquiet about the possibility of this being another kind of colonialism now seems to be growing beyond the usual Western critics to include critical opinion leaders in key African countries [11]. Of all the China-Africa relationships the one that merits the most attention is Beijing’s ties with Zimbabwe. This is largely due to controversies associated with the contents and multi-dimensional extent of this relationship. These controversies, emanating largely from Zimbabwe’s domestic politics and the International reaction to them, have placed China in situations where its diplomacy in Africa has had to be explained and sometimes readjusted to ensure that it doesn’t lose the friendship of other Africa countries that view events in Zimbabwe differently. Occasionally, Zimbabwe also has had to modify its domestic politics in order to ensure that China can maintain a measure of moral high ground that would earn it (Beijing) some respectability among human rights communities. This examines Sino-Zimbabwean relations between 2003 and 2013; a decade in which the relationship between the two countries has become complicated as much as for what it excludes [17]. The closeness of China and Zimbabwe between 2003 and 2013 was due largely to the confluence of a number of events which includes: the antipathy between Zimbabwe and the West, which resulted in the imposition of various sanctions. China’s desires to benefit from Zimbabwe’s resources, especially those that are strategic to Chinese interest [20]. Chinese and Zimbabweans governments seem to have benefitted from this relationship, even if the extent to which the average Zimbabwean has benefitted is doubtful. There are serious grounds to question the degree to which these connections with China are in Zimbabwe’s long-term interest. Zimbabwe has added the Chinese Yuan to the multi-currency basket as the country turns to the East to ease the liquidity constraints biting the economy. Trade investments ties between Zimbabwe, China have grown appreciably. It is against this back ground of growth in trade and investment ties that in the2016 National Budget, Minister of Finance and Economic Development underscored the importance of including other currencies in the basket of already circulating currencies [23]. ‘In this regard, we wish to advise exporters and the general transacting public that in addition to the opening of accounts denominated in Botswana Pula, South African Rand, individuals and corporates can also open accounts denominated in Chinese Yuan (CYN). The use of multi-currency regime was credited with stemming hyperinflation which had made the local currency worthless.

Investigation of Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm with Two Kinds of Colonies

Investigation of Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm with Two Kinds of Colonies

Exogenous coproporphyrin III production by Corynebacterium aurimucosum and Microbacterium oxydans in erythrasma lesions

Erythrasma is a superficial skin disease caused by Gram-positive Corynebacterium species. Coral-red fluorescence under Wood's light, strongly suggestive of erythrasma, can be attributed to the presence of porphyrins. Fractionated porphyrin analysis in erythrasma lesions is yet to be reported. We attempted to investigate erythrasma lesions by isolating the responsible bacteria and determining their exogenous porphyrin production by HPLC analysis. We observed a 78-year-old woman with erythrasma who had a well-demarcated slightly scaling patch on her left foot, between the fourth and fifth toes. Two kinds of colonies on 5 % sheep blood agar were obtained from this lesion. Analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence revealed the colonies to be Corynebacterium aurimucosum and Microbacterium oxydans. HPLC analysis demonstrated that coproporphyrin III (Copro III) levels were clearly elevated, although the amounts of protoporphyrin were diminished. These results indicate that the fluorescent substance was Copro III. This study supports the view that excess Copro III synthesis by C. aurimucosum and M. oxydans leads to accumulation of porphyrin in cutaneous tissue, which emits a coral-red fluorescence when exposed to Wood's light.

Menyibak Kekerasan Simbolik Orientalisme

Recent order of world civilization seems to be constructed by Western civilization through project of orientalism which assumes East as the passive receiver of anything West actively offer; East is considered uncivilized, primitive, and dominated by myth and superstition. Based on the assumptions, West wants to inject modernity awareness into East cognitive sphere. But, East finds the want as a West tricky way to dominate East, a new kind of colonialism, and a hegemony.&#x0D; West hegemony covered under orientalism—to use Pierre Boudeau’s term—is a kind of symbolic violence. The term refers to a violence insulted smoothly; it is differed from domination which refers more to physical violence. Orientalism symbolic violence can be traced through orientalists’ works on East that are scientifically and massively published. The violence should be wisely responded by East through creating balance discourse based on scientific and intuitive capabilities.&#x0D; Recent order of world civilization seems to be constructed by Western civilization through project of orientalism which assumes East as the passive receiver of anything West actively offer; East is considered uncivilized, primitive, and dominated by myth and superstition. Based on the assumptions, West wants to inject modernity awareness into East cognitive sphere. But, East finds the want as a West tricky way to dominate East, a new kind of colonialism, and a hegemony.&#x0D; West hegemony covered under orientalism—to use Pierre Boudeau’s term—is a kind of symbolic violence. The term refers to a violence insulted smoothly; it is differed from domination which refers more to physical violence. Orientalism symbolic violence can be traced through orientalists’ works on East that are scientifically and massively published. The violence should be wisely responded by East through creating balance discourse based on scientific and intuitive capabilities.

