Kicking Foot Research Articles

Anticipatory postural control in adaptation of goal-directed lower extremity movements.

Skilled football players can adapt their kicking movements depending on external environments. Predictive postural control movements, known as anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs), are needed preceding kicking movements to precisely control them while maintaining a standing posture only with the support leg. We aimed to clarify APAs of the support leg in the process of adaptation of goal-directed movements with the lower limb. Participants replicated ball-kicking movements such that they reached a cursor, representing a kicking-foot position towards a forward target while standing with the support leg. APAs were observed as the centre of pressure of the support leg shifted approximately 300ms in advance of the onset of movement of the kicking foot. When the cursor trajectory of the kicking foot was visually rotated during the task, the kicking-foot movement was gradually modified to reach the target, indicating adaptation to the novel visuomotor environment. Interestingly, APAs in the mediolateral direction were also altered following the change in kicking-foot movements. Additionally, the APAs modified more slowly than the kicking-foot movements. These results suggest that flexible changes in predictive postural control might support the adaptation of goal-directed movements of the lower limb.

Quantification in shooting precision for preferred and non-preferred foot in college soccer players using the 95% equal confidence ellipse.

Shooting precision is a fundamental characteristic in soccer, yet the probabilistic structure and magnitude of precision in soccer shooting remain quantitatively unexplored. This study aimed to quantify shooting precision using measures derived from the bivariate normal distribution for both preferred and non-preferred feet. Sixteen right-footed collegiate soccer players participated by performing instep kicks aiming at targets which are placed close to the left and right top corners of the soccer goal. We used bivariate normal distribution modeled the ball positions, revealing an ellipsoidal distribution, and the area of the 95% confidence ellipses served as an index of precision. Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed a significant main effect of the kicking foot. For shots aimed at the same side as the kicking foot, the area of the 95% confidence ellipse was 6.17 ± 1.93 m2 (mean ± SD) for the preferred foot and 10.22 ± 3.53 m2 for the non-preferred foot. Similar results were observed for shots aimed at the opposite side of the kicking foot. These quantitative findings hold promise for advancing soccer research and enhancing practical applications in soccer skill assessment.

여자 국가대표 세팍타크로 선수의 Scissors spike 동작 시 근전도 분석

The purpose of this study is to analyze the EMG of the Scissors spike motion of the female national Sepaktakraw players. The results of this study are as follows. First, the total time required for Scissors Spike motion was 0.69±0.03 sec, and the required time was short in the order of phase 2, phase 3, phase 4, and phase 1. Second, mean EMG in phase 1 was the highest in the tibialis anterior muscle in the kicking foot and the gastrocnemius muscle in the supporting foot. And the maximum EMG was highest in the gastrocnemius muscle in both the kicking and supporting feet. Third, mean EMG in phase 2 was the highest in the gastrocnemius muscle in the kicking foot and the tibialis anterior muscle in the supporting foot. And the maximum EMG was highest in the gastrocnemius muscle in the kicking foot and the tibialis anterior muscle in the supporting foot. Fourth, in phase 3, mean EMG was highest in gastrocnemius muscle in the kicking foot and gastrocnemius muscle in the supporting foot. And the maximum EMG was highest in the gastrocnemius muscle in both the kicking and supporting feet. Fifth, mean EMG in phase 4 was the highest in gastrocnemius muscle in the kicking foot and gastrocnemius muscle in the supporting foot. And the maximum EMG was highest in the gastrocnemius muscle in both the kicking and supporting feet. Summarizing the results of this study, it was found that the gastrocnemius muscle was the most used muscle in the kicking foot and support foot during the Scissors Spike movement of the women’s national Sepak Takraw players, followed by the tibialis anterior muscle. And it can be seen that the muscles that use the greatest strength are the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles.

