Key Audiences Research Articles

Practitioners' Needs for Addressing the Challenges of Sea-Level Rise-A Qualitative Assessment.

Practitioners at the local and regional scale are under increased pressure to reduce risks to people and property posed by the threats of sea-level rise (SLR) and associated impacts. To achieve this, a dialog between practitioners and scientists is imperative. Current research documents impacts of SLR, evaluates local SLR adaptation activities, identifies barriers to action, and works to assess local adaptive capacity. Despite this work, there has been little qualitative assessment of practitioners' needs when it comes to translating SLR science into local changes. To fill this gap, we used a combination of semi-structured interviews and surveys. The interviews revealed practitioners' needs, the tools they use, the challenges they face, and the contexts in which they make decisions. The survey allowed practitioners to rank potential interventions according to the level of impact they believed it would have on coastal adaptation planning. In total our study includes the perspectives of 142 practitioners from 24 states, Puerto Rico, the Mariana Islands, and Barbados. Corroborating earlier work, we find that resources broadly and funding specifically is the largest barrier faced by practitioners. We find that practitioners need more localized information and models supported by on the ground monitoring, decision support resources that allow for comparison of different scenarios, and communication tools that will enable them to engage with key audiences. These needs suggest a critical shift toward building trusted relationship between scientists and local practitioners and the need to bolster organizations that can support a bridge between these two contexts.

Co-designing the INHSU Prisons Hepatitis C Advocacy Toolkit using the Advocacy Strategy Framework

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) has established targets to eliminate the hepatitis C virus (HCV) by 2030. Prisons are a key focus of elimination efforts, however, access to HCV services in prisons remains low globally. With the aim of increasing advocacy efforts to help address this gap, the International Network on Health and Hepatitis in Substance Users (INHSU) Prisons, developed a Prisons Hepatitis C Advocacy Toolkit. MethodsToolkit development involved a co-design process to ensure advocacy resources met end-user needs. A scoping study was conducted, involving a web-based survey and in-depth interviews, to understand advocacy resource needs of key stakeholders from countries of different socio-economic strata. Data were analysed, and suggested advocacy resources were mapped onto the Advocacy Strategy Framework with the audiences resources are targetting and the changes they aim to influence. Advocacy resources were co-developed and validated by interview participants before incorporation into the web-based platform. ResultsSurvey responses (n = 181) and interview data (n = 25) highlighted several barriers to enhancing HCV services in prisons globally, and an understanding that advocacy efforts are needed to bring about this change. Advocacy resources were suggested for influencing three key audiences: policymakers/funders, implementers, and community. Thereafter, a suite of 20 de novo tools were co-developed with key stakeholders including case studies of evidence-based models of HCV care, policy briefs, HCV infographics, and fact sheets about how to leverage funding and build advocacy campaigns. Findings underscore the importance of capitalising on the knowledge and expertise of potential end-users, to ensure Toolkit resources are context-specific and match their needs. ConclusionThe Toolkit holds promise for progressing the WHO elimination goals by increasing advocacy efforts for enhanced prison HCV services globally. The co-design of Toolkit resources with potential end-users has increased its potential accessibility, acceptability, and inclusivity for a globally diverse audience.

Aligning Audience Needs with Scientists’ Information in the Complex Harmful Algal Bloom Outreach to Engagement Continuum

AbstractAlgae, an important foundation of aquatic ecosystems, can become a nuisance or harmful when it grows in excess. Many government agencies have a role in monitoring, responding to, and confirming a harmful algal bloom (HAB). HAB scientists have important information to share, however, given the complexities of HABs, which often involve decoupled drivers from observed impacts, presents challenges to outreach and engagement. Understanding key audience information needs can help scientists prioritize key science communication and engagement opportunities to maximize the impact of such efforts. Scientists may need additional science communication training or support for scientist‐community partnerships. This will be evermore important into the future with the likely range expansion of HABs due to climate change.

