Ketamine Xylazine Research Articles

The effect of eight-week resistance training on oxidative stress in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats.

Although reliable new evidence has identified several advantages of resistance training (ResEx) on cardiac performance, the role of this type of training in protecting the myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on cardioprotection versus IR-induced injury. 60-day-old male Wistar rats (n = 24), weighing 220-240 g, were divided into four groups: Resistance Training (ResEx), Isoproterenol (ISO), Resistance Training + Isoproterenol (ResEx + ISO), and control groups (n = 6 for each). Trained rats performed exercise in a squat-training apparatus (8-12 repetitions/set, eight sets/day, and 5 days/week for 8 weeks). After the last training session, all the rats were sacrificed with ketamine xylazine injection. The heart of rats was removed from the body and washed quickly with cold PBS, immediately put in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -70°C. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) activity was measured. Induction of ischemia decreased SOD and CAT activity but had no effect on the activity of GPX. Eight weeks of resistance training significantly increased activity of SOD and CAT compared to the ISO group. The results of the present research demonstrated that ischemia induced by isoproterenol injection during 8 weeks of resistance training did not lead to a decrease in SOD activity and prevented the reduction of CAT activity.

Sedation Efficacy of Midazolam in Conjunction with Ketamine and Alfaxalone in Female Laboratory Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus).

Guinea pigs have been integral as models used in biomedical research, making significant contributions to nutritional, auditory, immunologic, and hypersensitivity studies, and necessitating the routine need for sedation in laboratory settings. The ketamine-xylazine (KX) combination has been the standard sedation protocol for decades. However, due to the adverse effects and abuse potential of xylazine, this study explores the possibility of substituting xylazine with midazolam and examines the combined use of midazolam with ketamine and alfaxalone in female laboratory guinea pigs. Our findings indicate that KX facilitates the fastest induction and longest duration of sedation compared with other sedatives, including ketamine-midazolam (KM), which, despite its rapid induction, results in significantly shorter sedation durations. KX also ensures a deeper anesthetic depth and greater odds of loss of withdrawal and inguinal reflexes, in contrast to KM and alfaxalone-midazolam (AM), under which only 15% of the animals lost these reflexes. In terms of cardiopulmonary function, KM led to an increased heart rate attributed to elevated sympathetic activity. All 4 sedative protocols lead to respiratory depression, except KM, which causes minimal reduction. Adverse events varied, with 75% of animals experiencing injection site reactions after KX administration and 67% exhibiting regurgitation post-KM administration. No adverse events were reported for the AM combination, suggesting its safer profile. In conclusion, while KX remains the superior protocol for sedation due to its efficiency, reliability, and minimal impact on physiologic parameters, midazolam is not a preferable alternative to replace xylazine. Its increased sympathetic tone, hyperesthesia, and shorter action duration, coupled with a higher potential for adverse events, limit its suitability to combine with ketamine in guinea pig sedation. However, when midazolam is used in conjunction with safer alternatives like alfaxalone, it presents a viable sedation strategy, emphasizing the need for further research into optimizing sedative combinations for laboratory guinea pigs.

The effects of ketoprofen and meloxicam on oxidative stress through the glutathione pathway after ketamine-xylazine anesthesia and ulcer induction in rats: A comparative study

Given that oxidative stress (OS) occurs as one of the complications of general anesthesia and surgical procedures, practicing the best and safest anesthesia regimen can have a significant share in various surgeries. So, this study compared the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ketoprofen (KTP) and meloxicam (MLX) on OS through the glutathione pathway after the ketamine-xylazine (K-X) anesthesia and ulcer induction in rats to suggest post-operative regimens with promising analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.80 healthy adult male Wistar rats, were examined in this study. To obtain the baseline value cardiac blood collected of five rats, and the remaining 75 animals were randomized into three groups of 25, including (i) the control group receiving physiological serum, (ii) the experimental group 1 taking KTP, (iii) the experimental group 2, administered by MLX and all three groups received K-X combination IP after 30 min. Then, a full-thickness ulcer was induced under standard conditions, and the blood samples were collected from groups at T0, T30m, T60m, T24h, and T48h. The serum levels of the desired markers were measured. The study results revealed that the administration of K-X as an anesthetic agent made some changes in the markers of the OS-related glutathione (GSH) pathway. Moreover, KTP and MLX, significantly (p < 0.05) augmented the reduced GSH (rGSH), lowered the GSSG, increased the total values of the glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and the rGSH, reduced the rGSH/GSSG ratio, and accelerated the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, but they had high inhibitory effects on the glutathione reductase (GR). Accordingly, both drugs could maintain the balance between the OS markers, caused by general anesthesia. In general, KTP can be a suitable regimen in surgeries wherein analgesia is of importance for less than 24 h, but MLX can be a preferable option if longer analgesia is needed for more than 24 h.

