Kent State University Research Articles

"We Don't Need Any More Martyrs": Anti-War Protests at the University of Iowa 1970

This thesis argues that the May 1970 anti-Vietnam War protests at the University of Iowa were nonviolent compared to similar demonstrations at other colleges. This was due to the actions of University President Willard “Sandy” Boyd, who was able to strike a delicate balance between maintaining civil order and protecting the right to protest. Students protested the joint U.S.-South Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia and the killings of students at Kent State University during a time of intense political upheaval. American politicians and citizens debated how to handle the war in Vietnam best and what course of action to take when coping with anti-war demonstrations. This thesis examines the protests at the University of Iowa to understand better the local political dynamics and how local leaders coped with a dynamic political environment. This thesis uses sources from the University of Iowa archives, the Iowa State Historical Society, and the Daily Iowan archives. While many college and government officials chose to adopt repressive stances towards the protests that occurred nationally, the Iowa protests were de-escalated without any deaths. This resolution gives current elected officials a model of how to maintain civil order without violating the rights of American citizens.

From Kent State to Black Lives Matter: Student Affairs’ Relationship With Campus Activism

Kent State University (KSU) has been associated with campus activism history since May 4, 1970. Using a case study approach, we interrogated if and how KSU student affairs administrators’ approach to activism has changed in the intervening decades and how the legacy of the shootings informed their practice during the Black Lives Matters protests of 2020. We found administrators’ bedrock values and approach were consistent across the two periods. However, their tactics for working with activists shifted in line with the growth and evolution of the field of student affairs, available technologies, and the social and news media climate.

Commemorating the Events of May 4, 1970 at Kent State University, USA: An Analysis of the Reconciliation Process

On May 4, 1970, American history saw a violent outburst between the US government and anti-Vietnam War demonstrators. On this day, protesters who were unarmed and gathered on the Kent State University campus were opened fire upon by Ohio State National Guardsmen. Four students were dead and nine injured in the span of thirteen seconds. Emotions swept across the USA following the shootings. Discussions concerning the shootings' purpose, significance, and memory are still ongoing. Many memorials have been built in the decades after the May 4th shootings as a way to remember the atrocity. This study aims to provide an overview of the May 4th events at Kent State University and the memorializing process that has occurred on campus. This study describes and analyzes some of the commemorations such as the candlelight walk and vigil, memorials, and their function in the transitioning process. The main discussion of this article revolves around the effectiveness of the assistance given to the victims in their healing journey, the adequacy of the support, and the exploration of other options. Additionally, it explores alternative strategies for healing. Finally, this article offers the establishment of a historical truth commission for promoting the healing process.

Sacred breath: Ohio nurses respond to COVID-19

In the fall of 2021, the Wick Poetry Center, a recognized international leader in creative writing interventions, launched the website Sacred Breath: Voices of Ohio Nurses in Response to COVID-19 (sacredbreathproject.com) with funding from the Ohio Nurses Foundation. The purpose of the website was to offer Ohio nurses an accessible platform to reflect on their personal and professional lived experiences as caregivers during an historic time of pandemic, sacrifice, uncertainty, and scarcity, and to share their voice with others. What resulted was 204 submissions over a three-month period with participant responses touching on widespread sentiments including grief, fatigue, anger, and resilience. It was from the gap in the current literature on pandemic narratives that the researchers of this study began a basic qualitative thematic analysis of the Sacred Breath project website (SBP) responses to gain a better understanding of how nurses, nurse educators, and nursing students made sense of and gave voice to their personal and professional lived experiences during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.While stories of nursing during the Covid-19 pandemic have been widely available and disseminated by popular media, academic studies have been slower to utilize qualitative and experimental methods to specifically address pandemic narratives and the resulting discourses by nurses working in and around clinical settings. The Wick Poetry Center at Kent State University has spent nearly forty years working in the community to address urgent social needs using expressive writing methods that are often overlooked by traditional social and arts outreach. The Wick Poetry Center engaged local academic networks and community health partners to invite nurses, nursing students, and nurse educators the Sacred Breath Project By evaluating responses to the intervention website, this qualitative study is aimed to fill this gap in the current literature as well as begin to understand how nurses made sense of their work lives during the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic.What does this paper contribute to the wider global clinical community?What is already known:•The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in substantial increases of alarm fatigue, moral distress, and dysfunctional coping mechanisms among clinical nurses.•Art interventions positively impact mental health conditions in nurses.What this paper adds:•This review of the Sacred Breath thematic analysis broadens the understanding of how nurses made sense of their work lives during the Covid-19 pandemic.•This review creates a new discourse about the nursing profession in times of crisis—one cocreated by practitioners, educators, students, and creative intervention participants.

