Kilolo District Research Articles

Assessing the Challenges in Managing School Funds for Heads of Secondary Schools in Kilolo District, Tanzania

This study sought to identify the “Challenges in Managing School Funds for Heads of Secondary Schools in Kilolo District, Tanzania” through a mixed approach with the population of one District educational officer, six heads of schools, six school bursars and sixty-three secondary school teachers who obtained through purposive sampling and simple random techniques. Questionnaires and interviews used to collect data. Data analysed through thematic analysis and descriptive statistics with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software. The findings found that heads of secondary schools faced numerous challenges such as inadequate funds from the government, inconsistencies disbursement of money from the government and bureaucracy. In addition, distance (remoteness of the schools), transport cost and time consumer when heads of schools needs procurement budgets approved from the District Educational Officer, poor support from the parents and some staff as well as denying school management training on financial management issues were among the challenges. Lastly, the findings found that training, workshops, provision of seminars will enhancing the heads of schools’ financial management literacy. Moreover, heads of schools should involve other staff members, school management team (SMT), and the use of educational financial guidelines as a source of knowledge and skills to manage schools’ fiscal resources. It also recommended that the heads of schools should adhere to the proper practices of financial management through monetary auditing. Likewise, Tanzania government should provide managerial training, workshops and seminars as the best strategies to diminish financial management challenges as well as introducing financial management courses in teachers’ colleges and universities prepare experts in the schools’ financial management activities.

Seroprevalence of Lumpy skin disease and associated risk factors in cattle in Kilolo District, Iringa Tanzania

Seroprevalence of Lumpy skin disease and associated risk factors in cattle in Kilolo District, Iringa Tanzania

Teachersand StudentsAttitude Towards Form Four Classes Streaming Between Lower and Higher Achievers in Secondary Schools in Kilolo District, Tanzania.

Teachersand StudentsAttitude Towards Form Four Classes Streaming Between Lower and Higher Achievers in Secondary Schools in Kilolo District, Tanzania.

Baobab trees population and economic contribution: Stems density, asset value and fruits value chains in Kilolo and Iringa Urban districts, Tanzania

The contribution of non-timber forest products to the economy is ignored and often undervalued due to their subsistence nature. The study focused on baobab trees aiming to understand the baobab population, its asset value across various land uses, and the contribution of baobab fruits to the economy. Kilolo District and Iringa Urban District were purposively selected due to the availability of baobab trees and activities involving baobab fruit businesses in the districts. A stratified random sampling was done to select four land uses, in particular, settlement land, farmland, grazing land, and village forest reserve land for a biophysical survey. Besides, a socio-economic survey was conducted employing key informants’ interviews, market and household surveys to collect data for the assessment of baobab fruit value chains. A total of 91 respondents were interviewed, specifically, 44 harvesters, 1 village wholesaler, 2 middlemen, 2 village retailers, 6 processors 22 urban retailers, and 13 baobab fruits consumers. The study observed 5.27±0.39 stems/ha of baobab trees in grazing land, farmland (3.88±0.73stem/ha), village forest reserve land (2.68±0.17stem/land), and settlement land (2.27±0.31 stem/ha). Also, the total biological asset value of baobab trees was highest in farmland (29.87±9.04 USD/ha) and lowest in settlement land (12.36±2.82 USD/ha). Total chain value added was highest for the baobab fruits value chain involving village wholesalers (1.17 USD/Kg) and lowest for the baobab fruits value chain involving village retailers (0.27 USD/Kg) because of limited value-adding activities in the latter chain. Limited access to market information, low prices, poor storage facilities, lack of capital, poor processing facilities, and seasonal availability of baobab fruits were challenges facing baobab fruits value chain actors. The study concludes that the population of baobab trees differs between land uses implying the potential threats to its existence, and the need for desirable strategies for its conservation and management. So far, baobab is only harvested from self-growing trees, so the study proposes domestication and commercialization of the tree species to raise communities' contribution to the economy.