Probiotic bacteria protect against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers through modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.

Indomethacin is an anti-inflammatory drug that causes ulcers on the gastric mucosa due to its use. Probiotic bacteria are live microorganisms, and it has been stated by various studies that these bacteria have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the possible protective effect of various types of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus brevis) against acute gastric mucosal damage caused by indomethacin. Control group - Physiological saline was administered daily for 10 days. Indo group-Physiological saline was administered daily for 10 days. Ranitidine + Indo group 5mg/kg ranitidine dose was administered daily for 5 days. On day 11, a single dose of 100mg/kg of indomethacin was given to the same group. Probiotic + Indo group 1ml/kg of oral probiotic bacteria was administered daily for 10 days. On day 11, a single 100mg/kg dose of indomethacin was given. After the application, the rats were anesthetized with ketamine xylazine, killed under appropriate conditions, the abdominal cavity was opened and the stomach tissues were removed. The obtained gastric tissues were used in the biochemical and histopathological analyses discussed below. All data were statistically evaluated by one-way ANOVA using SPSS 20.00, followed by Duncan Post hoc test. The data were expressed as mean ± SD. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. As a result, the administration of indomethacin caused gastric damage, stimulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. We found that the use of probiotic bacteria reduces oxidative stress (TOC), increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes (TAC), suppresses inflammation (IL-6 and Tnf-α), and inhibits apoptosis (Bax and Bcl-2) (P < 0.05). Probiotic treatment can mitigate gastric damage and apoptosis caused by indomethacin-induced gastric damage in rats. Probiotic also enhances the restoration of biochemical oxidative enzymes as it has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties.

Transcranial direct current stimulation alters cerebrospinal fluid-interstitial fluid exchange in mouse brain

BackgroundTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has gained prominence recently. Clinical studies have explored tDCS as an adjunct to neurologic disease rehabilitation, with evidence suggesting its potential in modulating brain clearance mechanisms. The glymphatic system, a proposed brain waste clearance system, posits that cerebrospinal fluid-interstitial fluid (CSF-ISF) exchange aids in efficient metabolic waste removal. While some studies have linked tDCS to astrocytic inositol trisphosphate (IP3)/Ca2+ signaling, the impact of tDCS on CSF-ISF exchange dynamics remains unclear. HypothesistDCS influences the dynamics of CSF-ISF exchange through astrocytic IP3/Ca2+ signaling. MethodsIn this study, we administered tDCS (0.1 mA for 10 min) to C57BL/6N mice anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine (KX). The anode was positioned on the cranial bone above the cortex, and the cathode was inserted into the neck. Following tDCS, we directly assessed brain fluid dynamics by injecting biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) as a CSF tracer into the cisterna magna (CM). The brain was then extracted after either 30 or 60 min and fixed. After 24 h, the sectioned brain slices were stained with Alexa 594-conjugated streptavidin (SA) to visualize BDA using immunohistochemistry. We conducted Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings and aquaporin 4 (AQP4)/CD31 immunostaining to investigate the underlying mechanisms of tDCS. Additionally, we monitored the efflux of Evans blue, injected into the cisterna magna, using cervical lymph node imaging. Some experiments were subsequently repeated with inositol trisphosphate receptor type 2 (IP3R2) knockout (KO) mice. ResultsPost-tDCS, we observed an increased CSF tracer influx, indicating a modulation of CSF-ISF exchange by tDCS. Additionally, tDCS appeared to enhance the brain's metabolic waste efflux. EEG recordings showed an increase in delta wave post-tDCS. But no significant change in AQP4 expression was detected 30 min post-tDCS. Besides, we found no alteration in CSF-ISF exchange and delta wave activity in IP3R2 KO mice after tDCS. ConclusionOur findings suggest that tDCS augments the glymphatic system's influx and efflux. Through astrocytic IP3/Ca2+ signaling, tDCS was found to modify the delta wave, which correlates positively with brain clearance. This study underscores the potential of tDCS in modulating brain metabolic waste clearance.