“It Takes More Than a Pill to Kill”: Bounded Accountability in Disciplining Professional Misconduct Despite Heightened Transparency

Existing theory suggests that professionals are ineffective at regulating the work of their peers, especially when it comes to disciplining misconduct, because of professional norms of collegiality. In response, transparency measures have been put in place over the years to increase accountability toward key external audiences, such as the public, and to ensure that professionals hold guilty peers accountable for misconduct. Few studies, however, have sufficiently investigated how professionals discipline peer misconduct in the face of transparency measures. We gained access to a state medical board’s internal deliberations about how to discipline physicians guilty of overprescribing opioids, endangering public health. We found that even in the most egregious cases, the board predominantly refrained from implementing stringent disciplinary action despite extensive transparency measures. Our data allow us to theorize what we call bounded accountability, which refers to individuals charged with holding guilty actors accountable for their misconduct instituting only limited discipline. We found four mechanisms that constrained the exercise of accountability: information asymmetries between regulatory bodies, bureaucratic inefficiencies of the disciplinary apparatus, shared professional beliefs among decision makers, and interpersonal emotions between decision makers and the guilty professionals whom they are put in charge of disciplining. We found that these mechanisms operated at the field, occupational, organizational, and interpersonal levels, respectively. Utilizing a highly consequential study context, our findings suggest that when professional misconduct is disciplined by members of the same occupation, bounded accountability is the most likely outcome, even with extensive transparency measures in place. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2023.17932 .

Messaging that resonates with a community during airport construction

Airports throughout the world are remodelling, expanding and upgrading to handle increasing travel demand and Salt Lake International Airport (SLC) is no exception. In 2020, SLC opened the first new hub airport built in the USA in the 21st century. There were many challenges along the way, such as a worldwide pandemic and an earthquake with an epicentre just miles away from the airport. Perhaps the most monumental task was to build a 4 million square foot airport adjacent to an operating one. But beyond navigating construction and operations, building support for a new airport — when the existing airport was so beloved in the community — created additional challenges. SLC’s communication and marketing team was tasked with crafting messages to help the community navigate this change, while also educating, informing and engaging the public. This paper discusses how, in order to provide a roadmap for communicating through the massive construction project, a Strategic Communication and Marketing Plan was developed for The New SLC Redevelopment Program that outlined goals and audiences, messaging, branding, marketing, traditional and social media and video production. The paper presents how the campaign was rooted in research and continually adjusted based on feedback and other evaluation mechanisms. The first step in developing a comprehensive communication plan was to conduct research by surveying SLC’s audiences prior to undertaking a branding programme. An important research component was to identify key audiences and stakeholders, including internal audiences — such as employees and tenants — to help spread the project’s message through grass-roots efforts. Once feedback from the survey was compiled, a brand was developed that resonated with the intended audiences. Just as important was to develop strategic messaging to inform audiences, while also educating and engaging. Next, determining the most effect ways to deliver the message was key, and was done through a combination of advertising, events, press conferences and traditional and social media.

Behavior Change Among HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex with Men Not Using PrEP in the United States.

This study measures changes in condomless anal sex (CAS) among HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) who are not taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). It considers the 2014-2019 cycles of the American Men's Internet Survey, a serial, cross-sectional web-based survey of US cisgender MSM aged ≥ 15years, in which ~ 10% of each year's sample is drawn from the previous year. Among those surveyed for 2years who remained HIV-negative and off PrEP, reports of having any CAS and of CAS partner number were compared across years. We disaggregated by partner HIV status, and considered demographic predictors. The overall population saw a significant 2.2 percentage-point (pp) increase in reports of any CAS year-over-year. Sub-populations with the largest year-on-year increases were 15-24-year-olds (5.0-pp) and Hispanic respondents (5.1-pp), with interaction (young Hispanic respondents = 12.8-pp). On the relative scale, these numbers correspond to 3.2%, 7.2%, 7.3% and 18.7%, respectively. Absolute increases were concentrated among partners reported as HIV-negative. Multivariable analyses for CAS initiation found effects concentrated among Hispanic and White youth and residents of fringe counties of large metropolitan areas. CAS partner number increases were similarly predicted by Hispanic identity and young age. Although condom use remains more common than PrEP use, increasing CAS among MSM not on PrEP suggests potential new HIV transmission pathways. Concentration of increases among 18-24-year-old MSM portends future increases in the proportion of newly diagnosed HIV that occur among youth. Concentration among young Hispanic MSM will likely expand existing disparities. Although reducing barriers to PrEP remains vital, condom promotion for MSM remains a key public health practice and appears to be missing key audiences. LGBTQ+-inclusive sex education is one avenue for enhancing these efforts.