Agricultural Price Fluctuation and Its Effects on Small-Scale Farmer Income: A Case of Maize Crop in Kilolo District

This study examined the agriculture crop price fluctuation and its effects on small-scale farmer income in Tanzania, specifically in Kilolo District in Iringa Region. The study sampled 90 respondents, where 84 respondents were for structured questionnaire and 6 for interviews. Simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used to collect data. The mixed-methods data were analysed using linear regression estimation techniques, estimated Ordinary Least Squares estimator, and content analysis for qualitative data. The study revealed that Agriculture cash crops positively influence the yearly income of small-scale farmers, signifying that increased engagement in cash crop cultivation contributes to higher income levels for these farmers. Conversely, the study unveiled the negative implications of crop price fluctuations on small-scale farmers’ yearly income, demonstrating that erratic price variations can substantially challenge their economic stability. These findings were robustly supported by statistical analyses, including the t-test and regression analysis, which underscored the significance of Agriculture cash crops and crop price fluctuations as determinants of small-scale farmers’ yearly income. The adjusted R² value of 0.607 further substantiated these results, signifying that the independent variables, Agriculture cash crops, and crop price fluctuations account for approximately 60.7% of the variation observed in the dependent variable. In such a sense, small-scale farmers’ yearly income is determined by agricultural cash crops done by small-scale farmers and the crop prices fluctuation in the markets. There is a need for marketing officers to provide marketing information to small-scale farmers from time to time for small-scale farmers to be aware of cash crop price fluctuations and what kind of cash crops will have a higher market value, hence lowering the level of price fluctuation in the markets. Such a move would increase small-scale farmers’ yearly income in Kilolo District

Assessing the Contribution of Mobile Phone Agricultural Information on Maize Productivity: A Case Study of Kilolo District, Tanzania

The purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of mobile phone agricultural information on maize productivity among smallholder farmers in Kilolo District while taking into consideration contextual factors that may affect the efficacy of such interventions. By analyzing the potential benefits associated with the dissemination of agricultural information via mobile phones, this study aims to significantly contribute to the academic conversation and practical interventions focused on sustainable agricultural growth in the region. In this study, a cross-sectional strategy was employed as a general framework for the research design process. This study employed a quantitative research strategy. To gather quantitative information about smallholder farmers' ownership of mobile phones, usage habits, access to agricultural information, and productivity in growing maize,the target population comprises 106,342 farmers and selected sample of 173 farmers in Kilolo District was surveyed. From the findingsIt is also established in the study that 89% of the respondents agreed that accessed information helped in improving their market management while 11% disagreed, Also 60%) of the respondents agreed that there are increased yields in maize farming due to information accessed through mobile phones, (54%) of the respondents agreed that the advantages of agricultural information accessed through mobile phones on maize productivity outweigh the drawbacks, it was established that (78%) of the respondents agreed that they had changed their maize farming practices based on the agricultural information accessed through mobile (69%) of the respondents agreed that the impact of the agricultural information accessed through mobile phones positively affects maize productivity. The study's findings highlight the important positive contribution that mobile phone agriculture information has had on smallholder farmers in Kilolo District's maize productivity. It is established that both smart and non-smart mobile phones act as a link between farmers and consumers. By fostering informed decision-making, enhancing pest management, and enabling market contact, mobile phone interventions have the potential to greatly improve farmers' livelihoods and increase food security in the region. To maximize the benefits of these interventions and promote sustainable agricultural growth, it will be critical to address the barriers and provide fair and equal access.

A Comparative Analysis on Factors Influencing Teacher Retention in Rural Public Primary Schools in Tanzania: The Case of Kilolo, Mufindi and Iringa Rural Public Primary Schools in Iringa Region

The purpose of this study was to comparatively analyse why schools in Kilolo district had a high retention rate than those in Iringa DC and Mufindi districts by looking at the factors influencing teacher retention. The study was driven by three factors in the objectives which included; leadership influence, social services, and promotional opportunities and how they affect teacher retention. The study engaged two theoretical approaches i.e., Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory. The study used both quantitative and qualitative approaches to obtain, interpret and present findings from the field. In all the selected districts, the population was 3660, from which a sample size of 351 was purposively drawn and distributed with questionnaires. Interviews were also administered made to 3 educational administrative officers. Each district was represented by 117 teacher-respondents who were distributed with questionnaires and 1 administrative officer who participated in the interview. Based on the findings, the researcher concluded that leadership influence, accessibility to social services and promotion opportunities had higher positive effects on teacher’s retention rates in Kilolo districts than in Iringa DC and Mufindi districts. The study recommended that, given the state of distribution of social services in all selected districts and the overall low level of promotion opportunities, the government should increase the capacity to build social services infrastructures as well as increase promotion opportunities because they are likely to enhance the motivation of teachers thereby increasing retention rates