Welcome to the New Issue (Vol: 29, No: 3, 2023) and Current News of the European Journal of Therapeutics

Welcome to the New Issue (Vol: 29, No: 3, 2023) and Current News of the European Journal of Therapeutics

The Clinical Exercise Physiologists Interview Series: Barry A. Franklin, PhD, ACSM-CEP, ACSM-PD, FACSM, FAHA, MAACVPR, FASPC, FPCNA (Hon)

The Clinical Exercise Physiologists Interview Series: Barry A. Franklin, PhD, ACSM-CEP, ACSM-PD, FACSM, FAHA, MAACVPR, FASPC, FPCNA (Hon)

Using Generative AI to Produce Images for Nursing Education.

By Janet M. Reed, PhD, RN, CMSRN, Kent State University at Stark, North Canton, Ohio, [email protected]. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Three-toed sloths walk differently from their cousins

Life is difficult when you live in the canopy, but even more so when you spend much of your day hanging suspended from the branches. Yet, there are a number of animals for which this is common, including tree sloths. Both two-toed and three-toed sloths spend nearly their entire lives hanging from branches and have therefore evolved some remarkable tricks for thriving in this unusual way of life, including their slow movements. But just how these sloths walk on the underside of branches is not fully understood. This led A. J. McKamy and Michael Butcher of Youngstown State University, USA, to ask how does the brown-throated three-toed tree sloth (Bradypus variegatus) move? And does it do so similarly to its previously studied cousin, Linnaeus's two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus)?Working alongside Melody Young and Michael Granatosky from New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, USA, and Angela Mossor and Jesse Young of Kent State University USA, the team travelled to the Sloth Sanctuary in Costa Rica to meet up with Judy Avey-Arroyo. There, the researchers used a pressure sensor to measure how much force the sloths applied as they traversed a beam made of a local bamboo-like woody grass. They also videoed the movements to see how the sloths were gripping the woody beam and whether they were doing this differently from the two-toed sloths.Interestingly, the researchers found that as the three-toed sloths were walking, they were pulling down on the beam more strongly with their hindlimbs than with their front limbs. This is unique to the three-toed sloths, as their two-toed cousins pull down equally hard with their front and back limbs. This suggests that the three-toed sloths are actually using their back limbs to support more of their body weight than their front limbs, whereas the two-toed sloths spread their weight out evenly. McKamy suggests that this may be because three-toed sloths are very deliberate about where they place their front feet. They are frequently seen reaching out with their front limbs to test the branch for stability while most of their weight is on their hindlimbs.However, the back limbs are doing more than just supporting their body weight. These limbs are also used for slowing down while the animal is moving about, while the front limbs are used to propel the sloths forward. Additionally, the hindlimbs in three-toed sloths press inward on the beam with more pressure than the front limbs do, while their front limbs are pulling the beam out to the side. This pulling motion away from the beam is minimal in the two-toed sloths, but the researchers suggest that this is a result of how three-toed sloths grip tree branches. Instead of just hanging on with their claws from underneath, the three-toed sloths wrap their feet over the top of the branch, further gripping the branch with their claws to keep stable. So, although sloths may look similar and even live life in a similar way, at least two species have come up with different ways of moving in a life spent mostly hanging from the branches.