Reflections on Libraries and Archives II

If I start with my national origin the colonial legacy is very limited. Regarding Africa Denmark had a kind of colony on the Guinea Coast in West Africa, called the Gold Coast. It was sold to Britain in 1850, at a time when there was still some money to extract. It was in the precolonial days when royal companies were running the show. The possession was very much geared to the slave trade, and when it could not pay anymore the Danes withdrew, like the Dutch by the way.But it raises a special problem which I will point out from the outset for consideration on this occasion. For European countries with a limited colonial legacy and thereby also outside the major languages there is a language problem regarding archives and other kinds of contemporary source material.

The Same, but Different: why Scotland?

Forty years ago last autumn I became a sociologist. I went to Aberdeen in October 1965 to do English Lit, was persuaded into sociology 1 as an outside subject because history was 'full', and was immediately hooked* Though I didn't graduate for another 4 years, I saw the world through sociological eyes. I was lucky that sociology at Aberdeen was in its infancy; indeed, it was the 2 n d department in Scotland after Edinburgh which began undergraduate courses in 1964. Others came later. Sociology, however, was largely in Scotland but not of it. As an undergraduate, I learned a lot about families in Bethnal Green, and gangs in Chicago, but virtually nothing about my own country. This was of course the era of *us-too' sociology, in the sense that modernisation theory was supreme, asserting that social change was a linear process though which all 'industrial' societies travelled. (Later on, we had a phase of 'not-us' sociology which tried to convince that Scotland was some kind of colony of England, that it was systematically and deliberately 'under­ developed', in the language of the day, but that didn't wash either.) That left of course a myriad of cases that did not fit the general theory, and inordinate effort went into showing that they were 'backward', unwilling to follow future pathways, or simply charmingly deviant and exotic cases which proved the rule. Scotland was probably seen as a bit of both, insofar as it was seen at all.

FROM INEQUALITY TO DIFFERENCE: COLONIAL CONTRADICTIONS OF CLASS AND ETHNICITY IN 'SOCIALIST' CHINA

Through an historical ethnography of the imbrication of class and ethnicity in socialist China, this paper studies socialism as another kind of colonialism with its peculiar, contradictory ramifications of universalism and particularism. The ‘colonial’ cultural politics of socialism is explored in Inner Mongolia, the northern frontier of China, where the historical formation of the social and ethnic relationship defies any clear-cut dichotomy of colonizer and colonized. In the first half of the twentieth century, Inner Mongolia was colonized by Chinese warlords. Yet, at the same time, the majority of the Chinese population in Inner Mongolia were poor peasants leasing Mongol land. Nonetheless, the Mongols won a limited ethnic autonomy within China in 1947 by applying Leninist colonial liberation ideology, defining the Mongols as a collective group colonized by the Chinese. However,the socialist ideology based on class analysis of the social relationship during the land reform, effectively enabled the Chinese to designate many Mongols as class enemies, thereby justifying the redistribution of Mongol land among the Chinese who constituted the majority in Inner Mongolia. The ensuing ethnic violence forced Mongol leaders, who were both agents of the Chinese Communist Party and representatives of the Mongolian nationality, to press for an explicit nationality policy to defend the nominal ethnic autonomy of Inner Mongolia. Yet, this deployment of ethnic priniciple amid China's class struggle campaign was interpreted as betrayal of the socialist principle, thus leading to a collective Chinese violence against the Mongols during the Cultural Revolution. The paper suggests that, instead of a sterile debate of subaltern representation, which often reflects the scholars' own ‘position’ devoid of social context, an historical ethnography may better illustrate the historical contingencies in the practice of subalternity in socialist China.