Factors Influencing Access to Financial Inclusion Among Tomato Smallholders Farmers’ in Kilolo District, Iringa

Sub-Saharan Africa's smallholder farming structures are primarily distinguished by consistently poor crop productivity levels. Despite smallholder farmers' output being low, Tanzania has spent the last few decades changing its agricultural policy to make financial inclusion more beneficial and accessible to farmers. In this essay, the level of financial inclusion among tomato smallholder farmers in the Kilolo District will be discussed, along with the effectiveness of service provision and factors that contribute to financial inclusion. The current study used a cross-sectional research methodology in which 199 smallholder tomato producers provided data on a standardized questionnaire all at once. Quantitative information on financial services' quality and accessibility was examined using descriptive analysis. Logical multinomial In order to ascertain which level of financial inclusion was most likely for a tomato farmer, regression analysis was conducted. The degree of financial inclusion of tomato smallholder farmers was assessed using multiple response analysis, and the effectiveness of the services provided was assessed using a Likert scale. The findings of financial inclusion showed that more than half of the farmers (58.3%) had access to financial services. According to the study, financial institutions predominately offer savings and money transfer services. Additionally, among tomato smallholder farmers, the degree of financial inclusion was significantly influenced by the household age, sex, educational attainment, and income of the head of the family. It is advised that the government adopt policies that emphasize providing financial services to many rural areas and teaching farmers about the significance of financial inclusion in farming.

Women’s Participation in Leadership in Schools and Local Government in Ibumu and Image Wards in Kilolo District, Iringa Region,Tanzania

This study assessed women’s participation in decision making at schools and political leadership at local government in Ibumu and Image Ward in Kilolo District, Iringa region, Tanzania. It also assessed factors contributing to women’s underrepresentation in leadership positions and low levels of their participation in decision making and what should be done in order to enable them have equal access to decision making and leadership. The study was conducted in Kilolo District. The study was guided by questions focusing on how women participated in decision making and leadership, reasons for the situation and strategies to address women’s low level of participation in decision making and leadership. The methods of data collection were semi-structured interviews, document analysis and observations. Data were analyzed using a thematic framework. The findings revealed that very few women participate in decision making and leadership positions due to lack of education, men were not ready to allow women to participate in decision making. The basis for the lack of women participation, came from threats from husbands, antiquated traditions and customs, family responsibilities, lack of confidence in women and stereotypes. Male leaders held most top political leadership position and were the main decision makers.

Socio-cultural and Economic Challenges Confronting Caregivers of Children with Disabilities in Kilolo District, Tanzania

The well-being of children with physical disabilities is highly dependent on the absence or reduction of the caregiving burden on caregivers. This study aimed to investigate the social, cultural, and economic challenges facing caregivers in the provision of social well-being to children with Physical Disabilities supported by MAWAKI organization in Kilolo District, Iringa region, Tanzania. The study adopted a case study design where interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were used to collect information from the caregivers of children with physical disabilities, MAWAKI organization staff, and Village Executive Officers (VEOs). The thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative information collected from the respondents. From the study findings, it is concluded that the social challenges facing the caregivers of children with physical disabilities include inadequate availability of social programs, marriage conflicts, and poor family relationships. The cultural challenges identified by the study to affect caregivers of children with disabilities were community negative attitudes, perceptions, and beliefs towards children with disabilities. On the other hand, the existence of poor financial support, and the high cost of health and transport services were concluded as the economic challenges facing caregivers of children with physical disabilities. Therefore, the study recommended that caregivers needed to be provided with affordable social and economic support services together with the existence of effective implementation of government policies and laws related to disabled people in Tanzania.

