Khaki Campbell Ducks Research Articles

Isolation and molecular confirmation of Pasteurella multocida from acute infection in Khaki Campbell ducks

Isolation and molecular confirmation of Pasteurella multocida from acute infection in Khaki Campbell ducks

Effect of Replacing Fish Meal by Soybean Meal on the Performance, Nutrient Utilization and Egg Quality of Khaki Campbell Ducks in Late Laying Phase

Background: Feed quality in terms of protein source plays an important role in achieving targeted production. The quality of fish meal available in market is of highly variable in nature. Hence, an attempt was made to see the response of laying ducks to diets where fish was replaced by soybean meal with supplementation of critical aminoacids i.e. lysine and methionine over and above the normal requirement. Methods: A 16 week biological trial consisting of 72 Khaki Campbell laying ducks (83 weeks) subjected to three treatments (T1-Control diet with fish meal, T2- fish meal totally replaced by soybean meal, T3-T2 + Supplementation of Lysine and Methionine distributed equally to 9 replications of 8 laying ducks each was conducted following completely randomised design to see the effect of treatments on the performance, nutrient digestibility/retention and egg quality in Khaki Campbell laying ducks. Standard analytical and statistical procedures were followed for proper interpretation of the data. Result: The egg production (nos and dozen) and DDEP percent were significantly (P less than 0.05) higher and FCR was significantly (P less than 0.05) better for ducks reared on T1 compared to other groups. The dry matter, organic matter and crude fibre digestibility was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher for ducks fed fish meal. However, the EE digestibility was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher for T3 group. The egg quality parameters were significantly higher for T3 group. It is concluded that the performance of Khaki Campbell laying ducks fed diet without fish meal was deteriorated but the egg quality was improved.

Productivity, energy use efficiency, economics and CO2 emission from integrated fish-duck farming in floodplain wetland ecosystems of eastern India

The study aims to assess productivity, economics, energy use efficiency and CO2e emissionfrom integrated fish-duck farming system (IFDF system) in floodplains of the eastern India.A total of six fish ponds were constructed and developed as IFDF system under floodplainsin which fingerlings were stocked @4000 acre-1 and integrated with 150 numbers of KhakiCampbell ducks. Average growth rate of fishes ranged from 27 g month-1 of mrigal to 31.7 gmonth-1 of grass carp and average body weight ranged from 465.2 g of mrigal to 823.2 gof grass carp. The fish equivalent yield was obtained as 3.06 t acre-1 year-1. The total energyinput, output and energy use efficiency ratio estimated were 111.8 GJ and 21.2 GJ and 0.19,respectively. Net income earned was ₹234393 acre-1 year-1 and BC ratio estimated was 1.91.Further, 0.56 kg CO2e was emitted to produce 1.0 kg of fish equivalent, which was muchlower than that of the production of rice, mutton and milk. Keywords:CO2e emission, Economics, Energy, Fish-duckfarming, Floodplain, Productivity

Effect of Processed Rumen Digesta with Probiotics on Eggs Quality Characteristics of Khaki Campbell Ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos Domesticus)

Khaki Campbell is a duck with a dual purpose, as a producer of meat and egg, although its role as laying is more prominent. The aim of the present study is to examine feed ingredients for ducks (poultry) originating from abattoir waste that does not compete with humans. Feed is the largest component that affects poultry production since feed expenses occupy at least 60 - 70% of the production cost. The examined feed ingredient was the rumen digesta of the cow that was collected from the slaughterhouse and it is recommended to participate at 10 - 15% in rations, so as not to cause adverse side effects. The method of addition of probiotics to the feed of processed cow rumen serves to improve the growth rate, feed conversion efficiency, egg production, and livestock health. Measurements in the form of the amount of raw feed balance with processed rumen digesta substitution feed on the productivity of duck eggs. The conclusion of this study that the partial replacement of processed rumen content feeds up to 15% in Khaki Campbell ducks, did not give a noticeable difference (p>0.05) on egg weight, egg shape index, egg white index, yolk index, Haugh Unit, and egg yolk color. The main finding is that processed beef rumen content at the level of 10-15% can be used as a diet ingredient for ducks without affecting egg quality characteristics.

