Kg Of Feces Research Articles

One elephant may sustain 2 million dung beetles in East African savannason any given day.

In East African savannas, in the rainy season, an elephant dung bolus is usually transformed into a flat mat of dung residue within a few hours. We extracted the coprophilous beetles of a dung mat from a 1kg bolus after a one-night exposure and counted 13,699 specimens, most of them aphodiine dung beetles. This is the largest number of dung beetles per kilogram of mammal dung ever counted. Given that an elephant produces an average of 160kg of feces per day, we extrapolate that one adult elephant provides food for 2.12 million dung beetles on any given day. The elephant population in the Laikipia-Samburu ecosystem in central Kenya, an elephant-rich environment, can sustain, by sheer extrapolation, 14.3 billion dung beetles in an area of 55,000 km2, which translates to ca. 260,000 dung beetles/km2. The decline or extinction of elephants, at least in East African grasslands, may have a massive cascade effect on the populations of coprophagous beetles and the biota dependent on or gaining an advantage from them.

PSXII-17 The Effects of N Fertilization on N2O Emissions from Urine or Fecal Samples from Nellore Bulls

Abstract Better understanding of N2O emissions from interactions between urine or feces, with different levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization on tropical pastures would be helpful in developing strategies to mitigate emissions and improve N2O inventories. The objective of this study was to evaluate N2O emissions from feces or urine samples collected from Nellore young bulls, isolated or in association with different levels of N fertilizer. Study was designed as completely randomized block design with five replications per treatment. Treatments were two levels of excreta (Feces or Urine) and three levels of N fertilizer (0, 75 and 150 kg N ha-1). Ammonium nitrate was used as source of N (32% of N). One liter of urine or 1.5 kg of feces was used per chamber with the respective N dose directly applied on excreta sample. Gas emissions were evaluated using the static chamber closed method and quantified using gas chromatography. Chambers were closed for 40 min and gas samples were collected at 0, 20 and 40 min. After treatment imposition, gas was sampled three times during week 1, twice during week 2, 3, and 4 and once during week 5, 6, 7 and 8, and subsequently every 2 weeks for two consecutive years. Type of excreta samples did not affect N2O emissions. Additionally, associative effects of N fertilizer onto feces or urine was similar. Cumulative N2O emissions linearly increased with increasing levels of N regardless of source, and ranged from 5.95, 32.1 to 74.7 mg of N2O/m2, for 0, 75 and 150 kg/ha/year of N. Similarly, emissions factor of N2O were linearly increased with increased N fertilizer (0.15, 0.36 and 0.73%, for excreta, excreta + 75 kg N and excreta + 150 kg N). Therefore, the interaction between N fertilizer and excreta on N2O emissions in tropical pastures was additive.

Application of a Nano-Enhanced Fertilizer in the Development of Agricultural Low-Carbon Economy in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

The application of fertilizers can increase the yield of crops. Nano-fertilizer is a nano-organic fertilizer, which is an organic fertilizer with very fine particles. The effect of chemical fertilizers is better than that of general chemical fertilizers, which can effectively improve soil organic matter and is beneficial to the growth of crops. Organic fertilizers mainly refer to commercial organic fertilizers produced by high-temperature composting and fermentation of organic solid wastes such as livestock and poultry manure, crop straw, etc., eliminating toxic and harmful substances and being rich in nutrients including organic acids and peptides. Low-carbon economy refers to an economic model that uses various means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve good ecological operations under the guidance of the concept of sustainable development. With the increase in the global population and the continuous growth of the economic scale, environmental problems and consequences caused by the use of conventional energy such as fossil energy are constantly recognized by people. Under this background, the low-carbon economy emerges as the times require. This paper aims to study the application of nano-enhanced fertilizers in the development of agricultural low-carbon economy in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. In today’s low-carbon economy, the combination of nano-efficiency fertilizers and agricultural production is conducive to improving the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers and reducing carbon emissions. This paper analyzes the carbon sink capacity of farmland ecosystems and the elements affecting the growth of LCA. This provides a basis for the exploration of farmland ecosystems. It expounds the relevant concepts of low-carbon economy and briefly discusses the agricultural carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The experimental results in this paper show that the enteric fermentation of dairy cows will produce 60 kg of methane and 15 kg of feces. Sheep enteric fermentation produces 4 kg of methane and fecal emissions of 0.13 kg. According to the data, the carbon emission of dairy cows is much greater than that of sheep.