Understanding barriers impeding the deployment of solar-powered cold storage technologies for post-harvest tomato losses reduction: Insights from small-scale farmers in Tanzania

Postharvest food loss remains one of the major food security challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa (Africa). In Tanzania, it is estimated that about 50 percent of fresh tomatoes perish before reaching consumers due to poor post-harvest management. The lack of cold storage facilities is one of the leading causes of massive post-harvest tomato losses, negatively affecting farmers' livelihoods and the sector's economic contribution. For small-scale farmers in off-grid locations, the adoption of solar-powered cold storage technologies has been found to be a potential solution for reducing losses of highly perishable crops such as tomatoes. However, in Tanzania, the deployment of Solar-powered Cold Storage Technologies (SPCSTs) is limited, leaving the vast majority of rural small-scale farmers without access to such facilities. This study examined barriers impeding the deployment and uptake of Solar-powered Cold Storage Technologies in Tanzania. Farmers' perceptions about SPCSTs and constraints limiting their deployment were examined through semi-structured interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) held between April and June 2021 in Kilolo district, Southeast Tanzania. Participants involved fifty-two (n = 52) small-scale tomato farmers and twenty-three (n = 23) experts and key informants from government and non-profit organizations that were purposively selected. The results show that the deployment of solar-powered cold storage technologies is constrained by limited awareness, high investment costs, low-paying capacity among farmers, and consumer preference for non-refrigerated foods. Addressing these barriers demand promoting policies and programs that attract and retain investment in cold storage technologies and improve SPCSTs affordability through flexible payment arrangements.

Psychoactive Substance Abuse among Secondary School Students in Tanzania: Exploring Perception and Understanding of Its Impact on Academic Achievement

The aim of this study was to explore perceptions and understanding of the impact of drug and psychoactive substance abuse among Secondary School students Kilolo district of Iringa Tanzania. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: to identify the commonly used psychoactive drug and substances; to explore students’ perceptions on psychoactive substance use; to examine students’ knowledge of the impact of psychoactive substance abuse on academic achievement; and to explore the strategies used in preventing use of drugs and substance abuse at Secondary School level. The study was guided by the Self-Medication Theory of Addiction. The theory that provides a valuable investigative and clinical paradigm to address the challenging issue of drug addiction. The study used a quantitative approach with a cross-section descriptive design. Employing simple random sampling, a total sample of 400 respondents were drawn from five secondary schools of Kilolo district. The data were obtained through questionnaire-based survey. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics with the aid of IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. The findings revealed that the commonly used psychoactive substances by secondary school students were alcohol, marijuana, snuff, and cigarettes. The students had the knowledge of drugs and substance abuse and perceive that they are not good for their academics and health. The study further unveiled that some students used the substances sparingly and while others used them on a daily basis. The findings showed that students had knowledge of the impact of psychoactive substance abuse on academic achievement. The findings also revealed that mechanism are in place at the school level to prevent drugs and psychoactive substance abuse. In view of the findings of this study it is recommended that families should be involved in the fight against use of drugs and psychoactive substances and provide counsel for the students. Schools should strive at encouraging positive peer relationships and networks among students who do not use psychoactive substances.

The Role of Agricultural Social Enterprise to Smallholder Farmers’ Adaptive Capacity to Climatic Stresses in Tanzania

This paper intended to ascertain the implications of agricultural social enterprise on the adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers to climatic stresses in the Kilolo District, Tanzania. The study used a sample of 90 households. Household questionnaires, focus group discussions (FGD), and key informant interviews were used to collect primary data for this study. Secondary data were collected through a review of literature relevant to this study. The content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data, whereas quantitative data were subjected to Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) version 20 for analysis. Microsoft Excel 2007 was used to analyse rainfall and temperature data trends of the study area. Findings revealed that the agricultural social enterprise found in the study area (i.e. One Acre Fund-OAF) enhanced the adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers since the services it provided to its clients positively influenced the functioning of the determinants of adaptive capacity and consequently led to the increase of average maize production per acre by 54.5%. This study concludes that agricultural social enterprises such as OAF have the potential to enhance smallholder farmers’ adaptive capacity to climatic stresses, however other stakeholders should come together to support this cause.
 Keywords Climatic stresses; Adaptive capacity; Social enterprises; Social entrepreneurship

The Liability of Climate Change on Constraining Women’s Rights in the Southern Highlands, Tanzania: A Case of Kilolo District