Performance of cross-bred (White Pekin × Khaki Campbell) ducks under extensive system of rearing

The performances and economics of crossbred (White Pekin × Khaki Campbell) ducks produced through artificial insemination and reared under extensive system of management were studied. A total of 150 day old ducklings were randomly distributed to six farmers in three villages (25 number each) of Odisha state and they were guided to maintain the birds with the resources available with them. The ducklings were brooded for ten days during which they were offered boiled broken rice. Subsequently they were fed from the surroundings besides being offered kitchen wastes, left over rice, vegetable peels, fish scales, etc. The birds were utilizing the village ponds for swimming and as feeding source. A secured night shelter was provided to each flock. The growth and production performances and mortality rate were recorded to the possible extent up to 40 wks of age by the combined effort of farmer family and project personal. The income generated through sale of birds and eggs were recorded for calculation of economics. It was observed that the overall mortality rate was 12% and the birds gained the body weight of 577.69±15.88 g, 1065.31±16.36 g, 1763.33±35.17 g and 1840.64±36.30 g at 4th, 8th, 16th and 24th week of age with first egg of the flock on ~150 days. The duck village/house egg production up to 40 weeks age was found to be 51.25% with 59.43±0.50 g average egg weight on 40th week. Further, the net profit of ₹9900 was calculated for individual flock considering the income from sale of eggs and live ducks and only expenditure towards cost of day old ducklings. It was concluded that cross-bred (WP × KC) ducks are suitable for rearing in farmers’ field with a higher economic gain.

Performance of cross-bred (White Pekin × Khaki Campbell) ducks under intensive system of rearing

In the present investigation, the performance of a crossbred (White pekin × Khaki Campbell) duck of meat and egg variety produced through artificial insemination were studied under intensive system of management. A total of 157 day old ducklings were reared in the experimental duck farm with standard management practice of brooding, and growing with balanced feed and health management. However, at 16th wk of age, 30 female ducks were confined to individual cage to record their egg laying performances. The growth performance revealed the significant difference between male and female from 8th to 24th week of age. Most of the body measurement parameters found higher than that of Khaki Campbell and less than that of White Pekin ducks of similar age. The blood biochemistry estimates revealed no variation between male and female ducks except for albumin and calcium wherein the value is highly significant for females. The carcass quality estimates of 20th week male ducks were at par with their age. The average age of sexual maturity was recorded as 131.83±1.65 days and age at 50% egg production in the flock was 139 days. The duck day egg production per cent up to 45th week of age was 80.31±3.44 and it was also recorded that in 108 occasions, one duck laid more than one egg. The egg estimates study of the experimental duck eggs (100 nos) at 40 wks age revealed 62.31± 0.44 g egg weight and 92.378 ± 0.453 as Hague unit scale. The study revealed that the production and reproduction parameters of the cross-bred (WP × KC) ducks may meet the expectation of farmers to be benefitted through both meat and egg production.

Protection of Khaki Campbell Ducks against Duck Plague Using an Inactivated Duck Plague Vaccine