POTENSI BUDIDAYA CACING TANAH SEBAGAI BIOKOMPOS DAN BIOFEED

Making biocompost can use earthworms. Compost produced by earthworm activity works with the help of other soil microbiota which contains many soil enzymes and hormones that are beneficial for plant growth. Earthworms are also rich in protein which has the potential to be used as animal feed (biofeed), considering that the demand for animal feed tends to be higher in line with the increase in livestock cultivation activities in Indonesia. Earthworms are expected to be the main raw material for quality animal feed (biofeed) as well as a solution to the problem of waste so far by making it into biocompost. This research was carried out in the Green house and Laboratory of Biology PMIPA Muhammadiyah Metro University, Metro City, Lampung Province from January 2021 to March 2022. This type of research is descriptive qualitative using the vermicomposting method. The species used are Eudrilus sp. There are controls and 3 treatments. Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The variations in the comparison of compost media, feces and feed in the form of organic waste (remains of vegetables and fruit) in sequence are: P0 (control) = 0 kg of feces: 1 kg of media, P1 = 75 grams of feces: 25 grams of media, P2 = 50 g of fecal sludge: 50 g of media, P3 = 25 g of faecal sludge: 75 g of media. Primary data in the form of worm cultivation activities with parameters/variables: how many g/kg of vermicompost are produced, how much weight and number of cocoons (eggs) of earthworms. While secondary data in the form of literature searches research journals, books and internet searching. All data, both primary and secondary data, were analyzed descriptively and processed by tabulation. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that in the 3rd treatment (P3) with a combination of 25 g of fecal sludge and 75 g of media, the highest value was obtained for the parameters of earthworm weight (8.7 g) and the number of cocoons (11.6 pieces). The weight and number of earthworm cocoons is strongly influenced by the adequacy of nutrients from the media and environmental conditions. Other research needs to be done to see the number of vermicomposts produced, as well as the application of vermicompost to plant growth.

Human faeces-associated extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli discharge into sanitation systems in 2015 and 2030: a global and regional analysis

Improving management of and treatment within sanitation waste streams could slow the development and transmission of antimicrobial-resistant organisms, but the magnitude of impact has not been quantified. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli are a major cause of antimicrobial-resistant infections and are frequently detected in faecal waste streams, making them model indicators of the distribution of antimicrobial-resistant organisms that are transmitted through the faecal-oral route. We aimed to estimate the mass of faeces containing ESBL-producing E coli entering different levels of the sanitation ladder globally and by WHO region to determine the global scale at which sanitation infrastructure serves as a vehicle for dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant organisms. In this global and regional analysis, we used publicly available sanitation coverage data from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme and most recent available scientific literature on human faecal production (2018) and carriage of ESBL-producing E coli by healthy individuals (2016) to estimate the quantity of faeces that has been discharged that contains ESBL-producing E coli for 2015 and projected for 2030. We estimated the mass of faeces containing ESBL-producing E coli by WHO region and at different levels of the Sustainable Development Goal sanitation ladder-ie, into at-least basic (ie, safely managed or basic) systems, limited systems, and unimproved systems, and via open defecation. We modelled three scenarios in which the proportion of ESBL-producing E coli among all E coli that was excreted by carriers varied on the basis of the scientific literature: 100% (scenario A), 10% (scenario B), or 1% (scenario C). Under scenario B, we estimated that approximately 19 billion kg of faeces carrying ESBL-producing E coli was excreted in 2015 globally. Approximately 65·8% (1·2-120 billion kg depending on modelled scenario) of this faecal biomass was managed in at-least basic sanitation systems, 8·4% (160 million-16 billion kg) in limited sanitation systems, 14·4% (270 million-27 billion kg) in unimproved sanitation systems, and 11·4% (220 million-22 billion kg) was openly defecated. The regions with the highest proportion of openly defecated faeces containing ESBL-producing E coli were the South-East Asia (29·4%) and African (21·8%) regions. The South-East Asia, Western Pacific, and African regions produced 524 billion kg (63%) of the total global human faecal biomass, but 16·9 billion kg (90%) of faeces containing ESBL-producing E coli under scenario B. By 2030, estimates under scenario B will have approximately doubled to 37·6 billion kg of faeces carrying ESBL-producing E coli under the most conservative projections. At-least basic sanitation does not guarantee effective removal or inactivation of antimicrobial-resistant organisms from faecal biomass. However, our findings indicate the need for mitigating transport of antimicrobial-resistant organisms via sanitation systems that are not safely managed, including open defecation, which might result in direct environmental discharge and subsequent risk of transmission back to humans. None.

