Kilowatts Of Power Research Articles

Design and Characterization of a 53.5% Efficient Gallium Indium Phosphide‐Based Optical Photovoltaic Converter under 637 nm Laser Irradiation at 10 W cm−2

High‐power optical transmission (HPOT) technology has emerged as a promising alternative among far‐field wireless power transmission approaches, enabling the transfer of kilowatts of power over kilometer‐scale distances. Its exceptional adaptability allows operation in challenging scenarios where traditional electrical wiring is impractical or unfeasible, thereby opening up a vast array of potential applications previously considered utopian. An important pending assignment in enhancing the performance of laser‐based HPOT systems is achieving efficient photovoltaic conversion of high power densities (≥10 W cm−2). In this sense, there is a pressing need for the advancement of optical photovoltaic converters (OPCs) capable of enduring intense monochromatic irradiances. This work presents the design optimization, manufacturing, and characterization processes of a gallium indium phosphide (GaInP)‐based OPC under varying 637 nm laser power at room temperature. In addition, methods to evaluate the impact of temperature on performance are provided. The findings reveal a maximum efficiency of 53.5% at 10 W cm−2, surpassing literature results for GaInP converters by over 9%abs at those light intensities. Remarkably, this device withstands unmatched irradiances within GaInP OPCs up to 60 W cm−2, maintaining 42.3% efficiency. This study aims to push forward the development of wide‐bandgap power converters with recordbreaking efficiencies paving the way for new applications.

Techno-Economic Analysis of Combined Gas and Steam Propulsion System of Liquefied Natural Gas Carrier

Various combinations of ship propulsion systems have been developed with low-carbon-emission technologies to meet regulations and policies related to climate change, one of which is the combined gas turbine and steam turbine integrated electric drive system (COGES), which is claimed to be a promising ship propulsion system for the future. The objective of this paper is to perform a techno-economic and environmental assessment of the COGES propulsion system applied to liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers. A propulsion system design for a 7500 m3 LNG carrier was evaluated through the thermodynamics approach of the energy system. Subsequently, carbon emissions and environmental impact analyses were carried out through a life cycle assessment based on the power and fuel input of the system. Afterwards, a techno-economic analysis was carried out by considering the use of boil-off gas for fuel and additional income from carbon emission incentives. The proposed propulsion system design produces 1832 kilowatts of power for a service speed of 12 knots with the total efficiency of the system in the range of 30.1%. The results of the environmental evaluation resulted an overall environmental impact of 10.01 mPts/s. The results of the economic evaluation resulted in a positive net present value and a logical payback period for investment within 8 years of operation. The impact of this result shows that the COGES has a promising technological commercial application as an environmentally friendly propulsion system. Last, for the economy of the propulsion system, the COGES design has a positive net present value, an internal rate return in the range of 12–18%, and a payback period between 6 and 8 years, depending on the charter rate of the LNG carrier.

Potential for Conduit Hydropower at NYC's Newtown Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant

The Newtown Creek facility is New York City's largest wastewater treatment plant, with the capacity to treat up to 2.65 billion liters of combined sewage (rainfall and raw sewage) each day. After treatment at the plant, clean water flows out to the nearby East River via an outfall pipe. On average, the plant treats 810 million liters of combined sewage per day, which means there is potential to extract significant amounts of energy from the water flowing through the outfall. This paper first verifies that hydropower is a viable option at the plant by calculating the theoretical amount of power available from the running water, then determines what type of turbine would be the most appropriate for the outfall, and finally calculates how much electricity could realistically be generated by a turbine in the outfall. The bulb turbine was identified as the most appropriate type of turbine, and it was approximated that a bulb turbine in the outfall could produce, on average, 263 kilowatts of power. Considering that the plant runs year-round, a total of 2.24 gigawatt hours of clean electricity could be generated annually, which could be used to help power the energy-intensive wastewater treatment process or be fed back into New York City's electrical grid, where it could power up to 211 homes annually.