ВЗАЄМОЗВ’ЯЗОК ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ МІСТА ТА МАРКЕТИНГУ ТЕРИТОРІЇ

This article examines the theoretical and methodical aspects of territory marketing. The use of territory marketing tools is aimed at active interaction with the potential market, in particular, consumers of territorial services. The further development of the country involves the introduction of strategic and tactical tools for marketing territories. For the effective use of marketing opportunities of a specific city (village, community), forecasting is carried out, based on a comprehensive analysis of the potential of markets in a certain territory. Management of the socio-economic development of a modern city can be carried out through the performance of basic functions. These functions include planning to achieve strategically important indicators of the city's development, organization, motivation and coordination of the activities of all subjects and objects of management in order to achieve the planned indicators, as well as the function of auditing the effectiveness of such activities. In market conditions, the internal needs and development trends of the city, considered as a social organism, are increasingly taken into account. Territorial marketing acts as a tool for the strategic development of the territory and the most comprehensive approach to solving its problems. Marketing possibilities of the territory represent attractive directions of action for the purpose of socio-economic development of this region. Territorial marketing contributes to the coordination of mutually beneficial interests of various entities operating in the territorial market. The article considers the key components of urban marketing, as well as the conditions and tools for the prospective development of a specific territory. In our opinion, the main goal of territory marketing is to promote the socio-economic development of the city and improve the urban environment. This includes the creation of a qualitatively new environment for key target audiences: local residents – actual consumers, as well as potential users of the territory's services.

Bridging scales for landscape-level wildfire adaptation: A case study of the Kittitas Fire Adapted Communities Coalition

Federal-level strategies or guidance for addressing wildfire risk encourage adaptation activities that span progressively larger scales, often focusing on landscape-level action that necessitates coordination between decision-makers and socially diverse communities. Collaborative organizations are increasingly explored as one approach for coordinating local efforts that address wildfire risk and adaptation, offering a platform for scaling and adjusting federal and state guidance that align with the needs of local landscapes. We conducted semi-structured interviews with members and supporters of the Kittitas Fire Adapted Communities Coalition (KFACC) and later facilitated two workshops at the behest of the organization. The goal of our interviews and workshops were to better understand how organizations such as KFACC emerge, function, and evolve in complex social and ecological landscapes, with a focus on their role in addressing landscape-level wildfire adaptation. We use an existing theoretical analogy of fire adaptation that crosses institutional and physical scales to help conceive of lessons from in-depth analysis of KFACC functioning. We found that KFACC originated from a need to establish a shared local mission for fire adaptation and a recognition that federal and state initiatives surrounding wildfire management needed further contextualization to be effective among diverse local social conditions. Later organizational foci included identifying key audiences for targeted adaptation efforts, including the identification of key messages and communities where specific mitigation actions might be needed. KFACC members were effective in strategically advocating for fire adaptation resources and policies at broader scales that might increase adaptation within Kittitas County, including caveats to local planning efforts designed for wildfire risk reduction. Likewise, the organization had begun to focus on tailoring mitigation efforts to different communities in the landscape as an effective means of catalyzing sustained, realistic fire adaptation actions. We suggest that organizations like KFACC are well-positioned to act as “board hoppers” who can integrate community-based needs into wildfire management, but caution that the functioning and ‘niche’ of such organizations may require strategic development or regular reflection on organizational goals.

How to connect with your parent audience: Duquesne University's implementation of a strategic family communications platform

The increasingly competitive higher education market demands that institutions adapt to and communicate effectively with the key audience of parents and families. As decision makers and influencers, parents are highly involved in helping their children manage the college selection process and navigate their academic journeys. This case study lays out how the Duquesne University Parents and Families Portal, built on the software platform by CampusESP, enabled the university to provide a modern, all-in-one communication and family engagement vehicle that shares personalised, timely content. The tool and vendor service team facilitate the needed support with guidance and relevant general content in furnishing a streamlined, main hub of information. The strategy empowers a point person working with the central marketing and communications team and engenders campus partners in a campus-wide collaborative effort to share inspirational communications that provide the greatest opportunity for brand and relationship building. Readers will learn how Duquesne University, a private, Catholic institution, with more than eight thousand students, implemented this strategic communication platform for parents and families that influenced student retention and recruitment, and exceeded expectations.

Enhancing Global Development of Palliative Care: Insights from Country Experts on ATLANTES Observatory's Role.