Duck plague (DP) or duck viral enteritis is a fatal viral disease of ducks that causes huge economic losses in the duck industry. The present study was performed to determine the immune response and protective efficacy of an inactivated DP vaccine prepared from a local virulent DP virus. A virulent DP virus was obtained from the laboratory repository of the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh (Bangladesh). The DP virus (EID50 105.3/ml) was inactivated using 0.04% formalin. The alum (40 g/L) was added to the inactivated DP virus as an adjuvant. A total of 60 Khaki Campbell male ducks aged 17 weeks were randomly divided into three groups. Ducks of groups A (n = 20) and B (n = 20) were vaccinated intramuscularly in the breast muscle with 1 ml of inactivated DP vaccine and a live attenuated DP vaccine, respectively. Ducks of group C (n = 20) were kept as unvaccinated control. Booster vaccination was administered at 2 weeks after primary vaccination. Antibody titers of vaccinated ducks were measured at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-vaccination (DPV) using a passive haemagglutination (PHA) test. Ducks of both vaccinated and unvaccinated groups were challenged with 1 ml virulent DP virus (EID50 104.3/ml) at 28 DPV. Clinical signs, morbidity and mortality, and gross pathological lesions of vaccinated and control ducks were observed for 10 days post-challenge to evaluate the protective efficacy of inactivated DP vaccine. The mean PHA antibody titers of vaccinated ducks of group A at 7, 14, 21, and 28 DPV were 5 ± 0.43, 26 ± 1.71, 43 ± 3.4, and 54 ± 3.28, respectively. Ducks in group B had mean serum PHA antibody titers of 21 ± 1.71, 41 ± 3.28, 52 ± 3.41, and 84 ± 7.25 at 7, 14, 21, and 28 DPV, respectively. No mortality or gross pathological lesions were observed in vaccinated ducks after they were subjected to a challenge infection. Additionally, no significant difference was observed between groups A and B in terms of the challenge infection. The mortality rate of the control group of ducks was 70%. Hemorrhage in the trachea and intestine and necrotic foci in the liver were seen in unvaccinated control ducks (group C). Experimentally developed inactivated DP vaccine induced a protective serum antibody titer and conferred 100% protection against virulent challenge infection up to 10 days observation period.

Male Gonads Transplantation from Kadaknath Chicken to Chicken and Duck Surrogates

Transplantation of the gonadal tissue of male and female avian species, such as chicken, onto suitable surrogates and production of live offspring has been successfully demonstrated as a strategy for the conservation and re-constitution of valuable chicken germplasm. The main objective of this study was to establish and develop the male gonadal tissue transplantation technology for the conservation of the indigenous chicken germplasm. The male gonads of the Indian native chicken breed, Kadaknath (KN), were transplanted from a day-old donor to a recipient white leghorn (WL) chicken, and Khaki Campbell (KC) ducks, as surrogates. All the surgical interventions were performed under permitted general anaesthesia, and the chicks, upon recovery, were reared with and without immunosuppressant. The recipient surrogates for the donor KN gonads were housed and reared for 10-14 weeks, and post-sacrifice, developed gonadal tissues were harvested to squeeze out the fluid to perform artificial insemination (AI). The AI-entailed fertility test using the recovered seminal extract from the transplanted KN testes from both surrogate species (KC ducks and WL males), used against KN purebred females, remained very close to the percent fertility realised from purebred KN chickens (controls). These initial results revealed from this trial study suggest definitively that, Kadaknath male gonads were readily accepted and grown inside the intra- and inter-species surrogate host, WL chicken and KC ducks, demonstrating a suitable intra- and inter-species donor-host system. Furthermore, the developed transplanted male gonads of KN chicken into the surrogates were found to have the potential to fertilise the egg and give rise to pure-line KN chicks.

P2/P8 primer PCR effective in sex determination in Domestic birds

In avian species, sex determination is based on ZW-ZZ chromosomes. Males are homogametic have two Z chromosomes (ZZ), while females are heterogametic and have a Z and a W chromosome (ZW). The PCR has been successfully used for the detection of the sex in birds. In the current study, an effort to compare the accuracy of sex determination using primers P2/P8 & P2/NP/MP, targeting the Chromo-Helicase DNA binding (CHD) gene, in Domestic birds of known gender using PCR technique. A total of seventy-four sexed samples were identified by the P2/P8 PCR. A total of 72 valid results were obtained while two samples failed to provide an amplification. The female (ZW) showed two bands (350 & 365 bp approximately) separated from each other by a mere 15 bp, while, males (ZZ) showed a single band at 350 bp. Out of the seventy-two results all seventy-two samples were correctly identified by the test. The overall accuracy of the test stood at 97.29% (72/74).In the P2/NP/MP PCR, the female (ZW) showed two bands (330 & 270 bp) separated from each other by a 60 bp, while, males (ZZ) showed a single band at 270 bp. A total of 74 valid results were obtained. Out of the 74 samples sexed using P2/NP/MP PCR test, all 74 samples provided an amplification. However, out of the seventy-four samples, seven samples provided erroneous results. The overall accuracy of the test stood at 90.54%.Thus, the P2/P8 primer was more accurate in the sex estimation in domestic birds, whereas, the P2/MP/NP PCR has comparatively less accurate in detecting the sex in domestic birds. Although, it is worth mentioning that the P2/MP/NP PCR was 100% accurate in the estimation of sex in Khaki campbell duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus), Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Depending on targeted species the P2/P8 PCR can be used to identify birds with precision.