MagNeed – Needle-Shaped Electromagnets for Localized Actuation Within Compact Workspaces

Electromagnetic actuation of micro-/milli-sized agents has traditionally relied on large electromagnets positioned at considerable distances from the agents. As a result, the electromagnets consume kilowatts of power to overcome the limited generation of magnetic field gradients. Miniaturized electromagnets offer an alternative approach for reducing power consumption via localized actuation of micro-/milli-sized agents. Typically, the generation of magnetic field gradients in the vicinity of a miniaturized electromagnet is comparable with traditional electromagnetic actuation systems. Miniaturized electromagnets can be positioned near target sites in microfluidic channels or <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ex vivo</i> vasculatures. Thereby, localized trapping and actuation of magnetic micro-/milli-sized agents are carried out. This study introduces MagNeed – an electromagnetic actuation system composed of three needle-shaped electromagnets (NSEs). MagNeed can determine compact workspaces by positioning the NSEs at different spatial configurations. Each NSE generates magnetic field gradients (up to 3.5 T/m at 5 mm from the NSE tip axis) while keeping a maximum power consumption (0.5 W) and temperature ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$&lt; $</tex-math></inline-formula> 42 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{o}$</tex-math></inline-formula> C). MagNeed is complemented by a framework that reconstructs the pose of the NSEs. Experiments test MagNeed and framework on a transparent Teflon tube (5 mm inner diameter). MagNeed demonstrates localized trapping and actuation of a 1 mm NdFeB bead against a flow of water and silica gel particles (1-3 mm diameter).

Modeling and simulation analysis of racing Go-kart-The brake system

Go-karts are a type of minicar that are used for racing and other types of leisure racing. There are extremely popular in countries that have an industrialized economy, and their popularity is quickly growing in countries that are still developing their economies. The performance of the vehicle is determined by a number of factors, the most important of which are the engine, the transmission, the chassis, and the braking system which serves as the lifeline of the vehicle. Even though there is no suspension or differentials, the chassis is nevertheless very flexible, so it can handle corners and dips just well. This Go-kart is driven by a Yamaha Vino Automatic Petrol 2-Stroke Engine, which is capable of producing around 4.1 kilowatts of power at 9018 revolutions per minute. Slick tires and a hydraulic disc brake make it easy to come to a stop in any condition, whether it's dry or wet outside. The braking system and the material qualities of its structural components receive the majority of attention throughout this research. The following information was uncovered by a static simulation analysis performed using SolidWorks: The density of the material is 7700 kg/m3, the yield strength is 6.20422e+08 N/m2, and the maximum tensile strength is 7.23826e+08 N/m2. During the course of the design phase, the best possible solution was identified. Ergonomics, safety, cost of manufacturing, and reliability are all considered.

High Voltage Solar Array Development for Space and Thruster-Plume Plasma Environments

High-power solar arrays are in development by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for near-term high-power solar electric propulsion (SEP) missions. These high-voltage (HV) solar arrays use deployable flexible blanket configurations and need to be able to operate in the plasma environment of high-power Hall thrusters operating at tens of kilowatts of power. Array voltages of 300–800 V are desired both to minimize the copper bus mass in the system and to potentially operate the SEP Hall thrusters directly at high specific impulse without an in- series power processing unit. Coupons with multiple strings of solar cells (SCs) have been tested to high positive and negative biases in a plasma environment representative of the edge of Hall thruster plumes. Proper encapsulation of the exposed metals and triple points is required to avoid excessive current collection and arc initiation. Fully encapsulated test coupons have been successfully been tested at highest anticipated thruster plume plasma densities at voltages from 600 to 1000 V, which enables both very high power arrays and direct drive configurations for SEP missions.

A 1.5 kW Radio-Frequency Tunable Matching Network Based on Phase-Switched Impedance Modulation