Perceiving the inertial properties of actions in anticipation skill

Inertial properties of throwing or striking actions constrain action outcomes, but their role in anticipation skill has not been investigated yet. Therefore, the aim of this study was to systematically investigate the effect of inertial constraints on anticipation skill. Fifteen semi-professional and fifteen novice soccer players were tasked with determining the kick direction of penalty kicks occluded at 160 ms, 80 ms before ball-foot contact, at ball-foot contact, or 80 ms after ball-foot contact. The inertial constraints were manipulated by loading the kicking leg with a 2.25 kg weight around the shank of the kicking leg and were compared with unloaded kicks. Anticipation accuracy of kick direction, response time, and decision confidence were recorded. It was found that loaded kick directions were anticipated more accurately, faster, and at earlier occlusion periods than unloaded kicks. The higher accuracy for the loaded kicks was found in the earlier occlusion conditions in experts compared to novices, as were the positive relationships between accuracy and confidence. It was concluded that the perception of the inertial constraints of the kicking action allowed for earlier anticipation of kick direction. It is proposed that accurate perception of the biomechanical property radius of gyrations in the body segments linking proximal to distal towards the kicking foot may provide this information.

Features of ball impact in straight, curve and knuckle kicks in soccer

The quantitative relationship between kicking motion and ball behaviour can be easily explained by detecting the impact point and foot posture. In previous studies, the impact point of a kicking foot was difficult to capture using visual tracking. Thus, a virtual surface modelling technique was applied in this study to clarify the differences in the three-dimensional foot speed, impact point and foot posture between straight, curve, and knuckle kicks in soccer, as well as the relationship between the kick motion and ball rotation. An optical three-dimensional motion capture system (VICON) was used to record the kicking motion. The impact points of the straight, curve, and knuckle kicks were found to be centrally located in the instep area, at a lower (more downwards) inside area, and at the medial area between the instep and inside areas of the kicking foot, respectively. Moreover, an impact with a greater ‘swing vector deviation angle (relative to the direction from the impact point to the centre of gravity of the ball)’ is necessary for ball rotation. The impact point detection method employed in this study can be applied to other ball impact estimations beyond soccer kicks.

A comparative study of instep kicking swings, ball impacts, and ball speeds in male and female football players

This research aims to compare swings, ball impacts, and ball velocities of instep kick between male and female players. The research used comparative design method, in which two groups of males and females were compared. This research used eight Indonesian football players as sample: four males and four females. The instrument used for data collection in this research is football long pass test. Video documentation was taken with high-speed camera unit with 1000 fps ability. The data collected were then analyzed through Kinovea, in which swing angles, foot angular velocities, ball impact times, ball velocities, and resulting ball distances were calculated. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney test were used to compare each instep kick of male and female players. Results show that no difference on instep long pass swing and ball impact between male and female players was observed. On average, male players performed instep kicking with kicking foot knee flexion angle of 104.750, hip angle of 77.250, kicking foot knee extension angle of 1580, kicking foot steepness angle of 58.250, average power of 209.38 J/s (watt), and average kicking foot angular velocity of 0.11 rad/s, which resulted in average ball impact of 10.27 Ns that caused average post-impact ball velocity of 22.83 m/s and average ball distance of 26.63 meters. Meanwhile, female players performed instep kicking with kicking foot knee flexion angle of 930, hip angle of 74.250, kicking foot knee extension angle of 1480, kicking foot steepness angle of 56.250, average power of 237.28 J/s (watt), and average kicking foot angular velocity of 0.11 rad/s which resulted in average ball impact of 10.32 Ns that caused average post-impact ball velocity of 22.94 m/s and average ball distance of 26.87 meters. The results show that the average ball distance of male players was closer to 25-meter target than those of female players. In order to achieve 25-meter kicking accuracy, female players contributed greater power and steeper kicking foot angle than their male counterparts. In conclusion, to master instep kicking technique, female players need to pay attention to their power and body position during kicking.

인공지능을 활용한 저비용 스포츠동작 분석의 검증

We projected to calculate and verify the flexion angle of the lower extremity joint during sports motion using low-cost artificial intelligence modeling. The data modeled by artificial intelligence was verified to the data which was produced from the IMU(Inertial Measurement Unit).<BR> We recruited seven youth male football players as participants for the project. The participants performed kicking motion of football with IMU attached to the landmark of the lower extremity joint for 3D motion analysis. The wireless data from the IMU and the video data from the general camera were measured simultaneously. The flexion angles of the pelvis, knee, and ankle were computed from the OpenPose library and the IMU data. The OpenPose library was processed on the image data from the camera. The football kicking motion was calculated over E1 (Toe Off), E2 (TOP Of Back Swing), E3 (Ball Impact), and E4 (Follow Swing) based on the kicking foot. For statistical processing, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient(ICC2,1) was performed to verify the consistency of AI modeling data. And Correlation(both, Pearson) analysis was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the data from the AI. The statistical significance level was set to .05.<BR> In the result, it showed excellent reliability and accuracy of the knee joint angle which occurs at the moment over the kicking preparation and kicking the ball(p<.05). Furthermore, It was possible to derive the characteristic trend of knee flexion angle change during football kicking.<BR> In conclusion, if image data with high-resolution and high-speed shutter speed can be obtained, quantitative kinematic data analysis might be available from artificial intelligence modeling.