Study for Some Body Weight and Egg Traits in Domyati and Khaki-Campbell Ducks

The duck industry makes an important contribution to the availability of animal protein sources in Egypt, little known about the genetic parameters, particularly the heritability and genetic correlations of body weight and egg production in ducks. Body weight is the most essential feature for genetic improvement due to its ease of selection, high heredity, and large impact on meat production costs. The target of this study was to evaluate and explain genetic parameters such as the heritability, the genetic and phenotypic correlations, and sire breeding value in Domyati (local) and Khaki-Campbell (foreign) ducks in order to improve body weight and egg traits. A total of 160 (80 Domyati and 80 Khaki-Campbell ducks utilized to measure body weight at 16 and 20 weeks g), as well as 7000 eggs (2500 Domyati and 4500 Khaki-Campbell) to measure egg traits (the egg number, egg weight, and egg mass are all measured throughout the first 90 days of laying). In Domyati and Khaki-Campbell ducks, the heritability estimated for body weight was moderate to high, ranged from 0.35 to 0.40, and 0.21 to 0.30 for egg production. The genetic correlations among body weight and egg traits were all positive and had high values, also among BW16 and BW20 were stronger (0.90); (0.99). So the genetic improvement in BW16 could be followed by an increase in BW20 weeks. It concluded that, the relatively high value of genetic heritability for body weights and egg traits in Domyati and Khaki-Campbell ducks, indicates that it is possible to genetically increase body weight and egg traits through selection and subsequently inbreeding to divide the herd into groups that are selected among themselves to keep their sons.

Gross Anatomical Features of Tongue of Khaki Campbell Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) At Different Postnatal Ages

The present study aims to investigate the gross morphological structure of the tongue of the khaki Campbell duck at different postnatal ages. The ducks were from four age groups (A total of 25 ducks): day one (1), one (1) month, two (2) months, three (3) months, and four (4) months, having five ducks in each group. The tongues were collected immediately after the ethical killing of the birds for gross anatomical observations. The tongue of the Khaki Campbell duck was located on the floor of the oropharynx. In all examined ages, the tongue did not extend to the total limits of the lower beak. The elongated shaped tongue was divided into three parts, i.e., apex, body, and root. The spatula-shaped apex of the tongue was smooth dorsally and devoid of lingual papillae. On the ventral surface of the apex, there was a flat, triangular, white plate of the lingual nail. The dorsal surface of the body of the tongue was divided into two symmetrical parts by a median groove, which became more prominent at the advancement of age. Large and small conical papillae were found symmetrically along both body edges. The root of the tongue was the smallest part which was located adjacent to the laryngeal prominence. Papillae were found on both sides of the root. A fold of membrane, the frenulum linguae present on the ventral aspect of the body. The length and width of the tongue increased with the advancement of age. The present study revealed the gross anatomical structure of the tongue of the Khaki Campbell duck at different postnatal ages and helped to compare the findings with other avian species.

