Kg Of Fodder Research Articles

Growth and Development Parameters Comparison of Different Breeds Calves

The purpose of the conducted research is to analyze the methods, regimen and diet of feeding calves of three breeds. The main factor of growth and development is the mode of feeding. Feeding calves for three months requires 180-200 kg of fodder, 200-250 kg of dry grass and 600 kg of silage or other loose feed. The work was carried out over 18 months. Studied: Caucasian brown breed of cows, Simmental breed and their hybrid. It was found that regardless of the same level of feeding, all breeds differed from each other in terms of live weight gain per 1 kg. The Caucasian brown spent 9.4 feed units per 1 kg of weight gain for 18 months, the Simmental breed spent 8.58 feed units, and the hybrid Cuban zebu x Simmental - 7.4 feed units. Thus, the Cuban zebu is the most promising.

The Heavy Metal Mercury is a Threat to Animal Life: A Study on Male Gametogenesis in Gesonula Punctifrons

The effect of mercury was investigated on the animal model, Gesonula punctifrons, concerning their gamete producing activity. Mature male grasshoppers treated with 1 mg of mercuric chloride per kg of fodder, exhibited a drastic impact on male gametogenesis in this insect species. It was found that due to intake of mercury, a damaging effect on the chromatin material of the cell could be noticed. A devastating effect on the process of spermiogenesis could be noticed on the treated animals. Compared to the normal spermiogenesis, the treated organisms showed notable abnormal features in spermatid maturation. Spermatids showed less condensation of the chromatin along the phases of maturation of the spermatids and accumulation of vacuolar zones within the nuclear chromatin. Eventually this abnormality often led to production of less number of mature sperms with normal morphology. Thus, the toxic effect of mercury may have some damaging effect on the chromatin materials.

Study of the Antioxidant Properties of Porphyrins and their Complexes with Metals

The synthetic analogues of natural porphyrins are widely used in medicine as pharmaceutical diagnostic markers. It was shown the possibility of applying porphyrins in the therapy of the diseases, connected with the development of oxidative stress. The paper presents the results of the study of antioxidant activity of the free base meso-tetrakis(3,5di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin R 4 PH 2 , as well as non-substituted analogue - meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPPH 2 ) in the conditions of autooxidation and under promotion of oxidation by organotin compounds. The ability of the free base of porphyrin containing antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl phenolic groups to decrease the oxidation by peroxide of lipids liver gomogenates, sturgeon sperm, fish feed has been studied. Accumulation of intermediate oxidation products from liver homogenates, sperm of the Russian sturgeon (Acipenser guldenstadti Brandt) as a stable complex with thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) and oxidation products from fish feed (hydroperoxides ROOH) was monitored by spectrophotometry and iodometric titration, respectively. The efficiency of antioxidative action (EAA) of studed porphyrins in each series of experiences with varying duration of lipids peroxidation in liver homogenates was calculated as EAA = [(C 0 -C 1 )/C 0 ]·100%, where C 1 is TBARS concentration in homogenates of liver containing the studied compounds and C 0 in a control experiment without additions. If the value of EAA factor was positive, it was considered that the testing material shows the antioxidative action; in the case of negative EAD factor it was considered that the testing material shows the prooxidative activity. The initial concentration of the studied compounds was 0,1 mM. In the model system the antioxidant activity of R 4 PH 2 in peroxidation of liver lipids remains almost constant in the wide interval of concentrations (0,01 - 10 mM). It was established that in the middle stages of the oxidation process (3 h, 24 h) the antioxidant action of TPPH 2 is inverted to the prooxidant. The presence of 2,6-ditert-butylphenolic groups in the free base porphyrin macrocycle results in an inhibitory effect. The introduction of the redox-active ion metal in the macrocycle reduces the inhibition effect of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol fragments in oxidative destruction of liver lipids. The prooxidantive properties of TPPH 2 during the oxidive destruction of the lipids of fish fodder were observed. Addition of this porphyrin to lipid drawing from the fish fodder in the concentration 150 mg/ kg of fodder leads to an increase in the level the formation of primary oxidation products, namely, hydroperoxides ROOH. The organic derivatives of tin, acting as superecotoxicants, promote peroxidation of lipids in the drawing from the fish fodder. The greatest promoting effect of the lipid peroxidation was observed in the presence of СН 3 SnCl 3 . It was shown earlier that toxicity of heavy metals compounds could be connected with complexation of important bio dartboards as well as development of radical processes. So it is possible to use the active radicals traps as antidotes. With the aim of increasing of toxicoprotector efficiency, we offer to use compounds containing antioxidation part and complexating groups in molecule. Such compounds can be porphyrinic systems, but it is necessary to take into account the possibility of revealing of prooxidative properties by these compounds. It is discovered, that TPPH 2 strengthens the promoting influence of the methyl derivatives of tin on the level of accumulation of hydroperoxides in the lipid drawing from the fish fodder. Since the oxidative activity of TPPH 2 and R n SnCl 4-n are summed consequently the application of TPPH 2 for detoxication of R n SnCl 4-n is inadvisable. The promoting activity of organotin species in the presence of the porphyrin containing sterically-hindered phenolic moieties decreases significantly when compared with the activity of organotins alone. R 4 PH 2 was superior to the standard antioxidants α-tocopherol, 2,6-di(tert-butyl) phenols, 2,6-di(tert-butyl)-4-methylphenol (ionol).