The risk of injury in the first five years of an Australian football career – Can it be predicted without using player load?

Background: The concept of predicting injury risk has been criticised (Bahr, 2016), however research using machine learning methods has demonstrated that it is possible to predict injury risk in basketball (Talukder 2016a) and soccer (Talukder 2016b). Player load is by far the strongest injury risk factor (Rossi 2018), however player load data may not always be available for analysis and the prediction of risk. The aim of this study was to investigate whether player characteristics alone, could be used to predict injury risk in the first five seasons of an Australian football player’s professional career. Methods: The data represented 1033 unique AFL players, who sustained 4762 injuries in seasons 1997-2016. Player characteristics (height, body mass, age, playing position, indigenousness & natural kicking foot) and the injury characteristics of the previous season, were used in models to predict injury risk. Results: A Naïve Bayes model that was based on player characteristics alone was able to classify injury risk category (low, medium, high) over 5 years, 1.3 times better than random chance. The characteristics of; playing position, height and body mass contributed to 97% of the prediction of injury risk category. A Decision Tree model that classified injury risk category in a single season, based on the characteristics of a player and their injuries in the previous season, performed 1.4 times better than random chance. When the models were used to predict whether a player would be in the highest risk category, the performance of both models increased to 1.9 and 2.2 times better than random chance. Taller and heavier key position players who sustained hamstring strain and groin strain/osteitis pubis injuries in the previous season had a higher injury risk than shorter and lighter non-key position players who remained injury-free in the previous season. Discussion: The injury prediction models reported here did not perform as well previously reported models that were based on training load. Nevertheless, they demonstrate how player characteristics affect injury risk and the models themselves can be used “live” to stratify injury risk, which can then be used to help clinicians make decisions about risk mitigation strategies such as prehabilitation. Conflict of interest statement: My co-authors and I acknowledge that we have no conflict of interest of relevance to the submission of this abstract.

PEMANFAATAN KICK FOOT SENSOR UNTUK MEKANISME BUKA TUTUP BAGASI KENDARAAN

Along with its development, car manufacturers are increasingly improving safety and security features in each of their products. Currently, this element of safety and security has become an important target in the development of the existence of various features that exist in a vehicle. In this study, the power back door feature is implemented by using the kick foot sensor as input data to open and close the trunk of the vehicle through the actuator. This feature uses a foot sensor so you don't have to press any buttons, just point your foot under the rear bumper and the sensor will automatically read and open the trunk door. This feature is very helpful for passengers who want to put their luggage in the trunk but have both hands to carry items such as bags or plastic shopping bags. There are several stages carried out in this research. In the first stage, the specification of the required actuator motor, including force and torque, is carried out by analyzing the free body diagram to be able to open and close the trunk. In the second stage, the trunk door is tested when the condition is open and close. From the test results, the average time to open the trunk is 11.79 seconds, while the average time to close the trunk is 11.56 seconds. The time obtained is faster than the initial design target set, which is 15 seconds both when opening and closing the trunk. While the sensitivity of the motion sensor can range from 20 mm to 400 mm when the foot is directly under the sensor.

The approach towards the ball, rather than the physical characteristics of the kicker, limits accurate rugby place kicking range

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to understand how a place kicker’s range is limited by their approach to the ball and their physical characteristics. Thirty-three kickers performed maximal place kicks and vertical jumps in a laboratory. Whole-body motion and ground reaction forces during the approach phase of the kicks, jump performance and anthropometric measurements of those whose predicted maximum distance was limited by range (n = 17) rather than accuracy were analysed. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the number of variables considered before stepwise regression analyses assessed variance in place kick maximum distance and associated criteria. Four components, explaining 94% of the variance in maximum distance, were extracted from the PCA: width of approach, anterior-posterior body position, centre-of-mass height and lower limb strength. Lower limb strength was a significant predictor of both kicking foot velocity (R2 = 0.55, p = 0.001) and ball velocity magnitude (R2 = 0.57, p < 0.001). However, maximum distance was determined by body position during the approach (antero-posterior position, R2 = 0.52, p = 0.001 and centre-of-mass height, R2 = 0.12, p = 0.049). This highlights the importance of considering three-dimensional motion of the kicker alongside their physical capabilities to understand place kicking range.