Pragmatic Translation of the Quarantine/Lockdown Classifications in the Philippines: An Attempt to Translate Pandemic Words and Meanings

Ever since the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic begins, countries from around the world have implemented quarantine or lockdown restrictions to prevent the spread of Corona Virus and its variants. The Philippine government started to announce the enforcement of quarantine/lockdown restrictions last March 16, 2020. Because of the increasing cases of infection and increasing death statistics, quarantine/lockdown has been specified and categorized using several terms. These terms, all of which are written in the English language are highly technical. The study, therefore, will attempt to translate these different quarantine classifications into Filipino and show how these translations may become more effective and communicative. Pragmatic translation will serve as the methodology to translate these quarantine/lockdown classifications. The analysis of the procedure will lead to the idea that pragmatic translation is about being communicative. This translation may give a clearer picture of local quarantine/lockdown specifications that eventually leads to a better comprehension of the said regulations. References
 Abulhassan Hassan, Bahaa-eddin. Literary Translation: Aspects of Pragmatic Meaning. New Castle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholar Publishing, 2011.Almario, Virgilio. Kwarentina. Quezon City: Adarna House, 2020.Austriaco Jr., Nicanor. “Implementing a Science-Based Granular Lockdown for NCR.” Rappler, March 18, 2021. https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/opinion-implementing-science-based-granular-lockdown-ncr. Uploaded April 19, 2021.Baker, Mona. In Other Words: A Course Book in Translation, 2nd ed. Oxon: Routledge, 2011.Bravo, April M. “Village in Sta. Cruz town now under extreme ECQ.” Philippine Information Agency, June 02, 2020.“Comparative Matrix: ECQ vs. MECQ.” Inter-Agency Task Force-Department of Health. April 23, 2021. https://iatf.doh.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Comparative-Matrix-ECQ-vs-MECQ.pdf“Covid-19 FAQS.” Department of Health. https://doh.gov.ph/COVID-19/FAQs?gclid+EAIaI QobChMI4YLHqN-L8AIVwUNgCh2w9AzaEAAYASAAEgJr _fD_BwE Uploaded April 21, 2021.“Covid-19 Watch | ABS-CBN News.” ABS-CBN News. 2020. https://news.abscbn.com/covid19 -watch. Uploaded April 21, 2021.Doromal, Carla. “Malay LGU implements ‘surgical lockdown’ in Boracay until April 10.” CNN Philippines, March 28, 2021. https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/3/28/surgical-lockdown-malay-boracay.html. Uploaded April 19, 2021.GMA 24 Oras. March 30, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yY04JHeU5HE. Uploaded April 23, 2021.Hatim, Basil & Mason, Ian. The Translator as Communicator. New York: Routledge, 1997.Hatim, Basil & Mason, Ian. Discourse and the Translator. Longman, Edinburg Gate: Harlow, 1990.“Inter-Agency Task Force.” Department of Health. https://iatf.doh.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/20220604-IATF-GUIDELINES-1.pdf. Uploaded January 2023.Jalea, Glee. “EXPLAINER: What you need to know about the NCR Plus Bubble.” CNN Philippines, March 22, 2021. https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/3/22/Explainer-GCQ-bubble-NCR plus.html? fbclid=IwAR0kJSSwj8ESRoLjqSaMtrmDI1_PbMhta Wl0Njq3bZhZgKJPvSRXcbGLjDc. Uploaded April 19, 2021.Kiraly, Don. Translation Education, in Pathways to Translation: Pedagogy and Process. Kent: The Kent State University Press, 1995.Leone, Massimo. “The New Words of Covid.” Academia (2020) https://www.academia.edu/44112154/2020_The_New_Words_of_COVID Uploaded September 18, 2020.Losusso, Anna Maria. Interpretation and Culture: Umberto Eco’s Theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.Magsambol, Bonz. “Experts propose ‘Circuit Breaker’ Lockdown to curb COVID-19 spread in Metro Manila.” Rappler, March 19, 2021. https://www.rappler.com/nation/octa-research-proposes-circuit-breaker-lockdown-curb-coronavirus-spread. Uploaded April 19, 2021.Maingat, Trisha Alexis. “Know the Difference: ECQ, MECQ, GCQ, MGCQ, Sectors Allowed to Operate and Other Implemented Measures”. From the Public Announcement of Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque cited in https://carpolaw.com/know-the-difference-ecq-mecq-gcq-mgcq/. Uploaded April 19, 2021.Mercado, Neil Arwin. “OCTA Proposes Hard GCQ or Soft MECQ to contain COVID-19 surge.” Philippine Daily Inquirer, April 12, 2021. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1408879/octa-proposes-hard-gcq-or-soft-mecq-to-contain-covid-19-surge. Uploaded April 19, 2021.Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. New York: Routledge, 2016.Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988.“Palace: Extending ECQ in Metro Manila, Nearby Provinces ‘Absolute Last Resort’ | ANC.” March 20, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1p2bv4MBEYg Peña, Elizabeth D. “Lost in Translation: Methodological Considerations in Cross-Cultural Research”, in Society for Research in Child Development 78, 2007: 1258.“Quezon City Gov’t Places 20 Areas under ‘Special Concern Lockdown’ | Teleradyo.” 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AXz_3EP0Veg. Uploaded April 23, 2021.Reyes, Dempsey. “DILG mulls translating ECQ Guidelines in Tagalog.” The Manila Times, April 5, 2021. https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/04/05/news/national/dilg-mulls-translating-ecq-guidelines-into-tagalog/860115/. Uploaded April 19, 2021.San Juan, David Michael. “Community pantry sa Filipino - paminggalan ng bayan. - Dr. Batnag.” Twitter, April 18, 2021. https://twitter.com/dmmsanjuan/status/1383651126038302725
 “Types of Community Quarantine in the Philippines.” Department of Health. https://caro.doh.gov.ph/types-of-community-quarantine-in-the-philippines/. Uploaded January 2023.Venuti, Lawrence. “Translation, Community, Utopia”, in The Translation Studies Reader. New York: Routledge, 2000: 470.