Clinical Management of a Complete Gastrointestinal Obstruction and Ileus in A Geriatric Female Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus)

A 58-year-old female Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) was diagnosed with a complete gastrointestinal obstruction and accompanying ileus. She was anorexic for three days, did not pass stool for seven days, and her abdomen was visibly distended. Treatment included: rectal and IV fluids; oral and rectal stool softeners; mineral oil; ketoprofen; laser acupuncture; and fecal transfaunation. The blockage was successfully expelled after seven days yielding a large bolus weighing 52 kg followed shortly by another 45 kg of feces.

The healthcare assistant and bowel care

In February this year, an inquest into the premature death of a 33-year-old man concluded that gross failures in care had led to his death. Mr Richard Hanley had learning disabilities, some mental health problems and had lifelong constipation. This was managed effectively when he lived in residential care; however, when he moved to supported living he became constipated. His family reported that his abdomen resembled that of a woman about to give birth. Mr Handley was admitted to hospital and 10kg of faeces was surgically removed from his body two days before his death. The coroner determined that the causes of death were inhalation of gastric contents, large bowel obstruction and faecal impaction ( BBC News, 2018 ; Hill, 2018 ; Inquest, 2018 ). Constipation is often considered a minor problem; however, it can have serious and even life-threatening consequences. Each year, 66 287 people are admitted to hospital because of constipation ( Department of Health (DH), 2015 ). The NHS spends around £250 million pounds annually treating constipation. Hospital admissions cost £145 million and primary care spends around £92 million in laxative prescriptions ( DH, 2015 ; Shafe et al, 2011 : NHS Information Centre, 2016 ). This article aims to enable readers to be aware of how normal bowel function varies in individuals, how ageing, frailty, long-term conditions and medication affect bowel function, how to promote normal bowel function and to manage constipation.

Evaluation of chromium concentration in cattle feces using different acid digestion and spectrophotometric quantification techniques

The objective of this work was to evaluate combinations between acid digestion techniques and spectrophotometric quantification to measure chromium concentration in cattle feces. Digestion techniques were evaluated based on the use of nitric and perchloric acids, sulfuric and perchloric acids, and phosphoric acid. The chromium quantification in the solutions was performed by colorimetry and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). When AAS was used, the addition of calcium chloride to the solutions as a releasing agent was also evaluated. Several standard samples containing known chromium contents were produced (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10g of chromium per kg of feces) using cattle feces obtained from three different animals to evaluate the accuracy of the different combinations of techniques. The accuracy was evaluated by adjusting a simple linear regression model of the estimated values on the actual values of chromium content in the standard samples. Regardless of the digestion technique, the chromium content estimates in the standard samples obtained by colorimetry were not accurate (P<0.05). Considering the AAS quantification, the digestion techniques based on nitric and perchloric acids and based on sulfuric and perchloric acids provided complete chromium recovery (P>0.05). The use of the digestion technique in phosphoric acid provided incomplete recovery of the fecal chromium (P<0.05). Subsequently, the digestion techniques in nitric and perchloric acids and digestion in sulfuric and perchloric acids, both evaluated by AAS, were compared using 84 cattle feces samples. The results indicate that these techniques provide similar (P>0.05) fecal chromium contents.

