Kg Of Tea Research Articles

Experimental Assessment of Energy Potentials from Tea Wastes as a Source of Energy: A Case of Itona Tea Factory in Tanzania

Tea processing is an energy-intensive process. However, high agricultural productivity and subsequently the growth of the green revolution have been made possible only by a large amount of energy inputs, especially those from fossil fuels, wood fuels, and electricity. With recent price rise and scarcity of these fuels there has been a trend towards use of alternative energy sources such as waste (agricultural waste) to energy that could solve both energy and environment issues. Moreover, these energy resources have not been able to provide an economically viable solution for agricultural applications so long as they seem to contain amount of energy which can be source of energy to be used in various factories in rural areas through gasification process. A gasifier is normally fuel specific system and it is tailored around a fuel rather than the other way round. Hence, this paper presents an experimental assessment of energy potentials from tea wastes available at Itonaa Tea Factory for tea drying processes as important data for agricultural wastes. The experimental measurement of energy potential from tea wastes was done using bomb calorimeter, muffle furnace and energy balances to determine calorific value moisture content and energy potentials of tea waste respectively. The findings indicate that the combined energy potential of factory and garden tea waste was found to be 2.78x10<sup>8</sup>kWh, and corresponding electrical energy was estimated to be 2.78x10<sup>7</sup>kWh which is enough for tea drying process in tea manufacturing plant. The total energy used in the production of tea was discovered to be equal 3.5 - 7.5 kWh/kg of made tea. Thus, total energy consumption (4.5 kWh/kg of made tea) for processing of 9.6 x 10<sup>6</sup> kg of tea from 4.5 x 10<sup>3</sup> hectares of tea plantation in Mufindi for the period of 2021-2022 was 4.32x10<sup>7</sup> kWh. Thus, with the proper utilization of energy conversion technology of tea waste, part of the energy requirement in processing of tea could be met reducing environmental challenges associated with both wood fuel burning and tea waste disposal.

The Regulating Act, 1773

The legislative branch of the British government passed a law called the Regulating Act in order to manage and supervise the operations of the East India Company's various businesses. Because the primary purpose of passing the act was to govern the activities of the firm, it was once designated as East India Company Act, 1773.1 The adoption of the regulatory act of 1773 was done for several important reasons, the most important of which were to control the mismanagement that existed in the regions of Bengal and to solve the problem of parallel systems. 2 By 1773, the East India Company had already been experiencing significant financial difficulties for some time. The fact that this organisation represented a monopoly trade enterprise in India and that many influential people were stockholders contributed to the significance of the organisation for the British Raj. 3 The Company spent £40,000 every year to maintain the monopoly; however, it has been unable to pay its obligations since 1768, which has led to a drop in the amount of tea that is shipped to the United States. Almost 85 percent of all tea that was ever drank in the U. S. was obtained through illegal importation of Dutch teas. The East India Company owed money to both the Bank of England and the government of England. The government owned 7 million kg of tea that was rotting in British storage, and more tea was on its way from India. This Tea Act of 1773, along with the Regulating Act of 1773, had the primary objective of reducing the significant amount of tea that was being stored in London, the majority of which belonged to the financially struggling British East India Corporation, with the intention of assisting the financially struggling corporation in surviving.

Coffee and Tea Industry in India: Current Trends and Future Prospects

India has acquired an exalted status on the global tea map. The country is the second largest tea producer in the world. Interestingly, india is also the world's largest consumer of black tea with the domestic market consuming 911 million kg of tea during 2013-14.the export earnings from plantation crops like coffee and tea played a significant role in financing indian development. Production of tea reached 1,233.14 million kg in 2017-18 from 878.65 million kg in 2008-09 with a compound growth rate of 2.86 % during 2017-2018. India tea export recorded a compound growth rate of 1.22 % during 2017-2018, where import recorded a compound growth rate of 0.78 % during 2017-2018.

Closed Tea Estates: A Case Study of the Dooars Region of West Bengal, India

Since the end of the nineteenth century, it has been found that there has been a steady trend of the closure of tea estates in the sub-Himalayan region of Bengal. Besides that, a number of tea estates in the same region have not been operating properly. All these have made workers vulnerable. But this tea-producing region is monadic, and it produced during 2016–2017 358.53 million kg of tea; whereas the total production of India was 1,250.49 million kg. Evidence shows that 16 tea estates of the Duncan Group alone had been virtually closed in 2015 in the Dooars region. As a consequence, nearly 20,000 workers became jobless and subsequently several workers of the closed tea estates died of starvation and malnutrition. Further, some records have mentioned that from 2000 to 2015, 1,400 people had died in 17 closed tea estates in West Bengal. A lion’s portion of deaths has occurred in the Dooars region. In this case, an attempt has been made to unveil the root causes of the closure of tea estates located in the Dooars region in West Bengal.

Pengelolaan Sampah Kampus untuk Mewujudkan Kampus Berkelanjutan (Sustainability Campus)

The first step that possible for Surabaya University (Ubaya) to realize a sustainability campus was waste production reduction. A research related to solid waste management in Ubaya need to be conducted. The aims of the research were 1. To determinate the economical organic solid waste composition in faculty of engineering 2. Estimating the quantity of economical organic solid waste in faculty of engineering 3. Calculating the greenhouse gas that can be reduced by managing the economical organic solid waste. The scope of calculation was CH4 generation. Research is done by survey of solid waste generation. Survey was conducted at faculty of engineering Ubaya, in TA building until TS building plus faculty of engineering gazebo. The estimation of economical organic solid waste was taken for eight days in September 2016. The calculation of green house emission from solid waste was referred to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 guidelines. The results of the research indicated that the composition of economical organic solid in the faculty of engineering was white paper, brown paper, cardboard, and juice and tea packaging. The average quantity of economical organic waste generated in the faculty of engineering per day were white paper: 5.44 kg, 1.055 kg of brown paper, cardboard 2.51 kg and 0,765 kg of tea and juice packaging. Greenhouse gas (CH4), which could be lowered if the economical organic waste is managed was around 1.14 kg / day.