About JASIST special issue on “Data Science in the iField”

Journal of the Association for Information Science and TechnologyEarly View GUEST EDITORIAL About JASIST special issue on “Data Science in the iField” Yin Zhang, Corresponding Author Yin Zhang yzhang4@kent.edu orcid.org/0000-0002-6611-2094 Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA Correspondence Yin Zhang, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA. Email: yzhang4@kent.eduSearch for more papers by this authorIl-Yeol Song, Il-Yeol Song orcid.org/0000-0001-7706-959X Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USASearch for more papers by this authorTheresa Anderson, Theresa Anderson orcid.org/0000-0003-1792-3728 Women in Data Science (WIDS), Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorDan Wu, Dan Wu orcid.org/0000-0002-2611-7317 Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Yin Zhang, Corresponding Author Yin Zhang yzhang4@kent.edu orcid.org/0000-0002-6611-2094 Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA Correspondence Yin Zhang, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA. Email: yzhang4@kent.eduSearch for more papers by this authorIl-Yeol Song, Il-Yeol Song orcid.org/0000-0001-7706-959X Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USASearch for more papers by this authorTheresa Anderson, Theresa Anderson orcid.org/0000-0003-1792-3728 Women in Data Science (WIDS), Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorDan Wu, Dan Wu orcid.org/0000-0002-2611-7317 Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 24 March 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24756Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation

:The Uncommon Case of Daniel Brown: How a White Police Officer Was Convicted of Killing a Black Citizen, Baltimore, 1875

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsGordon H. Shufelt, The Uncommon Case of Daniel Brown: How a White Police Officer Was Convicted of Killing a Black Citizen, Baltimore, 1875. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2021. Pp. 171. $24.95 (paper).Sam MitraniSam MitraniCollege of DuPage (USA) Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of African American History Volume 108, Number 2Spring 2023 A journal of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/724063 For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

50 Years After Political Protest Violence, Posttraumatic Growth is Associated with PTSD and Anxiety but not Depression or Sleep Difficulties.

Rates of, and relationships between, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic growth (PTG) decades after a single-incident trauma remain unclear. During a two-month period surrounding the 50th anniversary of the political protest violence at Kent State University on May 4, 1970, 132 individuals completed measures of PTG, PTSD, depression, anxiety, and sleep difficulties. Participants were, on average, 19 years old (SD = 3.01) on May 4, 1970, and 44% were present at the protests. 17% met cutoff scores consistent with PTG, 6% for PTSD, 8% for anxiety, 11% for depression and 20% for sleep difficulties. PTG was significantly and positively correlated with PTSD (r = .32, 95% CI: 0.17-0.44) and anxiety (r = .23, 95% CI: 0.08-0.38) but not depression or sleep difficulties after controlling for additional trauma exposure since May 4, 1970. All relationships were best explained by linear rather than curvilinear relationships and were not moderated by proximity to the events of May 4, 1970. Results indicate that clinicians working with survivors of trauma decades later may be able to capitalize on the adaptive functions of PTG to foster positive treatment outcomes.