The study investigated the liability of climate change on constraining women rights in Kilolo District. Systematic random sampling was used to obtain a sample of 240 respondents. Data were collected using Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Questionnaires for the complementation. Data analysis was done using thematic data analysis for survey data for rainfall trends, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and content analysis for data from the FGDs and documents. The study revealed that climate change was liable for constraining women rights in the district. The main constrained women rights were the right to food adequacy, right to water, right to health and well-being, right to decision making and gender-based violence. The study concludes that climate change has diverse impacts on vulnerable groups such as women and children. This study recommends communities that to adapt to and mitigate climate change impacts, there should be an inclusive approach to all gender on a local and global scale. The central governments should find the appropriate strategies to rescue women who are severely tormented and disrupted by climate change.

Strategies used in Mobilizing Physical Resource in Kilolo District Public Secondary Schools, Tanzania

This study sought to establish strategies used in mobilizing physical resource through the mixed research approach under which convergent parallel design was used. The study was conducted across 26 public secondary schools in Kilolo District with 662 teachers, 26 heads of schools and one District Education Officer (DEO). Five heads of schools and the DEO were purposively selected to take part in the interview while 81 teachers were randomly selected to take part in the study through the questionnaire. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics with the help of the SPSS while qualitative data was analysed thematically. The study established that the most used strategy in mobilizing resources was funds from income generation activities followed by involvement of the community in construction of school buildings, purchase of desks and repair of broken furniture. Since physical resources are one of most important tools for curriculum implementation, the study recommends that the use of different strategies to mobilize physical resources should be considered by schools under investigation.

The Effects of Traditional Ceremonies and Early Marriages on Girls’ Access to Secondary Education in Kilolo District, a Case of Public Secondary Schools

This study aimed to explore the effects of traditional ceremonies and early marriages on girls’ access to secondary education in Kilolo District Council; A case of public secondary schools. The study employs both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The cross-sectional design was employed to the study. The population of this study was secondary school students in the selected wards of Kilolo District; teachers, ward educational officers, and ward executive officers as key informants. A random sample technique used to randomly select of 108 respondents who were secondary school’s students while purposive sampling technique adopted to the selected 12 key informants for this study. A questionnaires, interview and Focused Group Discussions (FGD) were used to explore information from the respondents. The Quantitative data were analyzed by using descriptive through the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 while Qualitative data were divided into themes and then subjected to content analysis to supplement quantitative data. The study findings revealed that, lowering academic performance, increase number of school droppers and lowering attendance were among the effects of traditional ceremonies and early marriages on girls’ access to secondary education at Kilolo District. Basing on the study findings, it is recommended that, the government and other stakeholders should take appropriate actions to those people who forced girl’s students to engaged in traditional ceremonies and early marriage with enforcement of law relating with the particular incidents, while at the same time, education on the effects of harmful cultural practicing including early marriage should be disseminating to all over the societies so as to reduce the persistence of the problem with advocacy for girls right in accessing education at all level.

Self-perceived Satisfaction with Dental Appearance and Associated Factors among Secondary School Students in Iringa, Tanzania

Introduction: Oral health is not only the absence of oral ailments and dysfunctions but also includes other components that influence a person's social life like satisfaction with one's dental appearance and beauty. This study was done to determine the self-perceived satisfaction with dental appearance and associated factors among secondary school students in Iringa, Tanzania. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was done in the Kilolo district of the Iringa region on the southern highlands of Tanzania. It involved students from four private and four government secondary schools. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect information regarding students' perceptions of their teeth and satisfaction with their dental appearance. Data were entered in a computer program SPPS version 23.0 for analysis. Frequency distribution of different variables was generated, the association between variables was assessed by the Chi-square test, the P value was set at P < 0.05. Results: A total of 787 participants were included, of which 410 (52.9%) were female and the male/female ratio was 1:1.1. The age range was 15–21 years (mean 16.64 ± 1.35 years). Only 27% of the students perceived their dental appearance to be good. About 39% of the students were satisfied with their general dental appearance. There was a statistically significant association between students level of perception of their dental appearance and level of satisfaction with dental appearance Conclusion: The level of self-perceived satisfaction with dental appearance was low among the study participants. The students' self-perceived dental appearance influenced their satisfaction with their dental appearance, unlike factors such as age and sex. Self-satisfaction with dental appearance had a significant impact on the social life of the participants.