유소년 축구선수의 킥 동작에 따른 운동역학적 분석

We projected of analysis that was aimed at enhanced kick performance of football posture for adolescent athletes and was measured lower limb angle, displacement of plantar center of pressure(COP) were occurred during each inside kick and instep kick(long kick).<BR> Healthy adolescent athletes(n=10, male, age: 13.6±.52) were recruited for our project. Range of motion(ROM) over Hip, Knee and Ankle Joint were measured by three-dimensional analysis using inertial measurement units. COP of each kicking and support foot was measured from sensor insole. Statistical analysis of independent t-test was performed(p<.05).<BR> The results revealed that inside kick caused greater ROM than instep kick over the phase for preparing kick in almost all joints. Inside kick showed smaller ROM than instep kick over the phase for kicking. COP displacement of support foot from inside kick was smaller than instep kick with significant(p<.05) when the event of initial contact of support foot or toe-off of kicking foot from the ground arose.<BR> These results suggest inside kick and instep kick have the different tendency of ROM over joint angle of lower limbs each other and have the different tendency of behavior strategy for stability of center of body in football athletes when the foot for support of kicking contacted on the ground.

Lower Limb Differences and the Center of Pressure Control Test with Visual Feedback for Junior Soccer Players

This study aimed to compare the COP (center of foot pressure) control ability of junior soccer players between the kicking foot and the supporting foot using the COP control test. The participants were 40 junior soccer players (133.6±5.4 cm, 28.8±3.4 kg, 9.1±0.6 years old, soccer history: 3.8±1.3 years) belonging to a local soccer team. The COP control test was carried out using the COP trajectory measuring instrument T.K.K5810 and COP adjustment software 1.1.0 (Takei Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd.) to examine the lower right and left lower limb differences in the COP control ability. Of the 40 participants, 35 who kicked the ball with their right foot according to the questionnaire took part in the COP control test. The target-tracking COP control test tracks the target that moves regularly on the monitor with the COP and measures the total error over time. Each participant randomly practiced one standing position on both feet and one standing position (kicking foot and supporting foot), took a 30-second break between trials, and then performed two trials. The evaluation variable was total COP errors made in 30 s with the moving target. Of the two trials, for each player, the data with the best record were included for analysis. The mean COP control test scores when standing on one leg were 602.8±163.2 cm for the kicking leg and 561.6±159.1 cm for the supporting leg. The COP control test score with both feet standing was 487.0±146.2 cm. The scores of one-foot standing (kicking foot and supporting foot) were significantly higher than those for participants standing on both feet (p < 0.05), and many participants had better scores for their supporting foot than their kicking foot. However, there was no significant difference in the mean value of the kicking foot and the supporting foot and of the symmetry index, the effect size was also small. The results indicate that the COP control ability of junior soccer players does not differ between their kicking foot and their supporting foot.

Kicking low drive and high drive

In this paper we mainly concerned with develop knowledge, skill and study on kicking low drive and high drive. Kicking low drive: My shoulders and arms, when positioned properly, help with the accuracy of our soccer shot. When shooting the ball low, I want to lean your upper body slightly over the ball, slightly swinging our arms out for balance as I shift our kicking leg down and forward toward the ball. Kicking high drive: Stride towards the ball and make contact with it using the outside of your kick foot, keeping your ankle locked. Initially, this is great for passing.