Comparison of Ketamine-Xylazine, Butorphanol-Azaperone-Medetomidine, and Nalbuphine-Medetomidine-Azaperone for Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Immobilization.

Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are frequently handled using chemical immobilization in North America for management and research. In a controlled environment, we compared three drug combinations: ketamine-xylazine (KX), butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM), and nalbuphine-medetomidine-azaperone (NalMed-A) for raccoon immobilization. In crossover comparisons, raccoons received a mean of the following: 8.66 mg/kg ketamine and 1.74 mg/kg xylazine (0.104 mL/kg KX); 0.464 mg/kg butorphanol, 0.155 mg/kg azaperone, and 0.185 mg/kg medetomidine (0.017 mL/kg BAM); and 0.800 mg/kg nalbuphine, 0.200 mg/kg azaperone, and 0.200 mg/kg medetomidine (0.020 mL/kg NalMed-A). Induction time was shortest with KX (mean±SE, 10.0±0.7 min) and longest with NalMed-A (13.0±1.3 min). A sampling procedure was completed on 89% (16/18), 72% (13/18), and 89% (16/18) of the raccoons administered KX, BAM, and NalMed-A, respectively. Reasons for incomplete sampling included inadequate immobilization (one KX and one NalMed-A), responsive behaviors (one each with KX, BAM, NalMed-A), or animal safety (four BAM). Mean recovery time for KX was 32.8±7.1 min without antagonizing and 28.6±5.2 min following delivery of an antagonist. Mean recovery time was 6.2±0.8 min for BAM and 5.1±0.5 min for NalMed-A after antagonizing. Only with KX were raccoons observed to recover without use of an antagonist. Supplemental oxygen was provided to 23% (3/13), 72% (13/18), and 71% (12/17) of raccoons immobilized with KX, BAM, and NalMed-A, respectively. Hypoxemia at <80% oxygen saturation occurred in 0% (0/17), 27% (4/15), and 6% (1/16) of the raccoons administered KX, BAM, and NalMed-A, respectively; all raccoons fully recovered from chemical immobilization. All combinations could be used for raccoon immobilization; however, the need for delivery of supplemental oxygen to a majority of raccoons immobilized with BAM and NalMed-A may limit broader use of these agents for certain field studies involving capture, sample, and release of free-ranging animals from a practical standpoint.

Strobilocercus fasciolaris (Eucestoda: Taeniidae) em ratos pretos (Rattus rattus) na Ilha de Fernando de Noronha, Brasil

ABSTRACT The island of Fernando de Noronha, belonging to the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, has several animal species introduced by man, such as the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the domestic cat (Felis catus), representing a risk to the ecological balance of the island and to the public health. This study aimed to report the occurrence of Strobilocercus fasciolaris in black rats (R. rattus) in this insular environment and to contribute with epidemiological data on this parasitosis. Rodents were captured using Tomahawk traps and sedated with an association of Ketamine Hydrochloride (40mg/kg/IM) and Xylazine Hydrochloride (2mg/kg/IM) for subsequent euthanasia and necroscopic evaluation. Of the 154 captured black rats, 54 (35.06%) had single or multiple cysts in the liver. The cysts were morphologically evaluated and the metacestodes were identified as Strobilocercus fasciolaris, the larval form of Hydatigera taeniformis. This is the first report of the occurrence of Strobilocercus fasciolaris in black rats (Rattus rattus) in an island environment in Brazil. The occurrence of this metacestode in rodents on the Island demonstrates the high environmental contamination, fast reproduction, and dispersion of this parasite, being a potential risk for the conservation of susceptible species and for public health.