Sea urchin fecal production and accumulation in a rocky subtidal ecosystem

We used a spatial model of destructive grazing of kelp beds by dense aggregations (fronts) of sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, together with measures of sea urchin absorption efficiency and fecal degradation rate, to predict rates of fecal production and accumu- lation during the transition from a kelp bed to a barrens state in a rocky subtidal ecosystem of Nova Scotia, Canada. The rate of fecal production as dry mass reached 9.17 g m -2 d -1 at 10 yr after the formation of a grazing front, with associated rates of carbon and nitrogen production of 2.12 g C m -2 d -1 and 0.21 g N m -2 d -1 . Fecal production rate exceeded the rates of physical, chemical, and microbial degradation, such that up to 193.6 g of feces, 70.2 g of C, and 4.0 g of N accumulated per linear m of front after 10 yr. The extent of sea urchin grazing fronts along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia was estimated at 280 km in 2000, which translates to a total fecal production rate of 6423 kg of feces d -1 and an accumulation of 54 200 kg of feces after 10 yr of front formation, based on our model. This temporally variable flux of organic matter likely has a profound effect on adja- cent deeper-water macrobenthic communities utilizing the feces as a food source.

Effects of epidural morphine on gastrointestinal transit in unmedicated horses

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of epidural morphine on gastrointestinal (GI) motility in horses. Study designRandomly ordered crossover design. AnimalsSix healthy adult horses weighing 585 ± 48 kg (mean ± SD). MethodsHorses were randomly assigned to receive either 0.2 mg kg−1 morphine or an equal volume (0.04 mL kg−1) of saline epidurally (the first inter coccygeal space) with 2 weeks between treatments. The horses were stabled, fed a standardized diet and allowed water ad libitum throughout the duration of the study. Radiopaque spheres were administered by stomach tube. Xylazine 0.2 mg kg−1 intravenously was administered prior to epidural injection. Heart rate, respiratory rate, GI sounds score and behavior score were recorded before drug administration and after epidural injection at 4, 8, 12, 18, 24 hours and every 12 hours thereafter for 6 days. Feces were weighed, radiographed and the number of spheres counted. Data were analyzed using a mixed effect model. ResultsAt no time did horses exhibit signs of colic or show significant differences between treatments regarding heart rate, respiratory rate, GI sounds score, behavior score, or cumulative number of spheres. The concentration of spheres per kg of feces was significantly lower (p < 0.05) for the morphine group at 18 and 24 hours. Using the centroid of the curves (spheres kg−1 plotted versus time) the average transit time after saline epidural was 38 hours and after morphine it was 43 hours. The weight of feces hour−1 was significantly lower (p < 0.05) at only 4 and 8 hours after morphine. Conclusions and clinical relevanceEpidural morphine, at a dose of 0.2 mg kg−1, temporarily reduced GI motility but did not cause ileus or colic in this small group of healthy unfasted horses. Care should be taken when extrapolating these data to situations in which other factors may also affect GI motility.

Attempts to control infection with Ostertagia ostertagi (Trichostrongylidae) in grazing calves by adding mycelium of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora (Hyphomycetales) to cow pats.