Dynamically-tunable impedance matching is a key feature in numerous radio-frequency (RF) applications at high frequencies (10 s of MHz) and power levels (100s–1000 s of Watts and above). This work develops techniques that enable the design of high power tunable matching networks (TMN) that can be tuned orders of magnitude faster than with conventional tunable impedance matching techniques, while realizing the high power levels required for many industrial applications. This is achieved by leveraging an emerging technique – known as phase-switched impedance modulation (PSIM), which involves switching passive elements at the rf operating frequency – that has previously been demonstrated at rf frequencies at up to a few hundred Watts. In this paper, we develop design approaches that enable it to be practically used at up to many kilowatts of power at frequencies in the 10 s of MHz. A detailed analysis of the factors affecting the losses as well as the tradeoffs of a basic PSIM-based element is provided. Furthermore, it is shown how incorporating additional stages to the PSIM-based element, including impedance scaling and / or the addition of series or shunt passive elements, influences the losses and enables the efficient processing of high power levels given the limitations of available switches. A PSIM-based TMN that matches load impedances to 50 $\,\Omega$ and delivers up to 1.5 kW of power at frequencies centered around 13.56 MHz is implemented and tested over a load impedance range suitable for various industrial plasma processes.

ANALISA TEGANGAN POROS MOBIL LISTRIK TARSIUS X3 MENGGUNAKAN SOFTWARE

The development of the automotive industri in Indonesia that uses electrical energy sources is still a competition in the environment of college students. One of them is the Tarsius X3 electric car that has 2 kilowatts of power with a rear drive system that is used to transfer power from the electric motor to the wheels. Development, design and analysis of the drive shaft using software, aims to determine the surface tension and deformation that occurs on the shaft. Stress analysis uses the theory of energy distortion (von mises). Loading on the shaft is based on, electrical motor torsion, the weighing of car and stress of the shaft material permits by conducting tensile testing of the ASTM E-8 method as input for simulating CAD software (Inventor). The software simulation results show that the von mises maximum stress occurs at 162.463 MPa and the minimum stress occurs at 0.0011 MPa . The maximum deformation occurs at 4.74 x 10 -2 mm and a minimum of 0 mm. The stress and deformation that occur is still at the safety factor limit of 3.83 at under static conditions. Keywords: Shaft, Von Mises Stress, Safety Factor, Deformation

Analytical and practical implementation of anamorphic beam shaping in polar coordinates, Spinner system

In recent years, Diode lasers with a few kilowatts of power in the Near IR spectrum, or hundreds of watts in the UV spectrum have become available. In spite of the very high power of these lasers, they are not applicable for micro processing due to their low coherence characteristics (highly multimode), limiting their energy density. To overcome this limitation, it is possible to apply tailored beam shaping techniques to optimize the intensity distribution for specific applications to benefit from high power and to achieve performance similar to a laser with much better coherence. Specifically, in this article, a novel method of anamorphic ring shaping with polar coordinates will be demonstrated and compared to ring beam shaping by use of an Axicon optical element, the standard practice in the field. High power laser beams shaped into a ring are widely used in a variety of laser applications, including corneal surgery, material processing and laser micro-drilling.The theoretical model for anamorphic beam shaping using polar coordinates has been developed from established formalism in Cartesian coordinates, using the beam quality factor term M2. An incident multimode beam is split into radial segments (sub-beams). These sub-beams are then redirected in azimuthal coordinates using a special optical element (Spinner element), and focused by a lens, creating a diffraction limited ring with a significantly narrower width than a ring created by an Axicon. The proposed concept is confirmed in both geometrical raytracing and physical optics propagation methods. A practical optical system is proposed, taking into considerations both input and output parameters. A simulation of the system in geometrical ray tracing achieved much higher intensity in comparison to that achieved by a ring-shaped beam using an Axicon element.

ARUZ — Large-scale, massively parallel FPGA-based analyzer of real complex systems

This paper presents general information about ARUZ, a scalable, fully parallel data processing system equipped with low-latency communication channels, designed for simulations of interactions among huge number of relatively simple elements. ARUZ consists of approximately 26 000 FPGAs and it can represent a system composed of several million elements consuming barely tens of kilowatts of power. It can be seen as a powerful machine for a wide range of applications. Currently, it implements the Dynamic Lattice Liquid algorithm, which enables studies of dynamic processes and phenomena in dense macromolecular systems. A performance estimation for liquid water shows that in one day ARUZ can model the diffusion of 1.5 million water molecules ongoing in reality for approximately 0.7 ms.