Hamstring muscle-tendon unit lengthening and activation in instep and cut-off kicking

Hamstring muscle strain injury is one of the most common injuries in sports involving sprinting and kicking. Studies examining hamstring kinematics and activations are rich for sprinting but lacking for kicking. The purpose of this study was to examine kinematics and activations of hamstring muscles in instep and cut-off kicking tasks frequently performed in soccer. Videographic and electromyographic (EMG) data were collected for 11 male soccer-majored college students performing the two kicking tasks. Peak hamstring muscle-tendon unit lengths, elongation velocities, and maximum linear envelop EMG data were identified and compared among hamstring muscles and between kicking tasks. Hamstring muscles exhibited activated elongations before and after the contact of the kicking foot with the ball. The muscle-tendon unit lengths peaked in the follow-through phase. The peak elongation velocity of the semimembranosus was significantly greater than that of the semitendinosus and biceps femoris (p = 0.001). The maximum linear envelop EMG of the biceps femoris was significantly greater than that of the semimembranosus (p = 0.026). The potential for hamstring injury exists in the follow-through phase of each kicking task. The increased hamstring muscle-tendon unit elongation velocities in kicking tasks may explain the more severe hamstring injuries in kicking compared to sprinting.

A joint kinetic analysis of rugby place kicking technique to understand why kickers achieve different performance outcomes

We aimed to identify differences in kicking leg and torso mechanics between groups of rugby place kickers who achieve different performance outcomes, and to understand why these features are associated with varying levels of success. Thirty-three experienced place kickers performed maximum effort place kicks, whilst three-dimensional kinematic (240 Hz) and ground reaction force (960 Hz) data were recorded. Kicking leg and torso mechanics were compared between the more successful (‘long’) kickers and two sub groups of less successful kickers (’short’ and ‘wide-left’) using magnitude-based inferences and statistical parametric mapping. Short kickers achieved substantially slower ball velocities compared with the long kickers (20.8 ± 2.2 m/s vs. 27.6 ± 1.7 m/s, respectively) due to performing substantially less positive hip flexor (normalised mean values = 0.071 vs. 0.092) and knee extensor (0.004 vs. 0.009) joint work throughout the downswing, which may be associated with their more front-on body orientation, and potentially a lack of strength or intent. Wide-left kickers achieved comparable ball velocities (26.9 ± 1.6 m/s) to the long kickers, but they were less accurate due to substantially more longitudinal ball spin and a misdirected linear ball velocity. Wide-left kickers created a tension arc across the torso and therefore greater positive hip flexor joint work (normalised mean = 0.112) throughout the downswing than the long kickers. Whilst this may have assisted kicking foot velocity, it also induced greater longitudinal torso rotation during the downswing, and may have affected the ability of the hip to control the direction of the foot trajectory.

Direct and indirect effects of joint torque inputs during an induced speed analysis of a swinging motion

This study proposed a method to quantify direct and indirect effects of the joint torque inputs in the speed-generating mechanism of a swinging motion. Linear and angular accelerations of all segments within a multi-linked system can be expressed as the sum of contributions from a joint torque term, gravitational force term and motion-dependent term (MDT), where the MDT is a nonlinear term consisting of centrifugal force, Coriolis force and gyroscopic effect moment components. Direct effects result from angular accelerations induced by a joint torque at a given instant, whereas indirect effects arise through the MDT induced by joint torques exerted in the past. These two effects were quantified for the kicking-side leg during a rugby place kick. The MDT was the largest contributor to the foot centre of gravity (CG)’s speed at ball contact. Of the factors responsible for generating the MDT, the direct and indirect effects of the hip flexion-extension torque during both the flight phase (from the final kicking foot take-off to support foot contact) and the subsequent support phase (from support foot contact to ball contact) were important contributors to the foot CG’s speed at ball contact. The indirect effect of the ankle plantar-dorsal flexion torque and the direct effect of the knee flexion-extension torque during the support phase showed the largest positive and negative contributions to the foot CG’s speed at ball contact, respectively. The proposed method allows the identification of which individual joint torque axes are crucial and the timings of joint torque exertion that are used to generate a high speed of the distal point of a multi-linked system.