Implication of quality uncertainty on market exchange: The case of seed industry in Kilolo district, Tanzania.

An increasing demand of agricultural intensification and value addition necessitates the use of improved inputs such as improved seed. Smallholder farmers contribute about 70% of agricultural production in Tanzania. Agriculture sector in Tanzania contributes about 24.1% of the GDP, 30% of exports and 65% of industrial raw materials. Thus, agriculture development, economic growth and industrialization are inseparable. Due to the nature of the product, smallholder farmers cannot judge the overall excellence of seed at the time of buying. This paper assessed quality uncertainty in maize and vegetable seed and its implication for market exchange between farmers and seed sellers in Kilolo district, Iringa Tanzania. The study used a random sample of 130 smallholder farmers and representatives from ten seed companies. Asymmetric information prevails between the two trading sides i.e. sellers and buyers leading into quality uncertainty. Moreover, product augmentation is profoundly overlooked whereby most of seed companies have not augmented their products. Because an improved seed is a quintessential example of an experience good, quality uncertainty of some crop varieties under field conditions favored some seed brands to be used more by farmers compared to others. This paper offers a thorough deduction on quality uncertainty under farmers’ field condition and its implication on market exchange. It adds information in the body of knowledge on how an improved seed can contribute to sustainable production of food and industrial raw materials, which is a step towards desired industrialization agenda in Tanzania.

Implication of quality uncertainty on market exchange: the case of seed industry in Kilolo district, Tanzania

An increasing demand of agricultural intensification and value addition necessitates the use of improved inputs such as improved seed. Smallholder farmers contribute about 70% of agricultural production in Tanzania. Agriculture sector in Tanzania contributes about 24.1% of the GDP, 30% of exports and 65% of industrial raw materials. Thus, agriculture development, economic growth and industrialization are inseparable. Due to the nature of the product, smallholder farmers cannot judge the overall excellence of seed at the time of buying. This paper assessed quality uncertainty in maize and vegetable seed and its implication for market exchange between farmers and seed sellers in Kilolo district, Iringa Tanzania. The study used a random sample of 130 smallholder farmers and representatives from ten seed companies. Asymmetric information prevails between the two trading sides, i.e. sellers and buyers, leading into quality uncertainty. Moreover, product augmentation is profoundly overlooked whereby most of seed companies have not augmented their products. Because an improved seed is a quintessential example of an experience good, quality uncertainty of some crop varieties under field conditions favored some seed brands to be used more by farmers compared to others. This paper offers a thorough deduction on quality uncertainty under farmers' field condition and its implication on market exchange. It adds information in the body of knowledge on how an improved seed can contribute to sustainable production of food and industrial raw materials, which is a step towards desired industrialization agenda in Tanzania.

Implication of quality uncertainty on market exchange: The case of seed industry in Kilolo district, Tanzania.

An increasing demand of agricultural intensification and value addition necessitates the use of improved inputs such as improved seed. Smallholder farmers contribute about 70 % of agricultural production in Tanzania. Agriculture sector in Tanzania contributes about 24.1 % of the GDP, 30 % of exports and 65% of industrial raw materials. Thus, agriculture development, economic growth and industrialization are inseparable. Due to the nature of the product, smallholder farmers cannot judge the overall excellence of seed at the time of buying. This paper assessed quality uncertainty in maize and vegetable seed and its implication for market exchange between farmers and seed sellers in Kilolo district, Iringa Tanzania. The study used a random sample of 130 smallholder farmers and representatives from ten seed companies. Asymmetric information prevails between the two trading sides i.e. sellers and buyers leading into quality uncertainty. Moreover, product augmentation is profoundly overlooked whereby most of seed companies have not augmented their products. Because an improved seed is a quintessential example of an experience good, quality uncertainty of some crop varieties under field conditions favored some seed brands to be used more by farmers compared to others. This paper offers a thorough deduction on quality uncertainty under farmers’ field condition and its implication on market exchange. It adds information in the body of knowledge on how an improved seed can contribute to sustainable production of food and industrial raw materials, which is a step towards desired industrialization agenda in Tanzania.