Colonial Fantasies: Conquest, Family, and Nation in Precolonial Germany, 1770-1870

Since Germany became a colonial power relatively late, postcolonial theorists and histories of colonialism have thus far paid little attention to it. Uncovering Germany's colonial legacy and imagination, Susanne Zantop reveals the significance of colonial fantasies - a kind of colonialism without colonies - in the formation of German national identity. Through readings of historical, anthropological, literary, and popular texts, Zantop explores imaginary colonial encounters of 'Germans' with 'natives' in late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth- century literature, and shows how these colonial fantasies acted as a rehearsal for actual colonial ventures in Africa, South America, and the Pacific. From as early as the sixteenth century, Germans preoccupied themselves with an imaginary drive for colonial conquest and possession that eventually grew into a collective obsession. Zantop illustrates the gendered character of Germany's colonial imagination through critical readings of popular novels, plays, and travel literature that imagine sexual conquest and surrender in colonial territory - or love and blissful domestic relations between coloniser and colonised. She looks at scientific articles, philosophical essays, and political pamphlets that helped create a racist colonial discourse and demonstrates that from its earliest manifestations, the German colonial imagination contained ideas about a specifically German national identity, different from, if not superior to, most others. For its thoughtful investigation into the role of imaginary configurations and libidinal projections in the making of social and political communities, Colonial Fantasies will interest historians, literary theorists, and cultural critics as well as a range of students and scholars interested in nationalism, imperialism, and the political unconscious.

Globalisation, a New Model?

There are different ways of looking at the experience of reality. In the topic here discussed I wished to emphasise on the difference between the economical and political one (or philosophical to take it at its actual level of understanding). In my reflection I start by asking if it is wise to believe in names. Are we doomed to globalisation? Do we have to share the neo-Darwinian ideal of universal competition? What is future about? That happens to be, also, a philosophical question. Two instances taken from modern life illustrate two different attitudes towards the idea of future. French cafes exhibit a political conception of social life. U.S. campuses wholly computerised, as in Dartmouth College, may lead to difficulties in coping with the demands of society. Is there not an anti-European attitude in the U.S.? May this not shape some of the political choices in Korean politics as the majority of Korean social elite receives its education in America? To this can be added Geo.-political considerations, differences of attitudes between Europe and the U.S.A. or Korea. Could not globalisation be regarded as a new kind of colonialism? The European model of society is quite different from the American one. We should not be confused with our North-American cousins. We hardly share the same conception about life. If the notion of globalisation is reductive, the apparent helps it seems to think the modern world might very easily turn into a major mistake if it leads to ignore cultural differences.

Molecular cloning of bovine thyroglobulin complementary DNA. Characterization of 2500-base-pair and 1900-base-pair fragments.

Double-stranded thyroglobulin complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from purified 33-S bovine thyroglobulin mRNA. This synthetic structural gene has previously been shown to contain three sites for the restriction endonuclease HindIII, yielding two internal fragments of 1900 and 2500 base pairs respectively. Recombinant molecules were prepared by ligating the HindIII-restricted cDNA to the plasmid pBR322 which had been linearized by the same enzyme. When Escherichia coli was transformed with this mixture, it yielded two kinds of colonies each harboring recombinant plasmids containing one of the two cDNA fragments. Both recombinant molecules hybridized specifically to translatable thyroglobulin mRNA. Sequence homology between the two cloned DNAs could not be detected by cross-hybridization experiments; this argues against the existence of internal structural repetition in thyroglobulin subunits. Together, the two cloned DNA fragments represent 55% of the 8000-base-pair double-stranded thyroglobulin DNA.

Isolation, identification, and several characteristics of luminous bacteria.

In order to apply bioluminescence of luminous bacteria to industrial use, isolation of luminous bacteria from various sources was carried out on the basis of strong light intensity, and 18 strains were obtained. Eleven of these strains were identified as Photobacterium phosphoreum and seven as Vibrio fischeri.Maximum light intensities of these isolates were quite different among strains tested and two stock cultures of luminous bacteria supplied by the American Type Culture Collection had a very poor bioluminescence compared to the new isolates. Bioluminescent emission spectra from the two isolated strains were fairly different from each other, indicating the possibility of obtaining luminous bacteria which could emit light of different colors.While cultivation of some luminous bacteria was repeated several times in a liquid medium, decrease of light intensity was observed. By spreading the culture broth on an agar plate medium, three kinds of colonies were observed. They were quite different in the appearance of colonies and maximum light intensity. These results suggest that the occurrence of dim mutants in liquid cultures is disadvantageous for maintaining the light intensity constant and a strain which could be as stable as possible at this point should be used for industrial purpose.

Erythroid bursts produced by Friend leukaemia virus in vitro.