Kicking foot swing planes and support leg kinematics in rugby place kicking: Differences between accurate and inaccurate kickers

Place kicking is a complex whole-body movement that contributes 45% of the points scored in international Rugby Union. This study compared the kicking foot swing plane characteristics of accurate and inaccurate kickers, underpinned by differences in their support leg and pelvis kinematics at support foot contact, to identify key technique characteristics. Motion capture data (240 Hz) were collected from 33 experienced kickers, and distinct groups of accurate (n = 18) and inaccurate (n = 8) kickers were identified based on their performance characteristics. All accurate kickers were capable of kicking successfully from at least 33.3 m, whereas all inaccurate kickers would have missed left from distances greater than 30.7 m. The accurate group exhibited a moderately shallower swing plane inclination (50.6 ± 4.8° vs. 54.3 ± 2.1°) and directed the plane moderately further to the right of the target (20.2 ± 5.4° vs. 16.7 ± 4.1°). At support foot contact, the accurate group placed their support foot moderately less far behind the ball (0.08 ± 0.08 m vs. 0.12 ± 0.04 m) and positioned their centre of mass moderately further to the support leg side (0.77 ± 0.07 m vs. 0.72 ± 0.01 m) due to a moderately greater stance leg lean (29.3 ± 4.1° vs. 26.8 ± 3.2°). The kicking foot swing plane is highly planar in rugby place kicking but its orientation differs between accurate and inaccurate kickers. These plane characteristics may be controlled by support foot placement and support leg and pelvis kinematics at support foot contact.

Intermittent Treadmill Running Induces Kinematic Compensations to Maintain Soccer Kick Foot Speed Despite No Change in Knee Extensor Strength.

Kicking is a fundamental skill and a primary noncontact mechanism of injury in soccer, with injury incidence increasing during the latter stages of match-play. Ten male professional soccer players completed a 90-minute treadmill protocol based on the velocity profile of soccer match-play. Preexercise, and at 15-minute intervals, players completed a maximal velocity kick subjected to kinematic analysis at 200Hz. Preexercise, and at the end of each half, players also completed isokinetic concentric knee extensor repetitions at 180°·s-1, 300°·s-1, and 60°·s-1. Kicking foot speed was maintained at ∼19m·s-1, with no main effect for exercise duration. In relation to proximal-distal sequencing during the kicking action, there was a significant increase in the duration (but not magnitude) of thigh rotation, with a compensatory decrease in the duration (but not magnitude) of shank rotation during the latter stages of the exercise protocol. In relation to long-axis rotation, pelvic orientation at ball contact was maintained at ∼6°, representing a total pelvic rotation in the order of ∼15° during the kicking action. Peak knee extensor torque at all speeds was also maintained throughout the protocol, such that kinematic modifications are not attributable to a decline in knee extensor strength.

The influence of gender, dominant lower limb and type of target on the velocity of taekwon-do front kick.

The current study aimed to quantify the main influences and the interactions (joint effects) of gender, leg and type of target on the biomechanics of front kick quality. Through the quantification, we tried to identify the relevant factors related to the kick accuracy and maximum velocity for coaching practice. A ten-camera NIR VICON MX40 motion capture system (250 Hz) was used to determine the kicking foot maximum velocity from two well-trained subject groups (8 males and 6 females). Each subject performed both left and right front kicks in a lateral standing position into the air (without a physical target), to a board, to a table tennis ball and to a training shield. The target were set on a height corresponding to a height of solar plexus of each participant. The results showed that all the three factors (gender, leg and type of target) have significant influences on kicking speed ( p < 0.001) and significant interaction (joint effect) was only found between gender and target ( p < 0.001). Further analysis revealed that the males' kicking maximum velocity was affected more by board, while females' one was affected by the size of the target. The results would seem to suggest that, for males, kick-to-a-board may be the more effective method for increasing kick quality, compared to other type of target. For females, kick-to-a-small-ball appears to be effective method for increasing kick maximum velocity.

Laterality frequency, team familiarity, and game experience affect kicking-foot identification in Australian football players

This study examined whether laterality frequency, team familiarity, and game experience affected preferred kicking foot identification in professional Australian Football players. Using a repeated-measures experimental design, 13 and 10 players, respectively, identified the kicking foot of 30 teammates and 30 opponents using static images in a randomised sequence. Accuracy (%), reaction time (RT ms), and discrimination capability indices were examined. Overall, participants were less accurate and had slower reaction times when identifying the kicking foot of opposing team players relative to the speed and accuracy of identifying teammates. Significantly lower discrimination accuracy was also evident in participants’ capability to identify left-footed players from two different opposing teams. In moderating trends, opposing player game experience was correlated with accuracy and reduced reaction times, while participant game experience correlated with faster reaction times only. Laterality, (opposing) team familiarity, and game experience affect kicking foot identification in Australian Football with training and performance implications.