The comparison of biosorption of nutritionally significant minerals in single‐ and multi‐mineral systems by the edible microalga Spirulina sp.

AbstractBACKGROUND: This paper deals with the biosorption process as a method of enrichment of natural biomass of the edible microalga Spirulina sp. with microelement metal ions, which is of significance in terms of animal nutrition. The influence of the following process parameters was studied for the biosorption of Cr(III): pH and biomass concentration on kinetics and equilibrium of biosorption. The enrichment process were performed in single‐ and multi‐mineral systems for nutritionally significant minerals such as Cu(II), Mn(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and Cr(III) under the conditions that were determined for Cr(III).RESULTS: The best operational parameters for the process were selected as pH 5 and Cs 1 g L−1. The maximum biosorption capacity 71.2 mg g−1, 18.4 mg g−1, 83.9 mg g−1, 31. 8 mg g−1 and 26.5 mg g−1, were reached for Cu(II), Mn(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and Cr(III), respectively. To cover 100% of animal demand on microelements, 4.91 g of the preparation for laying hens and 9 g for swine of enriched microalgae in the single‐metal system should be added to 1 kg of fodder. In the multi‐metal system the competition between microelements was high enough to make it impossible to reach a suitable ratio between bound metal ions.CONCLUSIONS: Two methods of production of mineral feed additives were proposed: a single‐metal system and a multi‐metal system. Performing the biosorption process in the single‐metal system enabled the preparation of additives with the desired composition. Carrying out biosorption in the multi‐metal system is easier, technologically, but the ratio of bound microelements is difficult to predict. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

Forage potential of eight woody species: intake and growth rates of local young goats in the highland region of Rwanda

Eight woody fodder species adapted to the highlands of Rwanda were evaluated in terms of dry matter intake in one experiment. Animals were offered a daily diet comprising 4.0 of fresh matter of Setaria splendida grass supplemented with or without one of the eight fodder species tested. In all cases, total daily feed intake was increased by the addition of woody fodder. Daily intake of the woody fodder was high for Acacia koaia, Mimosa scabrella and Acacia koa at 43.7, 42.6 and 41.9 g/kg BW0.75, respectively. The dry matter intake of the other five species (Alnus acuminata, Chamaecytisus palmensis, Hagenia abyssinica, Acacia mearnsii and Acacia melanoxylon) ranged from 18.9 to 30.1 g/kg BW0.75 per day. In another experiment, a basic daily diet of 4.0 kg of fodder (in fresh weight) was given to each animal. This ratio comprised S. splendida supplemented with M. scabrella and incorporated at 0 (control), 45% and 66% (fresh weight basis) of the total daily diet. Improved weight gain was obtained when setaria was supplemented with M. scabrella with daily weight gain of 31, 47 and 51 g/animal for 0, 45 and 66% M. scabrella, respectively.

PAIYUR 2: A NEW RED GRAIN SORGHUM VARIETY FOR SALEM DISTRICT

Paiyur 2 red grain sorghum is a new grain cum fodder variety suitable for cultivation in the rainfed tracts of salem district. It was tested as IS 15845, a pureline selection from germplasm accession, in the station as well as in the adaptive research trials. It has recorded an average yield of 2113 kg of grain and 8789 kg of fodder per ha in 90-95 days duration. The yield increase was 61 and 36 per cent for grain and fodder over the ruling variety Co4 respectively. The grain and fodder qualities are acceptable to the farmers. The incidence of shoot fly, stem borer, downy mildew, grain mould, sugary-and charcoal rot was relatively less in the new variety. The earheads are semicompact and elliptic possessing medium sized grains.