Evaluation of Xylazine Ketamine Anesthesia in Rabbits Undergoing Tendon Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study

Evaluation of Xylazine Ketamine Anesthesia in Rabbits Undergoing Tendon Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study

Commonly used anesthetics modify alcohol and (-)-trans-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in vivo effects on rat cerebral arterioles

BackgroundEthyl alcohol and cannabis are widely used recreational substances with distinct effects on the brain. These drugs increase accidental injuries requiring treatment under anesthesia. Moreover, alcohol and cannabis are often used in anesthetized rodents for biomedical research. Here, we compared the influence of commonly used forms of anesthesia, injectable ketamine/xylazine (KX) versus inhalant isoflurane, on alcohol- and (-)-trans-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) effects on cerebral arteriole diameter evaluated in vivo.MethodsStudies were performed on male and female Sprague–Dawley rats subjected to intracarotid catheter placement for drug infusion, and cranial window surgery for monitoring pial arteriole diameter. Depth of anesthesia was monitored every 10–15 min by toe-pinch. Under KX, the number of toe-pinch responders was maximal after the first dose of anesthesia and diminished over time in both males and females. In contrast, the number of toe-pinch responders under isoflurane slowly raised over time, leading to increase in isoflurane percentage until deep anesthesia was re-established. Rectal temperature under KX remained stable in males while dropping in females. As expected for gaseous anesthesia, both males and females exhibited rectal temperature drops under isoflurane.ResultsInfusion of 50 mM alcohol (ethanol, EtOH) into the cerebral circulation rendered robust constriction in males under KX anesthesia, this alcohol action being significantly smaller, but still present under isoflurane anesthesia. In females, EtOH did not cause measurable changes in pial arteriole diameter regardless of the anesthetic. These findings indicate a strong sex bias with regards to EtOH induced vasoconstriction.Infusion of 42 nM THC in males and females under isoflurane tended to constrict cerebral arterioles in both males and females when compared to isovolumic infusion of THC vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide in saline). Moreover, THC-driven changes in arteriole diameter significantly differed in magnitude depending on the anesthetic used.Simultaneous administration of 50 mM alcohol and 42 nM THC to males constricted cerebral arterioles regardless of the anesthetic used. In females, constriction by the combined drugs was also observed, with limited influence by anesthetic presence.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that two commonly used anesthetic formulations differentially influence the level of vasoconstriction caused by alcohol and THC actions in cerebral arterioles.

Accurate image derived input function in [18F]SynVesT-1 mouse studies using isoflurane and ketamine/xylazine anesthesia

BackgroundKinetic modeling in positron emission tomography (PET) requires measurement of the tracer plasma activity in the absence of a suitable reference region. To avoid invasive blood sampling, the use of an image derived input function has been proposed. However, an accurate delineation of the blood pool region in the PET image is necessary to obtain unbiased blood activity. Here, to perform brain kinetic modeling in [18F]SynVesT-1 dynamic scans, we make use of non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) to unmix the activity signal from the different tissues that can contribute to the heart region activity, and extract only the left ventricle activity in an unbiased way. This method was implemented in dynamic [18F]SynVesT-1 scans of mice anesthetized with either isoflurane or ketamine–xylazine, two anesthestics that we showed to affect differently radiotracer kinetics. The left ventricle activity (NMF-IDIF) and a manually delineated cardiac activity (IDIF) were compared with arterial blood samples (ABS), and for isoflurane anesthetized mice, arteriovenous (AV) shunt blood data were compared as well. Finally, brain regional 2 tissue compartment modeling was performed using IDIF and NMF-IDIF, and the model fit accuracy (weighted symmetrical mean absolute percentage error, wsMAPE) as well as the total volume of distribution (VT) were compared.ResultsIn isoflurane anesthetized mice, the difference between ABS and NMF-IDIF activity (+ 12.8 ±\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pm$$\\end{document} 11%, p = 0.0023) was smaller than with IDIF (+ 16.4 ±\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pm$$\\end{document} 9.8%, p = 0.0008). For ketamine–xylazine anesthetized mice the reduction in difference was larger (NMF-IDIF: 16.9 ±\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pm$$\\end{document} 10%, p = 0.0057, IDIF: 56.3 ±\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pm$$\\end{document} 14%, p < 0.0001). Correlation coefficient between isoflurane AV-shunt time activity curves and NMF-IDIF (0.97 ±\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pm$$\\end{document} 0.01) was higher than with IDIF (0.94 ±\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pm$$\\end{document} 0.03). The brain regional 2TCM wsMAPE was improved using NMF-IDIF compared with IDIF, in isoflurane (NMF-IDIF: 1.24 ±\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pm$$\\end{document} 0.24%, IDIF: 1.56 ±\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pm$$\\end{document} 0.30%) and ketamine–xylazine (NMF-IDIF: 1.40 ±\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pm$$\\end{document} 0.24, IDIF: 2.62 ±\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pm$$\\end{document} 0.27) anesthetized mice. Finally, brain VT was significantly (p < 0.0001) higher using NMF-IDIF compared with IDIF, in isoflurane (3.97 ±\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pm$$\\end{document} 0.13% higher) and ketamine–xylazine (32.7 ±\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pm$$\\end{document} 2.4% higher) anesthetized mice.ConclusionsImage derived left ventricle blood activity calculated with NMF improves absolute activity quantification, and reduces the error in the kinetic modeling fit. These improvements are more pronounced in ketamine–xylazine than in isoflurane anesthetized mice.