Background: Despite a steady increase in palliative care (PC)-oriented research, authentic engagement of stakeholders with findings needs to be more used. Objective: This study aimed to explore how ATLANTES Observatory can effectively promote the global development of PC by engaging with stakeholders and addressing their specific needs and priorities. Design: An international e-survey among Observatory collaborators explored key audiences, best ways to reach them, and priority activities. Answers were evaluated according to respondents' roles (Academics, Policymakers, and clinicians) and toward impact on diverse key stakeholders. Correlation between respondents' roles with select products was studied. Results: One hundred fifty-five collaborators participated. The collaborators suggested addressing ATLANTES Global Observatory's activities to policymakers (5,6/7), professional associations (5,2/7), and health care practitioners (4,4/7). Preferred activity to reach all stakeholders is the use of websites and social networks, while particularly for policymakers, academics, and general practitioners, the conduction of atlases and articles stand out. Conclusions: Our study emphasizes prioritizing policymakers and all health care practitioners as key stakeholders in promoting PC and driving global development and integration into health care systems. By leveraging innovative web tools and social networks for dissemination, our aim is to extend the reach of our efforts beyond the PC community.

COVID-19 PANDEMICS IMPACT ON UKRAINIAN STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF THE EU, EUROPEAN INTEGRATION AND SOLIDARITY

The youth opinion and perceptions of the EU and EU-Ukraine relations and aspiration of Ukraine towards the EU membership have always been under the particular interest of scholars, policy-makers and civil society. Through years of Ukraine’s independence youth has been defined as a key target audience for the public policy, hence it is critically important to understand their opinions and attitudes, positions, and perceptions. As unprecedented a challenge as COVID-19 pandemics turned out to be for European solidarity and values could not but affect the attitudes to the EU and European integration in Ukraine. The purpose of this study is to identify any possible transformations the concept of EU and European solidarity occurred in the minds of Ukraine’s undoubtedly most pro-European social group (student youth aged 18–25). The survey was held by Ukrainian Association of Professors and Researchers of European Integration through March–May 2020, under the turbulent first months of pandemics at the very height of quarantine limitations in both the EU and Ukraine. By means of content analysis, concept analysis and categorization of unique empirical data collected within the frames of the all-Ukrainian student essay contest focused on COVID-19 impact upon European integration and solidarity, this study traces shifts in Ukrainian students’ attitudes to the EU and Ukraine’s European integration process and, where possible, identifies the types of media discourse and sources influencing the target group’s opinions.

Bureaucratic politics, risk management, and agency strategy: a study of agency management in a gale

ABSTRACT The outbreak of Covid-19 holds important lessons for general understandings of specialised agencies and their interactions with the political executive in a context of high political salience and uncertainty of the knowledge upon which agencies can base its professional decisions and pursue its policy preferences vis-à-vis the political principal. This case study analyses the behaviour of the Danish Health Authority (DHA) during two critical series of events in 2020 and 2021. Based on unique document access and interviews with key actors, the article makes a triple contribution to the literature on agencies by showing that: (1) interactions within the governmental hierarchy are transactional rather than rule-bound; (2) agency impact in interactions with the political executive depends on the agency head’s skill in forming a strategically neutral approach; (3) a strong agency reputation with key audiences is not sufficient for ensuring political influence or avoiding political interference.

“New innovative QR code-based mobile audience response system (mARS) for panel discussion (PD) in a Indian Arthroscopy Society conference(IASCON) of 1102 registered delegates.” - A cross-sectional study

PurposeThe purpose is to determine the feasibility of Mobile based Audience response system (mARS) and the best time to get maximum delegate participation in panel discussion at a national Indian Arthroscopic Society conference(year-2022) with 1102 delegates by studying their engagement at various time schedules. MethodsOur institution-based software engineer set up mARS, and a separate URL, was purchased for recording the responses. 5 Panel discussions (PD) were moderated by senior national faculty, 3 were on knee topics, and 2 were on Shoulder topics. The audiences were engaged in ongoing PD discussion by displaying the multiple choice questions (MCQs) questions for 15–30 seconds & real-time response was collated, and poll results were declared in real-time during the conference. The data of each panel discussion was acquired from admin page & statistical analysis was done to determine the audience participation in Hall A (Knee) versus Hall B (Shoulder), Day 2 versus day 3 and pre-lunch session versus post-lunch session. ResultsMaximum number of delegates (252) participated in Multi-ligament knee injury (MLKI)PD (day 2); however, percentage of response was higher for Massive cuff tear PD (day 3). Audience response was better on day 2, for shoulder topics and pre-lunch session PD than on day 3, knee topics and post-lunch sessions & this was statistically significant (p < 0.001). ConclusionsmARS proves is an innovative and valuable resource, enhancing audience participation during PD at large gatherings. Real-time results aids not only active delegate engagement but also helps moderators/panellist in curating discussions to answer uncommon queries and unify the responses. The most suitable time for PD sessions utilizing mARS is the pre-lunch slot on day 2. Level of the evidenceLevel 3 (Decision Analysis- Observational cross-sectional study). Study designCross-Sectional Study. RelevanceThis article helps the organizers of larger meeting to time the panel discussion appropriately to obtain maximum audience participation and curate the discussion based on delegate centric responses. Key termsmobile Audience response system (mARS), Audience response system (ARS), Panel Discussion(PD), Indian Arthroscopic Society conference (IASCON), Indian Arthroscopy society (IAS). What is known about the subjectAudience response system (ARS) in the smaller meeting and webinars are well known entity to have active participation in on-going discussion. “What are the new findings?”Response and results of innovative QR code-based mobile Audience response system (mARS) for Panel discussion (PD) in larger arthroscopic conference with 1102 delegates showed delegates were more interested in Shoulder topics and pre-lunch session and Day 2 response were better.