Direct drive wave energy array with offshore energy storage supplying off‐grid residential load

Current developments in wave energy conversion have focused on locations where the wave energy resource is the highest; using large devices to generate hundreds of kilowatts of power. However, it is possible to generate power from low power waves using smaller wave energy devices. These lower rated wave energy converters can form arrays to supply power to remote coastal or island communities which are off-grid. This study introduces wave-to-wire modelling of wave energy arrays for off-grid systems using low power permanent-magnet linear generators (PMLGs). Offshore energy storage at the DC link is added to keep the voltage constant along with a current controller for the inverter in order to supply constant low harmonic power to the residential load connected off-grid. Simulation results produced in MATLAB/Simulink environment show that the wave energy array can generate power independently from the residential side by keeping the system stable using offshore storage. In addition, two different types of controllers for wave energy devices that use PMLGs are compared based on the power captured from the waves.

Fessenden and Boyle: Two Canadian Sonar Pioneers

Reginald Fessenden developed voice-modulated radio in the early 20th century using special alternators and microphones capable of handling kilowatts of power. When the Titanic struck the iceberg in 1912, Fessenden, then in Boston, developed an audio-frequency acoustic transmitter-receiver, which he used to detect an iceberg at two miles. When the “Great War” began, UK interests turned to detecting submarines. Ernest Rutherford, on behalf of the Bureau of Investigation and Research (BIR), invited former students A. B. Wood, and R. W. Boyle, to join the anti-submarine effort. Fessenden was also consulted. The team detected submarines using Fessenden’s device but experienced difficulty determining target bearing. After consulting Paul Langevin, Boyle agreed that quartz transducers operating at ultrasonic frequencies should provide a solution. Boyle then developed the UK Type 112 “ASDIC” which was being fitted to Royal Navy warships just as the War ended. Boyle returned to the University of Alberta after the war and continued work in ultrasonics. In 1929 he was appointed Director of Physics at Canada’s National Research Council. There he established an Acoustics Section, and during World War II started a scientific activity in Halifax, NS, which later became the Naval Research Establishment.

Quasistatic Cavity Resonance for Ubiquitous Wireless Power Transfer.

Wireless power delivery has the potential to seamlessly power our electrical devices as easily as data is transmitted through the air. However, existing solutions are limited to near contact distances and do not provide the geometric freedom to enable automatic and un-aided charging. We introduce quasistatic cavity resonance (QSCR), which can enable purpose-built structures, such as cabinets, rooms, and warehouses, to generate quasistatic magnetic fields that safely deliver kilowatts of power to mobile receivers contained nearly anywhere within. A theoretical model of a quasistatic cavity resonator is derived, and field distributions along with power transfer efficiency are validated against measured results. An experimental demonstration shows that a 54 m3 QSCR room can deliver power to small coil receivers in nearly any position with 40% to 95% efficiency. Finally, a detailed safety analysis shows that up to 1900 watts can be transmitted to a coil receiver enabling safe and ubiquitous wireless power.

Thermal Management Roadmap for Energy Efficient Next Generation Telecommunications Equipment

The network traffic in telecommunication industry has grown very rapidly every year since its inception. As projected, the network traffic demand will reach tens or hundreds of Tb/s in a couple of years. With the extrapolation from current equipment, future nodes would consume and dissipate up to 100’s of kilowatts of power. In response to the projected growth, new design and architecture are needed in order to face the power-density challenges in the next generation telecommunication networks. There are two aspects of these issues. One is the network architecture and another is telecommunication equipment design. The thermal management of latter case is the focus of this paper.