Potential roles of circulating microRNAs in the healing of type 1 diabetic wounds treated with green tea extract: molecular and biochemical study

BackgroundCirculating miRNAs have been implicated in various aspects of diabetic wound healing, including inflammation, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Thus, in alternative herbal medicine strategies, miRNAs will be potential therapeutic molecular targets in nonhealing wounds. These could be valuable elements for understanding the molecular basis of diabetic wound healing and could be used as good elements in bioinformatics. ObjectivesTo elucidate the molecular mechanisms of microRNAs in association with apoptosis-inducing genes in controlling skin wound healing in diabetic wounds treated with green tea polyphenols (GTPs). MethodsGreen tea hydro extract (GTE) at doses of100–200 mg/ml was topically applied to the skin tissues of rats with T1DM induced by a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ; 100 mg/kg, in 0.01 M sodium citrate, pH 4.3–4.5) injected intraperitoneally for seven consecutive days to induce T1DM. The rats were treated with green tea for three weeks. A sterile surgical blade was used to inflict a circular wound approximately 2 cm in diameter on the anterior-dorsal side of previously anesthetized rats by a combination of ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg, i.e., body weight) and xylazine hydrochloride. Afterward, the molecular roles of the circulating miRNAs miR-21, miR-23a, miR-146a, and miR-29b and apoptotic genes were determined by quantitative real-time PCR to evaluate Bax, Caspase-3, and Bcl-2 in wound healing. In addition, HPLC analysis was also performed to estimate the active polyphenols (GTPs) present in the hydro extract of green tea leaves. ResultsWound healing was improved in diabetic skin wounds following treatment with GTE at doses of 100–200 mg/dl for three weeks. The wound parameters contraction, epithelialization, and scar formation significantly improved in a short time (14 days) compared to the longer periods identified in diabetic non-treated rats (20 days) and the standard control (15.5 days). Molecular analyses reported a significant increase in the levels of miR-21, miR-23a, and miR-146a and a decrease in the levels of miR-29b in green tea-treated diabetic rats compared to those in the standard control and STZ-diabetic non-treated rats. In addition, the molecular apoptotic genes Bax and caspase-3 significantly increased, and the BcL-2 gene significantly decreased following treatment with green tea polyphenols. ConclusionsThe data showed that active green tea polyphenols (GTPs) present in GTE significantly improved diabetic wound healing by controlling apoptotic genes and the circulating microRNAs miR-21, miR-23a, miR-146a, and miR-29b, which might be involved in cellular apoptosis and angiogenesis processes. Thus, to establish a future model for the treatment of diabetic wounds, further studies are needed to understand the potential association of these biological parameters with the wound-healing process in diabetic wounds.

Evaluation of anaesthetic and analgesic effects of ketamine-diazepam and ketamine-xylazine for chemical restraint in grower pigs undergoing surgical castration.

Pain response during pig handling is aggravated due to difficulty in restraining them for surgical procedure and thus gives rise to more welfare concerns. This study evaluated the comparative advantage of either combination of ketamine/xylazine (KX) or Ketamine/diazepam (KD) for surgical castration in pigs. Ten client-owned grower pigs, scheduled for orchidectomy were randomly assigned to two treatment groups containing five pigs were used for the study. Group 1 were anaesthetized with simultaneous intramuscular injection of 0.3 mg/kg diazepam and 10 mg/kg ketamine while group 2 were simultaneously injected with 2mg/kg Xylazine and 10 mg/kg ketamine, intramuscularly. Orchidectomy was thereafter performed on each pig using standard procedures. Cardiopulmonary parameters and anaesthetic indices were measured before and after anaesthetic induction. Castration was successfully done in all the grower pigs and the recovery from anaesthesia was uneventful. There was no significant change in all the cardiopulmonary parameters measured throughout the procedure. Also there was no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) in respiratory rate, heart rate and body temperature between the two groups. There was faster but insignificant(p=0.15) loss of righting reflex in pigs in group KX compared to KD group. Also, the induction time, time of standing and duration of surgery was faster in KX group than KD group although not statistically significant. Following skin incision, all the pigs in the KD and non in KX group were found to require subcutaneous lidocaine inflitration. Ketamine-Xylazine combination provided better anaesthesia and analgesia sufficient for a 30 minutes surgical procedure like castration in grower pigs.