Understanding approaches to social partnerships - investigating target audience reactions and non-profit managers’ business practice: a mixed-methods study

ABSTRACT If social partnerships can lead to favourable outcomes for not-for-profit organisations (NPOs), what steps are managers taking to achieve such outcomes? We address this question by conducting a mixed-methods study in a professional sports social partnership context in Australia. First, a survey with 4,193 sport team fans – a key target audience for NPOs was conducted to understand the impact of contextual factors (i.e. NPO reputation and perceived fit) on the consumer behaviour process, including donation, volunteer, and advocacy intentions for NPOs involved in a social partnership. Following the confirmation of favourable NPO outcomes, interviews with 11 NPO managers were conducted to explore the business practice inputs of their social partnerships. Interviews showed social partnerships were characterised by a power imbalance in favour of the sports organisation leading to a lack of co-creation of value. Further, despite an expressed intention to formalise the partnerships, formality waned as the partnership moved through the different partnership stages. Results across the two studies demonstrate the need for a more deliberate and strategic approach to social partnerships. Theoretically, we build on the limited work addressing the NPO perspective of social partnerships by adopting a dual stakeholder perspective.

Perspectives of U.S. harm reduction advocates on persuasive message strategies

BackgroundThe messages used to communicate about harm reduction are critical in garnering public support for adoption of harm reduction interventions. Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of harm reduction interventions at reducing overdose deaths and disease transmission, the USA has been slow to adopt harm reduction to scale. Implementation of evidence-based interventions has been hindered by a historical framing of drug use as a moral failure and related stigmatizing attitudes among the public toward people who use drugs. Understanding how professional harm reduction advocates communicate to audiences about the benefits of harm reduction is a critical step to designing persuasive messaging strategies.MethodsWe conducted qualitative interviews with a purposively recruited sample of U.S. professional harm reduction advocates (N = 15) to examine their perspectives on which types of messages are effective in persuading U.S. audiences on the value of harm reduction. Participants were professionals working in harm reduction advocacy at national- or state-level organizations promoting and/or implementing harm reduction. Semi-structured interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a hybrid inductive/deductive approach.ResultsInterviewees agreed that messages about the scientific evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of harm reduction approaches are important but insufficient, on their own, to persuade audiences. Interviewees identified two overarching messaging strategies they perceived as persuasive: using messages about harm reduction that align with audience-specific values, for example centering the value of life or individual redemption; and positioning harm reduction as part of the comprehensive solution to current issues audiences are facing related to drug use and overdose in their community. Interviewees discussed tailoring messages strategies to four key audiences: policymakers; law enforcement; religious groups; and the family and friends of people who use, or have used, drugs. For example, advocates discussed framing messages to law enforcement from the perspective of public safety.ConclusionsInterviewees viewed messages as most persuasive when they align with audience values and audience-specific concerns related to drug use and overdose death. Future research should test effectiveness of tailored messaging strategies to audiences using experimental approaches.

Development and Cognitive Testing of Occupational Safety and Health Questions for a Youth Survey: Addressing the Research Needs for a Vulnerable Working Population.

While more than 2.5 million U.S. high students worked in 2020, data to assess how work affects this group are sparse. To facilitate such research, a set of occupational safety and health questions for inclusion on the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) and other youth-focused surveys was developed. Survey questions about occupational experiences of young workers were adapted from other surveys or created de novo. Key audiences were engaged to define priority topic areas and develop draft questions, which were further refined through cognitive interviews with working youth. Twenty-one resulting questions spanned multiple work-related topics: employment status; health outcomes; psychosocial exposures; and safety climate. Cognitive testing revealed that youth (aged 14-19) had difficulty with temporal concepts. Some difficulties reflected the propensity of youth to engage in multiple, online, and informal jobs. During 3 rounds of interviews, questions were adjusted to better reflect youth employment circumstances and language. Four states added at least 1 work-related question to their 2023 Youth Risk Behavior Survey questionnaire, and the full set of questions has been disseminated to federal agencies and partners. Including tailored questions about employment in surveys of youth will facilitate occupational health surveillance for this group. Analysis of resulting data can help to close knowledge gaps, provide current prevalence data, inform policy, and allow development of focused prevention and intervention strategies to reduce adverse outcomes among young workers.