Physicochemical Properties of Duck Feet Gelatin Powder Extracted with Acetic Acid

Physiochemical properties such as colour, amino acid composition, melting temperature and hydroxyproline content determines the quality of gelatin. In this study, 4% of acetic acid was used to produce gelatin powder from Pekin, Muscovy and Khaki Campbell duck feet. The duck feet gelatin powders were analysed for their physiochemical properties and compared with commercial bovine gelatin. For colour analysis, Pekin duck feet gelatin (PDFG) had the highest L* value (21.41), followed by Khaki Campbell duck feet gelatin (KCDFG, 20.57) and Muscovy duck feet gelatin (MDFG, 17.85). KCDFG and PDFG had the same a* values (redness) which was -0.05, while the a* value of MDFG was -1.49. Lastly, the b* values of duck feet gelatin powder were 6.17, 8.47 and 9.47 for PDFG, MDFG and KCDFG, respectively. Duck feet gelatin powder had a melting temperature value of 61.91°C, 48.62°C and 44.81°C for KCDFG, MDFG and PDFG, accordingly. PDFG had the highest hydroxyproline content, which was followed by KCDEG and MDFG with the values of 9.15, 8.00 and 7.63 g/100g, respectively. The main amino acids present in the duck feet gelatin powder were glycine (21.73%, 13.62%, 13.46% and 15.33%), proline (13.08%, 8.71%, 8.39% and 9.34%), hydroxyproline (12.57%, 8.05%, 7.84% and 9.39%) and alanine (8.79%, 5.77%, 6.03%, 6.65%) for CBG, KCDFG, MDFG and PDFG, respectively. Furthermore, the lowest amino acids observed were tyrosine, histidine, methionine and isoleucine. No trace of cysteine was observed. Pekin duck feet produced the best quality gelatin compared to Khaki Campbell and Muscovy duck feet.

Effect of washing treatment on quality characteristics of burger made from spent laying duck meat

Experiment was carried out to investigate the influence number of washing treatment (without, single and double washing) on the quality characteristics and acceptability of duck burger made from spent laying Khaki Campbell duck meat. The chemical composition of burger at different number of washing treatment was varied in terms of moisture content, fats and protein content. The number washing cycles treatment were found to increase moisture content and reduce fat and protein content significantly. Increase number of washing treatment showed significantly higher (p <0.05) lightness (L*), hardness, diameter shrinkage and cooking loss. As for sensory evaluation, there was no significantly difference (p >0.05) within the sample and control (chicken burger). The spent laying duck Khaki Campbell produced using different number of washing treatment may have a possible use as raw material in restructured meat products such as burger.

Effect of orifice size on quality characteristics of burger made from spent laying duck meat

An experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of orifice size (4.5, 6, 8 and 10 mm) on the quality characteristics and acceptability of duck burger made from spent laying Khaki Campbell duck meat. Large orifice size resulted in lower fat and protein content compared to small orifice size. Hardness value also decreased significantly (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the diameter of shrinkage, cooking loss and colour of the burger. However, the hardness value decreased significantly with an increase in orifice size. The sensory evaluation showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) within the samples, but the overall acceptability score for burger prepared using 10 mm grind size was higher compared to those prepared at 4.5, 6 and 8 mm orifice sizes. Hence the 10 mm grind size was adopted as the optimum orifice size for spent laying Khaki Campbell duck burger.

Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in Indian ducks: a comparative study between Deshi and Khaki Campbell ducks

Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in Indian ducks: a comparative study between Deshi and Khaki Campbell ducks

Schmallenberg virus infection suspected in a calf born to an imported heifer.

Schmallenberg virus infection suspected in a calf born to an imported heifer.

Histomorphological and Cytochemical Characters of Endocrine Cells of the Gastrointestinal Mucosa of Duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Background: It is known that balance diet is the key success for better production in poultry. The digestive physiology is regulated by the neurocrine and endocrine secretions. Growth, secretion, motility, cell signalling, vasoregulation, cell proliferation and differentiation of the epithelial cells of the alimentary canal are reported to be controlled by the peptides or amines released from the gut endocrine cells and enteric neurons. References particularly on systematic study of gastrointestinal endocrine cells in duck as regards to histomorphology and cytochemistry are gravely scanty. Hence the present investigation envisages authenticating the histomorphological characters and cytochemical behaviour of the gastrointestinal endocrine cells in duck.Methods: For this study the abdomen of six Khaki campbell ducks from either sex was cut open following euthanasia. Tissue pieces from different segments of gut were collected and processed routinely to get 7-8µ thick serial paraffin sections. The tissue sections were stained for evaluation of histomorphological and histochemical characters of the entero-endocrine cells.Result: A panel of seven cytochemical stains identified nine endocrine cell types in the digestive mucosa of Khaki Campbell duck i.e. basally granulated oval cell, densely granulated spindle shaped cell, densely granulated oval cell, diffusely granulated oval cell, pyramidal cell, densely granulated elongated cell, densely granulated pyriform cell, peripherally granulated spherical cell and non-argentaffin chromaffin oval cell. The cells occurred in single or in small clusters in the basal or middle or neck part of glandular epithelium or in the surface epithelium. All the endocrine cells were ‘close type’. Cytochemically they were four types i.e. argentaffin, argyrophil, chromaffin and APUD (Amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) cells.