Combining laser speckle imaging and spatially modulated visible illumination to study the effect of anesthetic drugs on the optical and physiological parameters of brain

This work employs an integrated optical imaging system to evaluate the effect of anesthetic drugs on several brain parameters including absorption, scattering, oxygen saturation, and cerebral blood flow (CBF). Two anesthetic drugs, namely ketamine-xylazine (KX) and thiopental, frequently used by researchers in mouse experiments, were investigated herein. The combined system is based on spatially modulated visible light illumination and a laser speckle based-technique. With this apparatus, a series of structured light (sinusoidal patterns) with phase shifts at each of two spatial frequencies (low and high) are projected onto the surface of a mouse brain and diffusely reflected light is acquired by a camera. A six-position filter wheel, equipped with five visible bandpass filters, is placed at the output of the projector. Then, structured illumination is blocked and a laser source illuminates the tissue while the diffusely reflected light is captured by the same camera through the remaining open hole in the wheel. In this manner, visible and laser speckle images are captured and processed off-line to reconstruct the cerebral tissue features. This work's major findings are six-fold: first, over a specific range of the spectrum a difference of more than 20% was found in the absorption coefficient presumably as a sensitivity to hemoglobin. Second, a difference of more than 20% was observed between drug types in the scattering coefficient along the entire spectral range. Third, CBF varied considerably in thiopental anesthesia throughout the experiment. Fourth, oxygen saturation level remains stable in both anesthetics. Fifth, thiopental keeps blood glucose in normal range while with KX glucose level increases. Sixth, the co-registered system is capable of revealing quantitative functional contrast and may be an attractive method in a variety of biomedical applications. Overall, these findings suggest that the choice of KX or thiopental should be carefully considered as a component of study design in research utilizing animal models.

Evaluation of anaesthesia with xylazine-ketamine and xylazine-fentanyl-ketamine in rabbits: A comparative study

Clinical and serum biochemical markers were utilized to assess the clinical efficacy of routinely used preanaesthetics and induction agents in rabbits. Eight healthy rabbits (3.0-3.5kg) of either sex were randomly assigned to one of two groups: XK (Xylazine-ketamine) or XFK (Xylazine–fentanyl–ketamine). Intramuscular injections of xylazine (5 mg/kg), ketamine (35 mg/kg), and fentanyl (0.02 mg/kg) were given to rabbits. Clinical parameters (rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate), as well as reflexes (righting reflex, palpebral reflex, and pedal reflex), were measured before and after anaesthetic injection at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 minutes. Blood samples were also taken before anaesthesia and 30 minutes following induction. An autoanalyzer was used to examine serum biochemical parameters. In the XFK group, we observed that rectal temperature increased considerably (P

A potential of Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton leaf nano-extract as spray treatment of gingivitis-induced Sprague Dawley rats

Gingivitis is the second most common disease that occurs in the oral cavity. The use of chlorhexidine as a gingivitis therapy agent has some side effects such as allergic reactions and bacterial resistance. Jasminum Sambac (L.) Aiton leaf nano-extract contains flavonoids, saponins, and tannins compounds reported to have an influence on wound healing process. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of observation time and concentrations of Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton leaf nano-extract on the number of neutrophils, macrophages, and angiogenesis in the treatment of gingivitis-induced Sprague Dawley rats. Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats aged 2.5-3 months with body weight of 200-250 g were anesthetized with ketamine HCl (10 mg/kg BW) and xylazine (2 mg/kg BW) then induced using silk ligature 3.0 on the interdental of the mandibular incisor. The rats were divided into five groups and got daily spray using distilled water (negative control), nano-extract at a concentration of 40%, 45%, 50%, and 0.12% chlorhexidine (positive control). The rats were euthanized on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th days post-treatment. The tissues were processed histologically with HE staining. The number of neutrophils, macrophages, and angiogenesis were counted using a microscope (400x) and OptiLab Viewer® (13x) at five fields of view. The result of the Two Way ANOVA test showed that there were significant effect of concentrations and observation time, and interaction of both observation time and concentrations on the number of neutrophils, macrophages, and angiogenesis (p &lt; 0.05). It can be concluded that observation time and concentrations of Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton leaf nano-extract affected the number of neutrophils, macrophage, and angiogenesis in the treatment of gingivitis-induced Sprague Dawley rat (p &lt; 0.05).