Listening: A way to improve university reputation and governance

Since 2018, the University of Navarra (Spain) has been using surveys and focus groups to analyse and evaluate the perceptions of its key audiences. This has helped provide a nuanced understanding of the university's reputation, and has given the institution indicators of ideal university performance and brand sentiment. This information can be used to design scorecards for monitoring perceptions. Indicators facilitate decision making that improve the university community’s day to day life. This project confirms that listening introduces new forms of participation and can lead to improvement in university governance. It is also a good method for learning about an institution's reputation. With the collaboration of Fundación Funciva 2023.

Crafting the language of borders: The European Court of Justice's strategic opinion writing in rights cases

AbstractCourts, particularly those with the power of constitutional review, engage in supplementary lawmaking. Like other policymakers, judges seek the proper interpretation and implementation of their decisions. Research on the United States of America (U.S.) Supreme Court indicates that it strategically alters its language to obtain better compliance, but little is known about whether international courts do the same. We test the generalizability of these findings by examining the opinion‐writing tactics of another powerful court, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), in a highly salient policy area, citizenship rights. Like the U.S. High Court, the CJEU must guide judges in interpreting constitutional law. In the European Union (EU) context, this entails directing Member State judges through the preliminary reference procedure, a form of indirect supranational judicial review. We expect that the CJEU will carefully craft the language of its opinions to obtain the cooperation of national judges in this area of law. Our findings indicate that, like the U.S. Supreme Court, the CJEU strategically alters its words in anticipation of this key audience's reactions to its decisions, and that the court's strategies may undermine EU citizens' rights in the long term.

Leveraging accessible tourism development through mega-events, and the disability-attitude gap

Able-bodied, and increasingly people with disabilities, represent a key audience for mega-events; occasions that act as crucibles where social problems endemic to host destinations can be exposed and tackled through targeted social policy. Drawing on the social model of disability, the paper examines how Japan utilised Tokyo 2020 as a field configuring event to disrupt systems of ableist thinking and tackle physical and attitudinal barriers restricting Persons with Disabilities (PwD) to accessible tourism. Qualitative evidence reveals national commitments to relegitimise, improve accessibility for - and acceptance toward - PwD in Japanese society, through transformations to the built environment, national awareness, and educational campaigns in the build up to Tokyo 2020. An over-emphasis on physical as opposed to social structural change mean negative attitudes often persist, where disability remains stigmatised, leading to PwD immobility and social exclusion. Our policy recommendations and managerial implications, alongside research directions attend to this disability-attitude gap.

Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations for Transgender and Gender Diverse Patients: A Knowledge and Familiarity Assessment of Primary Care Practitioners

Breast cancer screening recommendations for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) patients have only been recently developed and many primary care practitioners (PCPs) are unaware of these specific recommendations. The aim of this study is to assess the level of familiarity and knowledge PCPs have with breast cancer screening recommendations for TGD patients. An anonymous survey was distributed to primary care physicians, primary care advanced practice practitioners, and internal medicine and family medicine residents at three academic medical systems in the United States (Mayo Clinic, University of Michigan, University of Texas – Medical Branch). Survey questions assessed the familiarity and knowledge base of TGD breast cancer screening recommendations, training and experience with TGD patients, and basic demographics of the practitioners. Of the 95 survey respondents, only 35% of respondents were aware that breast cancer screening recommendations for TGD patients existed. PCPs who had increased transgender specific health care training and direct clinical exposure to TGD patients demonstrated significantly higher levels of screening recommendation awareness. Two-thirds of respondents received TGD specific medical education during training or medical career and those who had increased transgender specific medical education or direct clinical exposure to TGD patients demonstrated significantly higher levels of screening recommendation awareness. Awareness of breast cancer screening recommendations for TGD patients is low among PCPs and varied based on the practitioner’s prior TGD education and experience. Up-to-date breast cancer screening recommendations for TGD patients should be readily available across multiple platforms, target key audiences, and integrated into transgender health educational curriculums to maximize awareness of these important recommendations.