Sister Tongue by Farnaz Fatemi

Reviewed by: Sister Tongue by Farnaz Fatemi Taylor Nasim Stone FARNAZ FATEMI Sister Tongue Kent, Ohio. Kent State University Press. 2022. 77 pages. IN HER DEBUT verse collection, Farnaz Fatemi skillfully explores the nuanced between-life of Farsi and English and how that negative space houses language, displacement, longing, and the materiality of memory. Being a member of the Iranian diaspora and growing up in Southern California, Fatemi finds that there "is no word for [belonging] in any of [her] tongues" and straddles what it means to have a plurality of identities—including a twin sister. This inability to capture belonging does not stop her from writing gorgeous poetry that brings an unexpected understanding to those hyphenated identities and creating a sense of kinship across language(s). Fatemi crafts a lyric essay to be the backbone for her book that bears its namesake, Sister Tongue and extends to the reader an honest invitation to accompany her toward self-reconciliation: "I am trying to explain what it feels like to have not come from a place and to have come from the very same place." Fleshing out the spine of this work are numerous smaller poems hemmed into four categories: I Name the Eight Muscles of My Tongue, The Only Mistranslation, The Word for Heart, and Unveiling. These four acts allow the reader to get their bearings within Fatemi's journey of self and travels in Iran while moving through it with her in the shape-shifting tone of wisdom, whimsy, and all the emotions we can't place the words for. My first introduction to this collection was at a reading hosted at San Francisco State University's Poetry Center, where Fatemi herself read a curation of excerpts. Hearing the poetry read aloud before ever seeing the words carefully arranged on each page, tears fell from my eyes by the end of her poem "Untranslated." From my perspective, this is the heartbeat of the collection: All the womenWho disappeared into the silence inside me, I pull from the roar of the past.I make introductions. By which I mean, I want the foreigner in meto meet the foreigner in me. In this way, Fatemi expands on the borderless lives of ourselves and our ancestors though we feel the distance of generations pulling within us. From the onset of her collection, something in me perked up for more, and I was not disappointed. My journey within the diaspora looks vastly different from Fatemi's, so I was not prepared for her to pen the hurts and nuances of my soul, leaving me to feel known and welcomed. This celebration of honoring roots, as a poem and a collection of poems, creates a treasury of understanding and introduction within the Iranian diaspora as a culture. Truthfully, though, no matter your own journey, vulnerability is delivered in such delicate craft that your own heart tightens with nostalgia. Taylor Nasim Stone San Francisco State University Copyright © 2023 World Literature Today and the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma

Cerulean: Variations on Lines of Durrell

Cerulean: Variations on Lines of Durrell Diana Lueptow (bio) Yearning takes a starboard tack inadequate to one’s vision of the past— swinging with easy hunger for land. Each island is a speech to memory.On charts they fall like lace;the time is morning, therefore soft. On charts they fall like lace. Sometimesany isle is Greek. Bulkhead to brace against.Warm breezes of muscle memory. Hugging shore, could leap ashore—women rest on blue wind,and like repairing mirrors holding up a window left open to the cold—kindnesses scouring rooms clean.On charts they fall like lace, the boat stands in to the island happiness is, you sing as if sailing to Delos— which was, Callimachus said, a poem in the sea. Mother, daughter watch for the curve; the swing of the next one, bay’s first white Victorians,lawns long to the water—repeats in her mind. [End Page 13] On the sacred island dying was prohibited. Last bluest walloping rim of water.Callimachus singles out with praise, that Delos lies like a poem in the sea, loved bycurrents, lapped with blue lines, numinous, birth isle.Longing storms the waves of sky that land moves under. And like repairing mirrors holding upsmall towns and trees—remote and clean as temples— to the lovely air, island floats on island, only memory after all. Rounding north northeast harbor town and lawns swing into view. [End Page 14] Diana Lueptow diana lueptow has always lived in the Great Lakes Midwest, where she has sailed Erie and rowed Cuyahoga. Author of Little Nest (Kent State University Press, 2015), in 2022 she received her second Individual Excellence award from the Ohio Arts Council. Quoted lines: from “Delos,” Lawrence Durrell, and “Hymn IV: to Delos,” Callimachus, trans. Stanley Lombardo and Diane Raynor. Copyright © 2023 Diana Lueptow