Reliability and Validity of UNESP-Botucatu Cattle Pain Scale and Cow Pain Scale in Bos taurus and Bos indicus Bulls to Assess Postoperative Pain of Surgical Orchiectomy.

Ten Nelore and nine Angus bulls were anaesthetised with xylazine-ketamine-diazepam-isoflurane-flunixin meglumine. Three-minute videos were recorded at -48 h, preoperative, after surgery, after rescue analgesia and at 24 h. Two evaluators assessed 95 randomised videos twice one month apart. There were no significant differences in the pain scores between breeds. Intra and inter-rater reliability varied from good (>0.70) to very good (>0.81) for all scales. The criterion validity showed a strong correlation (0.76-0.78) between the numerical rating scale and VAS versus UCAPS and CPS, and between UCAPS and CPS (0.76). The UCAPS and CPS were responsive; all items and total scores increased after surgery. Both scales were specific (81-85%) and sensitive (82-87%). The cut-off point for rescue analgesia was >4 for UCAPS and >3 for CPS. The UCAPS and CPS are valid and reliable to assess postoperative pain in Bos taurus and Bos indicus bulls.

Use of ketamine associated with detomidine or xylazine for semen collection with electroejaculation in pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus)

Semen collection by electroejaculation under general anesthesia is a frequent method used in wild animal species. The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of two anesthetic protocols (ketamine/detomidine (KD) or ketamine/xylazine (KX) for semen collection with electroejaculation in pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) males. Also, compared the physiological and hematological changes with the two anesthetic protocols. Seven pampas deer males were anesthetized with both protocol in an overcorssed design, reverting the anesthesia with atipamezole in both protocols. The induction time, recovery time, and the time of the anesthesia procedures did not differ between both anesthetic protocols. The heart rate was greater when animals were anesthetized with KD than when KX was used (55.33 ± 2.7 bpm vs 45.12 ± 2.6 bpm; P = 0.05). Although there was no difference according to the anesthetic protocol, the oximetry values were below those considered normal in other species. When animals were treated with the KD, the red blood cell number, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration were greater than with the KX protocol (17.1 ± 1.3 ×106/µL vs 15.9 ± 1.3 ×106/µL; P = 0.006; 47.2 ± 3.4% vs 43.9 ± 3.4%; P = 0.008; and 14.8 ± 0.8 g/dL vs 13.8 ± 0.8 g/dL P = 0.01, respectively). Less number of electrical pulses were required for ejaculation in animals treated with KX than with KD (39.8 ± 2.6 vs 52.4 ± 2.6, P = 0.04). In samples collected from animals treated with KD, the total number of sperm with integral acrosome was lower, but the percentage of sperm with normal morphology was greater than in animals treated with KX (67.8 ± 67.0 × 106 sperm vs 243.1 ± 71.6 × 106, P = 0.03 and 40.0 ± 2.3% vs 30.6 ± 2.7%, P = 0.02; respectively). In conclusion, the use of KX induced less physiological changes, appearing also advantageous in semen quality.

Comparison of ketamine/xylazine and isoflurane anesthesia on the establishment of mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion model.