Artificially prepared cow pats containing Ostertagia ostertagi eggs were deposited on two comparable grazing plots at weekly intervals during June and July 1987. Before deposition the cow pats, on the one plot, were inoculated with 0.250 g mycelial fragments per kg of faeces of the predacious fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. On the other control plot comparable numbers of non-inoculated cow pats were placed at the same time. Subsequently, in July, two equal groups of calves were turned out one on each plot to graze for two months after which they were necropsied. The number of infective O. ostertagi larvae in inoculated cow pats was reduced by 42% and herbage larval infectivity around them by 50-71% as compared with the corresponding parameters in control pats and surrounding herbage. After a grazing period of two months the calves on the plot with inoculated cow pats had acquired worm burdens that were on average 37% lower than those of calves on the control plot. The lower degree of parasitism in these calves was also reflected in lower egg counts, lower serum pepsinogen levels and higher body weight.

A norfloxacin dose finding study for selective decontamination of the digestive tract in pigs.

Five pigs were treated orally with norfloxacin for 5 consecutive days in two well-separated periods. This was done to determine the lowest dose required to free the pigs of Enterobacteriaceae. In the first period of the study, the animals were treated with 400 mg per day while in the second treatment 800 mg norfloxacin was given. Daily faecal culturing indicated that the faeces became free of Enterobacteriaceae in 3-5 days when treated with 400 mg/day, while all animals were found negative on culturing after 3 days of treatment with 800 mg/day. Investigation of the concentration of norfloxacin in the faeces revealed that a substantial fraction of the dose was either absorbed or inactivated by faecal substances. An in vitro study in faeces confirmed that a substantial part, some 75% of the dose, may have been inactivated by intestinal contents. This finding helps to explain the much lower concentration of 120 mg norfloxacin per kg of faeces in the pig in comparison with the almost tenfold higher concentration reported to develop in man during treatment with an identical dose.

Biodeposit production by the mussel Mytilus edulis L. on rocky shores

Seasonal changes in the amount of biodeposit (faeces and pseudofaeces) produced by the mussel Mytilus edulis L., which is one of the representative suspension-feeders in the rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal regions of Mutsu Bay, were studied in the laboratory. The effects of water temperature, light, food concentration, flow rate, body size, age, and spawning on biodeposit production were investigated. More biodeposit was produced in summer than in other seasons. Throughout the year, the amount of biodeposit was positively correlated with body size. Relatively more biodeposit was produced by smaller than by larger individuals. A M. edulis population living in one square meter was estimated to produce 9.20 kg of faeces and 2.71 kg of pseudofaeces per year (dry wt). More biodeposit was produced at water temperatures of 17.6–20.2° C than at 4.5–7.6° C and 25.2–26.0° C. The optimum temperature for biodeposit production was found to be ≈ 20.0 °C. When kept in the dark, M. edulis produced more biodeposit than in the light. When food concentration is increased, more psuedofaeces are produced; the amount of faeces, however, remains constant. With increasing flow rate, the amount o f biodeposit per h increased but the biodeposition rate decreased. Larger amounts of faeces and smaller amounts of pseudofaeces were produced by younger mussels than by older ones of a similar size. Spawning also affected biodeposit production.

ASPECTS OF BIODEPOSITION BY OYSTERS AND OTHER INVERTEBRATE FILTER FEEDERS1

Quantities of suspended matter removed by oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and deposited as feces or pseudofeces varied seasonally, reaching maxima in September. Below 2.8C, measurable quantities were not produced. At certain seasons, levels of suspended solids influenced quantities of biodeposits. Laboratory studies indicated that the oysters on 0.405 hectare of an estuarine bottom may produce up to 981 kg of feces and pseudofeces weekly. Of the particles, 95% were under 3 µ in diameter. all types of algal cells present in the surrounding water were represented. The deposits contained 77–91% inorganic matter, mostly illite, chlorite, and mixed‐layer clays, 4–12% organic carbon, and 1.0 g/kg phosphorus. biodeposits of filter feeders such as barnacles, tunicates, and other lamelli‐branchs were similar to those of oysters. Filter feeders may influence deposition, transport, and the composition of suspended sediments in estuaries. A possible relationship between the removal from suspension and the subsequent deposition of radionuclides associated with particles of clay, silt, or planktonic algae and feces or pseudofeces is suggested.