Lunar Station: The Next Logical Step in Space Development

The International Space Station (ISS) is the product of the efforts of sixteen nations over the course of several decades. It is now complete, operational, and has been continuously occupied since November of 20001. Since then the ISS has been carrying out a wide variety of research and technology development experiments, and starting to produce some pleasantly startling results. The ISS has a mass of 420 metric tons, supports a crew of six with a yearly resupply requirement of around 30 metric tons, within a pressurized volume of 916 cubic meters, and a habitable volume of 388 cubic meters. Its solar arrays produce up to 84 kilowatts of power. In the course of developing the ISS, many lessons were learned and much valuable expertise was gained. Where do we go from here? The ISS offers an existence proof of the feasibility of sustained human occupation and operations in space over decades. It also demonstrates the ability of many countries to work collaboratively on a very complex and expensive project in space over an extended period of time to achieve a common goal. By harvesting best practices and lessons learned, the ISS can also serve as a useful model for exploring architectures for beyond low- earth-orbit (LEO) space development. This paper will explore the concept and feasibility for a Lunar Station. The Station concept can be implemented by either putting the equivalent capability of the ISS down on the surface of the Moon, or by developing the required capabilities through a combination of delivered materials and equipment and in situ resource utilization (ISRU). Scenarios that leverage existing technologies and capabilities as well as capabilities that are under development and are expected to be available within the next 3-5 years, will be examined. This paper will explore how best practices and expertise gained from developing and operating the ISS and other relevant programs can be applied to effectively developing Lunar Station.

Probabilistic Modeling and Statistical Analysis of Aggregated Electric Vehicle Charging Station Load

The number of electric vehicles is increasing worldwide. The charging of a single electric vehicle can draw several kilowatts of power, and the aggregate effects of charging thousands of electric vehicles on electric power system infrastructure, operation, and planning must be considered. An important tool in studying the integration of electric vehicles and developing associated technologies and controls within the framework of the smart grid are probabilistic models of charging station load. This article identifies, evaluates, and proposes probabilistic models and analyzes the statistical characteristics of aggregated electric vehicle charging station load. A data-driven approach is taken, using measured time-stamped power consumption from charging stations to formulate and evaluate suitable parametric probabilistic models. The influence of time-of-use pricing on electric vehicle charging station load characteristics is also examined. Two data sets—one from Washington State, the other from San Diego, CA—each covering over 2 years, are used to create the models.

LENS Operating Experience

Indiana University is operating a Low Energy Neutron Source which provides cold neutrons for material research and neutron physics and MeV energy for the neutron radiation effects studies. Neutrons are being produced by a 13 MeV proton beam incident on a Beryllium target. The LENS Proton Delivery System (PDS) is routinely operating at 13 MeV and 25 mA at 1.8% duty factor. The RF system, consisting of three Litton 5773 klystron RF tubes at 425 MHz and 1 MW each, power the AccSys Technology PL-13 LINAC. The proton beam delivers up to 6 kilowatts of power to the Beryllium target. Details of the beam spreading system, target cooling system, and accelerator operations will be discussed.

Effect of electron flow on the ordinary-extraordinary mode conversion

Ordinary-extraordinary mode conversion in the electron cyclotron frequency range is revisited in the presence of a flowing electron component. The analytical expressions of optimal parallel refraction index and conversion efficiency are obtained from a one-dimensional cold plasma model. The presence of flowing electrons leads to an outward shift of the conversion layer and therefore increases the optimal value of parallel refraction index. If this effect is not considered, the efficiency of mode conversion degenerates. In typical tokamak plasmas, this degeneration is about a few percentages, which may induce the reflection of several tens of kilowatts of power from the cutoff layer when injecting megawatts of ECRF power into fusion plasma.

Local Melting of High-Melting-Point Materials by Discharge with Water–Ceramic Electrode

By using the discharge mechanism of the water–ceramic electrode, any high-melting-point material can be locally melted simply using an electric discharge of a few kilowatts of power, even if the material is electrically insulating. Several kinds of high-melting-point materials, e.g., heatproof bricks, have been locally melted by the discharge with a water–ceramic electrode. The discharge current is about 1 A. When the material to be melted is in contact with the water, the heated portion was approximately 1 cm above the water surface in all the tested cases, which suggests that the water evaporation from the water surface plays an important role in heating up the ceramic component in the discharge with the water–ceramic electrode.

In Situ Measurements of Thermal Distortions in Synchrotron Optics under High Heat Load

Modern synchrotron X-ray sources produce many kilowatts of power, most of which are absorbed by the first optical elements of the monochromators. As a result, the monochromator crystal deforms (creating a heat bump), leading to severe degradation of the monochromator performance. This problem has been known for decades and various methods have been developed to lessen the effect of heat bumps by implementing various internal cooling methods for the crystal as well as using crystals with superior heat conductivity [1].