The middle cerebral artery occlusion model (MCAO) is one of the most common stroke models in neuroscience research. The establishment of the mouse MCAO model in terms of animal survival depends on anesthesia, which is an important part of the entire surgical process. The 7-day survival rate of the MCAO model under isoflurane (ISO) anesthesia (35%) was lower than ketamine/xylazine (KX) anesthesia (70%), which demonstrated that the success rate of the MCAO model under KX anesthesia would be significantly higher than that under ISO anesthesia. As confirmed by TTC staining and MRI, the cerebral infarction area of mice successfully modeled under ISO anesthesia was significantly smaller than that of KX anesthesia. The diameter of cerebral blood vessels under ISO anesthesia was significantly larger than that under KX, and the blood perfusion volume was also significantly increased in the same area. ISO has proven to delay the coagulation time and affect the activation of coagulation factors. ISO anesthesia may cause bleeding, vasodilation, respiratory depression, and other phenomena that affect the success rate and death of diseased animal models. In conclusion, compared with ISO anesthesia, KX anesthesia is a safer and more suitable method for the establishment of a mouse MCAO model. The data will inform safer and more detailed anesthesia recommendations forthe establishment of animal models of vascular-related major injury diseases.

Pengaruh Ekstrak Etanol Daun Rhizophora apiculata terhadap Kolesterol Total dan Trigliserida Rattus norvegicus Galur Sprague dawley yang Diinduksi Diet Tinggi Lemak

Dyslipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder in the form of an increase and decrease in the lipid fraction which is one of the high-risk factors for coronary heart disease and other non-communicable diseases. Rhizophora apiculata contains secondary metabolites in the form of flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid, saponin, and terpenoid which are thought to have the effect of preventing an increase in total cholesterol and triglyceride. This research is an experimental study with a posttest-only control group design carried out for 30 days using 30 experimental animals of Rattus norvegicus Sprague Dawley. There were 6 treatment groups, KN which was only given standard feed, K+ which was given quail egg yolk induction, simvastatin 10 mg/day, and K- which was given quail egg yolk induction. On the other hand, P1, P2, and P3 were given quail egg yolk induction, respectively. and leaf extract of Rhizophora apiculata with doses of 56mg/KgBW,m28mg/KgBW, and 14mg/KgBW. Then the rats were terminated using ketamine xylazine and blood was taken through the heart to be examined for total cholesterol and triglyceride using spectrophotometry. The results of the normality Shapiro-Wilk and Levene test p-value>0.05. In the One-way Anova test, cholesterol levels were 0.006 and triglyceride 0,002 (p-value<0.05), which indicated that there were significant differences between groups. The results of the post hoc LSD test on total cholesterol K- were significantly different from P1 and P2 and triglyceride K- were significantly different from P1, P2, and P3 (p-value<0.05). The administration of Rhizophora apiculata leaf extract had the effect of preventing the increase in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels of rats fed a high-fat diet.

Effect of nalbuphine or ketamine on xylazine requirements in standing sedated horses

Despite the pivotal role of α2 -agonists for standing sedation in horses, these drugs possess several dose-dependent side effects. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of nalbuphine or ketamine on xylazine requirements necessary to provide constantly moderate sedation in horses. Five healthy adult horses were subjected to three randomized treatments at one-week intervals as follows: xylazine (XYL) (xylazine: 0.55 mg/kg, IV; saline: bolus &amp; CRI); xylazine/nalbuphine (XYL/NAL) (xylazine: 0.55 mg/kg, IV; nalbuphine: 0.3 mg/kg, IV &amp; 0.23 mg/kg/hour CRI) and xylazine/ketamine (XYL/KET) (xylazine: 0.55 mg/kg, IV; ketamine: 0.1 mg/kg, IV &amp; 0.5 mg/kg/hour CRI). On all occasions, moderate sedation was maintained for 120 minutes by administering additional xylazine boluses (0.14 mg/kg, IV) whenever lower sedation was demonstrated. All treatments were assessed in terms of the degree of sedation, the time of administering the first additional xylazine bolus, and xylazine requirements (presented as mg/kg/hour) for maintaining moderate sedation for 120 minutes. The degree of ataxia and adverse events were also monitored. Sedation scores were significantly higher than the baseline for all treatments over 120 minutes. A longer time before the first additional xylazine bolus and lower xylazine requirements (lower calculated infusion rates) for maintaining moderate sedation were evident following the XYL/NAL and XYL/KET treatments compared to the XYL treatment. All treatments were associated with an acceptable degree of ataxia and limited behavioral effects. In conclusion, both nalbuphine and ketamine were efficient in reducing xylazine requirements for constant sedation in horses. Further study is required for comprehensive testing of all studied combinations to elucidate the potential advantages of the demonstrated xylazine sparing effect.