Microscopic Features of Gonadally Inactive Testis of Khaki Campbell Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in Bangladesh

The microscopic features of the testis were studied in gonadally inactive Khaki Campbell duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in Bangladesh. The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy &amp; Histology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Five adult healthy birds of one-year-old were used for this study. The testes were collected immediately after ethical killing of the birds for histological observations. The collected tissue samples were then processed and stained with Hematoxylene &amp; Eosin (H &amp; E) stain for histological observations. The seminiferous tubules showed considerable involution with cessation of spermatogenesis. The basal lamina of the seminiferous tubules was irregular in outline and was invaginated into the germinal epithelium in the form of finger-like plicae or folds. Most of the lumen of the seminiferous tubules was empty and all generation of germ cells were not present in most of the seminifeous tubules. The interstitium showed a relative increase in volume and interstitial tissue consisted of loose connective tissue, interstitial cells (Leydig cells), few connective cells and blood vessels. This study first time described the microscopic features of testis of Khaki Campbell ducks in Bangladesh during inactive phases of the reproductive cycle.

Trace Element Profile of Ducks during Duck Plague Outbreak

Serum trace minerals viz. Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu) and Manganese (Mn) level were estimated in Pati, Khaki Campbell and Nageswari ducks of Assam and compared the concentration between healthy and those suffered with duck plague. Significant (P≤ 0.05) reduction in the serum Zn, Fe and Mn in all varieties of ducks during duck plague outbreak. A non significant decrease in the serum Cu level was also observed during duck plague outbreak. From the present study, it can be concluded that significantly (P

Effects of Rice Distillers Dried Grains with Soluble on Laying Performance of Khaki Campbell Duck

Background: In present scenario cost of common feed ingredients like maize and soybean are in rising trends due to less availability. Thus, the feed industry is forced to search the way to combat the feed cost. Rice Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles, is one of the best alternative source of feed ingredient. It has good source of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals. Presently, rice as subtract for bioethanol production is increasing due to its relative lower price, higher production and easy availability leads to increased availability of co-product rice distillers dried grains with solubles. In present study Nutrisigma® has been used. ‘Nutrisigma®’is rice distillers dried grains with solubles produced by IFB Agro Industries limited, Kolkata. In consideration of the above fact, the present experiment was designed to study the effects of “Nutrisigma®” on productive performance of Khaki Campbell ducks. Methods: A total of nine hundred female Khaki Campbell ducks of the same genetic background and of comparable body weight at 72 wks of age, were randomly assigned into 3 dietary treatments that is Control (C), Treatment 1 (T1) and Treatment 2 (T2) each with 3 replicates of 100 ducks and they were studied for 60 days. All the experimental ducks were fed 120gm/duck/day concentrate mixture. Treatment group received (T1 group @ 3 gm/duck/day and T2 group @ 5 gm/duck/day) ‘Nutrisigma®’ in addition to concentrate mixture. Result: In our experiment egg production (%), fertile egg production per day, fertility%, hatchable egg weight (gm) and hatchability% were increased significantly (p is less than 0.05) in treated groups compared with control group. Better economic efficiency was observed in T1 group compared to T2 and control groups. In conclusion, Nutrisigma ® with concentrate mixture could be used economically up to 5gm/head/day (T2) without any harmful effect on productive performance, however, the use of 3 gm/head/day (T1) is more economical than 5 gm/head/day.