TEXTURES: The History and Art of Black Hair

TEXTURES: The History and Art of Black Hair

A Notable Bully: Colonel Billy Wilson, Masculinity, and the Pursuit of Violence in the Civil War Era by Robert E. Cray

Reviewed by: A Notable Bully: Colonel Billy Wilson, Masculinity, and the Pursuit of Violence in the Civil War Era by Robert E. Cray Kanisorn Wongsrichanalai (bio) A Notable Bully: Colonel Billy Wilson, Masculinity, and the Pursuit of Violence in the Civil War Era. Robert E. Cray. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2021. ISBN 978-1-60635-424-7. 320 pp., cloth, $55.00. Billy Wilson may very well be the most infamous Union officer whom no one remembers. Years after the war, aggrieved white Southerners still cursed the names of the Union officers they hated the most: William Tecumseh Sherman, Benjamin [End Page 431] Butler, and Billy Wilson (and his Zouaves)! Historian Robert E. Cray has successfully resurrected the notorious and larger-than-life Billy Wilson by piecing together his biography from what glimpses newspaper accounts can offer. A Notable Bully tells the always engaging, oftentimes appalling, occasionally humorous, and sometimes unbelievable story of an immigrant who cut his teeth on the battlefields of New York City’s gang-ruled streets, rose to elected office, fell from power, and reinvented himself when the Civil War began. Having arrived in New York City as an immigrant, Billy Wilson learned to survive by using his fists and by intimidating and exploiting others. Despite his own background, he bullied, swindled, and took advantage of individuals just arriving on American shores. When Mayor Fernando Wood needed to run a candidate in the First Ward’s alderman race, Wilson “stood out” as “a staunchly loyal Democrat, pugilist, and ticket agent familiar to First Ward voters” (54). Wilson won public office on a violence-filled election day in which the candidate himself engaged in street brawls. He eventually lost his seat, when Albany reformers seized control of the New York City police force, weakening Wood’s ability to control the vote. Political defeat might have ended Wilson’s career, had the Civil War not provided the man with an opportunity to reinvent himself. Helping to establish the Sixth New York Volunteers, known as the “Wilson Zouaves,” Wilson played up the stereotypes New Yorkers had for the men who made up the regiment, proclaiming that he was taking the city’s criminal element to war and “allegedly offer[ing] $500 for any pickpocket discovered in Manhattan after the regiment[’s] departure” (132). The Union high command dispatched the unit to Fort Pick-ens, overlooking Rebel-held Pensacola, Florida. Disciplinary problems plagued the unit, and in an embarrassing moment, a nighttime rebel attack caught the regiment by surprise. Sent to support Union operations in Louisiana, the men looted plantations, outwardly displayed their hatred of African Americans, and assaulted their brigade commander. The Sixth returned to New York just in time to defend Staten Island during the July 1863 Draft Riots, coming full circle from street thugs to the proud defenders of the city. The unit’s colonel, Billy Wilson, embodied this transformation. Once viewed as a brute who punched and bullied his way into Manhattan’s corrupt political world, Wilson had his reputation enhanced and his image rehabilitated by the war. This brief listing of exploits cannot do justice to the rich and sometimes absurd incidents in Wilson’s career. For example, there was the matter of Andrew Jackson’s gold snuff box and the personal loyalty oath Wilson demanded of his men. Cray faced a difficult challenge in writing about an individual who crafted his own image in the popular press. Indeed, these snippets might cause the reader to feel like a contemporary who flips through the pages to see what shenanigans [End Page 432] Billy Wilson is up to this time. In general, Cray effectively deploys the sources he has, grounding his conclusions in the secondary literature to help fill out the world that men like Billy Wilson made. Indeed, readers will think of Elliott Gorn’s The Manly Art (1986) and Amy S. Greenberg’s Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire (2005) in the first part of this book and Lorien Foote’s The Gentlemen and the Roughs (2013) in the second (with the exception that the “roughs” both command and fill the ranks of the unit!). Billy Wilson thus embodies several key...