WHEN mouse haematopoietic cells are incubated in plasma clot or methyl cellulose cultures in the presence of erythropoietin (EP), at least two kinds of colonies are observed1–4. After 2 days, randomly distributed erythroid colonies (defined as a clone of eight or more benzidine-positive cells) appear1,2, and after 3–8 d of culture with higher concentrations of EP, larger colonies arise in clusters or ‘bursts’3,4. The cells of origin have been termed the colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E)1 and burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E)3,4, respectively. Erythropoiesis in mice is also increased considerably by the Friend virus complex5,6, which has been studied mostly in vivo although there are systems for the study of erythroid transformation in vitro soon after infection7–10. Nooter and Bentvelzen11, using methyl cellulose cultures, showed that mouse marrow cells, previously incubated in vitro with purified Rauscher leukaemia virus, develop more erythroid colonies than untreated control cells. Clarke et al.12, using the plasma clot method, observed erythroid colonies 2 d after incubation of mouse marrow cells with culture fluid from Friend virus infected monolayers of fibroblasts. These colonies were similar to EP-induced 2-d colonies in gross morphology and random distribution throughout the clot. Virus-induced bursts were not present in later stages of culture and erythroid colonies were not induced after incubation of marrow cells with plasma from Friend virus infected mice. We now report that when mouse marrow cells are incubated in vitro with infectious plasma or tissue culture fluids containing the Friend virus complex, a substantial number of erythroid bursts appear 5 d after the initiation of the cultures. The Friend virus complex consists of at least two biologically active viruses—the spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) which is replication defective and essential for increased erythropoiesis in vivo, and a helper murine leukaemia virus (MuLV-F)13,14.

FORMATION OF ROUGH AND SMOOTH STRAINS OF SPHAEROTILUS DISCOPHORUS.

Sphaerotilus discophorus forms characteristic filamentous dark brown colonies on dilute organic media containing managanous salts. Spontaneously or by induction the organism may produce an entirely different kind of colony, the S type which is smooth, glistening, hemispherical with a regular edge, and colorless. The latter resembles, therefore, colonies of common bacteria. The S colony may be a temporary modification imposed by nutritional conditions or a mutation.

Comparative macroscopic and microscopic morphology of oral lactobacilli

I s there a correlation between the gross appearance of the oral lactobacillus colony and the microscopic characteristics of the bacteria? Since the gross structure is made up of individual bacteria, what comparisons can be made between the macroscopic and microscopic morphology of oral lactobacilli? When lactobacillus was first reported, Moral described it as an irregularshaped colony isolated from the human intestine. Rettger and Cheplin’ called this kind of colony the X type and the colony with entire edges the Y type. Rogosa and associates”9 4 reported that the Y type may convert to the X type and that such a morphologic shift could be controlled. Hadley and colleagues”, G suggested that oral la&bacilli are variants of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Wilson and Miles’ believed that environment played a most important role in the macroscopic morphology of these specific oral bacteria. In our studies we employed the pour-plate technique, thereby maintaining colony growth in three dimensions as compared to the two-dimensional growth of surface cultures. Macroscopically, the three types of colonies identified were as follows : 1. Disk type-pancake shaped, thicker in the middle, tapering to the edge. 2. Y type-a three-bladed paddle wheel with a thick axis. 3. Bell type-an invaginated dome open at one end and hollow in the middle.

The Strength of the Projected Union vis-à-vis Russia

Soviet concern over the European Economic Community is recent. The Soviet critique reflects a mixture of dogma and realism. The doctrinal position is that the Common Market will not succeed because collaboration, inte gration, and unity on economic, political, and cultural levels are contrary to the nature of capitalism. Thus, the Soviet Union professes optimism about the long-range future but expresses concern about the present and visible future. The Soviet Union regards the Common Market as an attack against the standard of living of the European working class, as the basis of a new kind of colonialism, and as a force destructive of the sovereignties of the individual member states. A likely inference from Soviet statements is that Moscow fears that the Common Market will inhibit further Communist growth and social unrest in Western Europe. Further, there is apprehen sion that a common European consciousness will be generated. Also, the Soviets fear for their relations with the underde veloped world, notably Africa, which has become increasingly disposed to form associations of its own to deal both with the Soviet bloc and with the Common Market and the United States. The Soviets continue to believe in contradictions, gen eral crisis, and inevitable depression in the capitalist world, but they take cognizance of objective developments in the West. Thus, if the Western unification movements succeed, although their immediate effect may be to heighten tension, the long-run impact will probably be toward stability and rationality.—Ed.