Assessment of bio-energy potential in tea industries of India

Tea production is an energy intensive agro-processing trade. Since high demand of energy and increased in fuel prices, tea waste can be utilized to supplement part of energy required in tea processing. This study was conducted in tea estates of Assam (North Lakhimpur, Sonitpur, and Silchar), India. The total energy consumption in tea manufacturing was found to be 4.2-8.5 kWh/kg of made tea. Thus, total energy consumption (5 kWh/kg of tea) for manufacturing of 1197 million kg of tea from 564 thousand hectare tea plantation in India (during 2014-2015) was 5.985?109 kWh. The total obtainable energy from tea waste was estimated and the conversion efficiency of calorific value to electrical energy was assumed to be 10%, which is the least value of conversion efficiency. Energy potential in processing and garden waste was found to be 11.999?107 kWh and 3.492?1010kWh, respectively, and corresponding electrical energy was estimated to be 1.1999?107 kWh and 3.492?109 kWh, respectively. Thus, comparing the energy that could be generated from wastes in tea estate and that required in tea manufacturing, it can be concluded that the huge amount of energy could be saved with the utilization of tea waste.?

Health Benefits of Green Tea with Emphasis on Diabetes Mellitus

Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most popular beverages in the world where about 3 Billon kg of tea are produced and consumed yearly. The chemical composition of green tea is very much complex and it contains higher amount of polyphenols (epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, eipgallocatechin and epigallocatechin gallate) as compared to black tea. The presence of this high amount of polyphenols in green tea makes it very important in the prevention of different diseases. So far green tea was shown to have many impacts in carbohydrate metabolism and it is considered as an alternative medicine for diabetes mellitus. Polyphenols in green tea reduce carbohydrate digestion and absorption in the intestine by inhibiting carbohydrate digesting enzymes and inhibiting glucose transporters across the intestine. They are also shown to increase secretion of insulin by pancreatic β cells and protect cytokine induced inflammatory damage of these cells. Increasing insulin activity and maintaining glucose homeostasis are other mechanisms by which green tea is involved in carbohydrate metabolism. In addition to its impact on carbohydrate metabolism green tea is known to have a preventive effect against cancer (of colon, esophagus, mouth, stomach, small intestine, kidney, pancreas, and mammary glands), bacterial, viral and fungal infections, cardiovascular diseases, lung injury, non-alcoholic fatty liver and neurodegenerative disorders. Even though the health benefit of green tea is high some dose dependant adverse effects may be observed. There is a need to conduct in depth human based studies to monitor pharmacological and clinical effects of green tea therefore people can be benefited from it as an alternative medicine.

Protective effect of green tea against prostate cancer: a case-control study in southeast China.

To investigate whether green tea consumption has an etiological association with prostate cancer, a case-control study was conducted in Hangzhou, southeast China during 2001-2002. The cases were 130 incident patients with histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The controls were 274 hospital inpatients without prostate cancer or any other malignant diseases, and matched to the age of cases. Information on duration, quantity and frequency of usual tea consumption, as well as the number of new batches brewed per day, were collected by face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire. The risk of prostate cancer for tea consumption was assessed using multivariate logistic regression adjusting for age, locality, education, income, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, total fat intake, marital status, age at marriage, number of children, history of vasectomy and family history of prostate cancer. Among the cases, 55.4% were tea drinkers compared to 79.9% for the controls. Almost all the tea consumed was green tea. The prostate cancer risk declined with increasing frequency, duration and quantity of green tea consumption. The adjusted odds ratio (OR), relative to non-tea drinkers, were 0.28 (95% CI = 0.17-0.47) for tea drinking, 0.12 (95% CI = 0.06-0.26) for drinking tea over 40 years, 0.09 (95% CI = 0.04-0.21) for those consuming more than 1.5 kg of tea leaves yearly, and 0.27 (95% CI = 0.15-0.48) for those drinking more than 3 cups (1 litre) daily. The dose response relationships were also significant, suggesting that green tea is protective against prostate cancer.

Studies on Storage of Tea Leaves (Part 12)

A double tray container equipment was examined for the storage of plucked tea leaves.Each 40 kg of fresh leaves was accumulated on a tray (0.4 m2) of duplicated tray made by iron net in a tall container and stored by discontinuous draught method at intervals of half an hour.The heights of piled leaves reduced to 70-80% of the original value after 6 hours storage. The lower the draught volume was supplied into the equipment, the larger the decrease of the height of piled leaves and the faster the velocity of wind in the intermediate phase of piled leaves. It was thought that the draught area in the sectional phase of piled leaves might become smaller on the condition of lower draught volume by compactly packing of piled leaves during the storage.When 0.011m3/sec of draught volume was supplied into the equipment containing 80kg of tea leaves, the leaf temperatures in piled leaves on each tray were kept below 25-27°C (the room temperature) for 15 hours and the degradation of tea quality made from this stored leaves was not recognized.