The Howling Storm: Weather, Climate, and the American Civil War by Kenneth W. Noe

Reviewed by: The Howling Storm: Weather, Climate, and the American Civil War by Kenneth W. Noe Adam H. Petty (bio) The Howling Storm: Weather, Climate, and the American Civil War. Kenneth W. Noe. Baton Rouge: Louisiana States University Press, 2020. ISBN 978-0-8071-7320-6. 680 pp., cloth, $59.95. Kenneth Noe’s latest book, The Howling Storm, investigates the role weather played in the American Civil War. In particular, it focuses on weather’s effect on military campaigns. The book is foremost a narrative history. Most of its chapters are dedicated to retelling events in Virginia or the western theater, although there are occasional excursions to the Trans-Mississippi. The weather’s impact on Northern and Southern agriculture also receives some attention in Noe’s book, as does the soldiers’ yearly struggle to make themselves comfortable in winter quarters. While The Howling Storm is not encyclopedic, it covers a remarkable amount of ground for a single volume. As for the book’s argument, Noe contends that “a full understanding of the war requires regrounding it in the physical environment” (1). Not surprisingly, he concludes that “weather shaped every campaign, often more decisively than we have fathomed” (9). Moreover, in many instances, the weather “favored the Union cause and—perhaps even more—emancipation” (493). Better equipped boys in blue could withstand the elements with greater ease then their counterparts in gray. He also observes that Northern agriculture did not suffer the [End Page 433] catastrophic damage that spring rains and summer droughts inflicted on the Confederacy, resulting in food shortages south of the Mason-Dixon line. The Howling Storm, with just shy of five hundred pages of text, is not a quick read. Nor is it a page-turner. The many descriptions of soldiers suffering through the mud, rain, heat, and cold might prove monotonous to some readers. That being said, The Howling Storm is a very useful book. Its achievement lies in gathering an enormous amount of information about Civil War weather in one volume. In the past, good military historians included information about the weather in their campaign studies, but Noe’s book provides a relatively compact resource that historians can reference to see what the weather was up to at crucial moments of the Civil War. Because of the book’s broad approach, Noe is able to see larger patterns in the weather, conclusions that would escape more focused studies. For instance, he will note when a cold snap or a torrential downpour that affected one campaign was part of a larger weather system that was also affecting operations in a different theater. One concern that I have about this book is that it could mislead those who read it to think that weather was the most important factor controlling the events of the war. I do not mean to say that Noe asserts this or intended this outcome. Rather, it is simply a danger that comes with relying on any one analytical lens to tell a story. While Noe’s work provides a nice corrective to those who might have been tempted to ignore the weather’s influence, I think it is best read in conjunction with other military histories of the war, allowing readers to weigh the merits of weather as an explanatory tool. The Howling Storm is a great resource for those wanting to add a little information about the weather to their Civil War course, especially for historians who do not specialize in military history. All in all, lay readers and historians alike owe Noe a collective “Huzzah!” for this mammoth work and important contribution to Civil War history. Adam H. Petty History Department Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Adam H. Petty ADAM H. PETTY is a historian and documentary editor with the Joseph Smith Papers. He is the author of The Battle of the Wilderness in Myth and Memory: Reconsidering Virginia’s Most Notorious Civil War Battlefield (2019). Copyright © 2022 The Kent State University Press

Cultural-based digital archive approach to enrich student users’ curriculum interpretation and worldview

In the 21st century, digitalization is essential to optimize preservation and conservation of museum artifacts. Digital archives provide critical.extension value and relevant information resources that enrich users' cultural knowledge and connection through object analysis. This study explores the potential of HistoryPin, a free online application for cultural storytelling, to expand student users’ worldview concept and interaction with museum artifacts through a series of curated collections as a learning and engagement tool. 
 A collaboration between Kent State University Museum and the School of Fashion’s Historic Textiles course in Spring 2022, this case study identified cultural artifacts including textiles, costumes, and related accessories to illustrate and support course topics. Artifacts representing a range of geographic areas were selected, digitized, and presented with images in different views, cultural and historical information, and linked data in the virtual tour setting of HistoryPin. Students from both online and in-person sections experienced a virtual exhibition of artifacts, which reinforced and extended class content for further interpretation and engagement. 
 Advanced interactive technologies, such as comments, favorites, and thought/image sharing on different social media, from HistoryPin allowed students to reflect on various perspectives related to cultural objects. After each section of the course, researchers gathered student users’ interactive comments shared on HistoryPin. A content analysis approach of emergent themes revealed the impact and contributions of museum artifacts. Moreover, a targeted survey provided sub-analyses on the cultural-based digital archive approach which informed an overall assessment of the impact in enriching student users’ virtual museum experience.

Waterproofing prevents antlion jaws from getting clogged

Sitting at the bottom of a sandy pit with only their head exposed, waiting for prey to tumble in, larval antlions (Myrmeleon crudelis) are reminiscent of a monster straight out of science fiction. Looks aside, these young antlions have a potential problem caused by their sandy surroundings: how do they consume their liquified prey without their mouthparts becoming blocked with sand? Matthew Lehnert, from Kent State University, USA, thought that parts of their jaws must naturally repel water and dirt, while other parts attract their fluid feast towards their mouth, which would allow antlions to eat without getting sand-clogged mouthparts. But first, Lehnert needed to see just how the juvenile antlions fed on the pre-digested dinner. Working with Kristen Reiter, Rena Fonseca and Jordan Minninger, also from Kent State University, Lehnert videoed the antlions eating some blue-dyed fruit flies to track where the liquid meal was going; the fluid seemed to be moving up the inside of the antlions’ large jaws. Lehnert and Asheesh Lanba, Benjamin Hall and Wesley Huff, from Lasers for Innovative Solutions, USA, then used lasers to help them reconstruct the internal three-dimensional head structures and discovered a small, C-shaped canal between the upper and lower part of the jaws that fluid passes through on its way towards the mouth. To make sure that the food was passing through this ‘food canal’, the researchers placed the tip of the upper jaw at the surface of some blue-tinted water and watched as the fluid flowed up the canal like a drink through a straw.Surely this is how the antlions are eating, but having this canal exposed to the elements all the time could cause the canals to clog when living in such sandy conditions. Watching the videos, Lehnert noticed that the upper and lower jaws rapidly slide past one another, exposing the food canal for only short periods of time, preventing sand from getting in. This had Lehnert and the team wondering what would happen if some of the liquid food escaped the food canal and got the outside of the mouthparts wet; would they just get covered in sand?To test this, Lehnert and colleagues sprayed the antlion's jaws with small droplets of water and measured how waterproof the jaws were. The researchers noticed that these appendages had a waxy waterproof coating which was causing the water to bead up along the length of the jaws. The team also noted that sand had trouble sticking to the mouthparts (only about 5% of the top jaw had sand on it) but had no problem sticking to other parts of the antlion, such as the top of its head – 45% of which got covered in sand when the researchers shook the head in the sand. The waxy coating essentially makes the mouthparts self-cleaning. And Lehnert adds, ‘Unlike other fluid-feeding insects [such as bees or flies], antlion larvae are unable to use their legs to clean their mouthparts', going on to discuss why having self-cleaning jaws is important for larval antlions.Clearly, being a predator at the bottom of a sandy funnel comes with some challenges; and that's without factoring in the challenge of feeding exclusively on a liquid diet and the need for self-cleaning mouthparts. But larval antlions seem to have mastered this particular problem in a way that allows them to rest easy at the bottom of their pit, waiting for their next meal to come tumbling in.

OCR: Accommodation requests process was improper

Case name: Letter to: Kent State University, No. 15‐21‐2136 (OCR 04/22/22).