Ataturk Research Articles

The Contribution of Halide Edib Adıvar to the Development of the Women’s Movement in Türkiye and Her Influence in the Context of Gender Equality

Halide Edib Adıvar, a prominent literary figure, holds a significant place in Turkish political scenes and Turkish literature during the Republican era. Her personal life, activities she participated in, and particularly her views on women's rights distinguish Halide Edib in a unique position. During the National Struggle, Halide Edib actively engaged in Anatolia and was among the first female speakers to emphasize the need for Turkish women to attain a dignified position in modern societies through her speeches, literary works, and writings. Acting as an educator advocating for active female participation in the education sphere, Halide Edib portrayed modern and educated female models in her works. Through her novels and writings, she made substantial contributions to the Turkish women's movement by presenting strong representations of women and questioning societal gender roles. Halide Edib Adıvar used various media outlets such as columns, articles, and books to promote gender equality. Drawing attention to women's education in her novels and writings, she encouraged awareness on the subject. In accordance with the directive of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, she co-founded the Anadolu Agency with Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu in Ankara on April 6, 1920, seventeen days before the inauguration of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on April 23, 1920. Halide Edib actively engaged in journalism by translating the political content of newspapers published in English at the agency. Halide Edib also played a role in the Women's Defense of Homeland Society, one of Turkey's first women's associations, striving to empower women for greater societal and political involvement. This study employs qualitative research methods to comprehensively examine Halide Edib Adıvar's role in societal change, her contributions to the women's rights movement, and her impact on empowering and raising awareness among women in Turkey and globally.

The role of geopolitics in Turkey’s diplomatic approach to the Second East Turkestan Republic (1939–1949)

ABSTRACT Using the Ankara-based Turkish Diplomatic Archives (thrown open to the public recently), this paper explores how Turkey’s diplomatic line on (what is currently called) the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) People's Republic of China unfolded through the decade following Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s death on 10 November 1938. The documents studied here are chiefly diplomatic correspondences from the Turkish outposts in China, Japan and Afghanistan dating from 1939–1949. The study outlines how Turkey readjusted itself vis-a-vis the Uyghurs in response to its evolving geo-strategic needs – to which its religious, linguistic, and cultural continuities with the Uyghurs were secondary.

Child health in the first 100 years of Republic of Türkiye: a story of hope, labor and success.

The Republic of Türkiye commemorated its 100th year in 2023. Within one century, a battle weary, poor country has changed into a powerful, game changing leader in the world. This was accomplished by the motivation and overwork of the Turkish nation and a great leader, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. The status of child health in 1923 can be summarized as high infant and under-five mortality rates, epidemic diseases and hardly any healthcare facilities and health-care professionals. Since a healthy, well educated workforce was one of the main requirements for the development of the young republic, child health was given a great emphasis. With the efforts of the whole nation, many children's hospitals were established, infant mortality decreased, and malaria, neonatal tetanus, polio and diphtheria were eradicated. In this article, the progression of child health in the first 100 years of the Republic of Türkiye will be reviewed.

Dinamika Reformasi Dan Westernisasi Yang Terjadi Pada Masa Pemerintahan Kerajaan Turki Usmani

Since the 17th century the Ottoman Empire began to collapse due to defeat from the West. As a result, the caliphs wanted to reconstruct the government with a Westernized model. Thus, the caliphs wanted to reform and westernize between Turkish culture and Western civilization which culminated in the time of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. so, what was the dynamic of reform and westernization in the Ottoman Tukri government. This article uses the Normative type of research. Normative research is a type of research whose data is taken from literature studies in the form of books, journals, and so on as well as research results related to the topic of discussion in this study. Then, this article uses he Historical Approach approach, the result and discussion is the development of reforms during the reign of Ottoman Turkey pioneered by Sultan Mahmud II who is famous for the Tanzimat period. then, the flow of leadership was continued by Sultan Abdul Majid thus inaugurating the Gulhane and Humayun Charter. In addition to the Tanzimat era, the renewal of Turkey was carried out by the Young Ottomans and culminated in the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. then The implementation of westernization is carried out by three groups, namely Islamism, Westernism,

Feminist Movement in Turkey in the 1990s

According to a feminism worldview, women should have economic, social, civil, political, and cultural rights. For this, women need to go a long, controversial and interesting path. On the one hand, they are aware of their place in society, in the state, and on the other hand, they are trying to change the cultural norms that cause oppression. Turkey is the only country in which the majority of the population is Muslim, and at the same time, it is a candidate for EU membership. Turkey has managed to create a progress-oriented state. This is a well-planned and calculated path with predetermined steps, paved with the reforms of the founder of the republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938). The problem of feminism is one of the most lively topics in republican Turkey. The processes taking place in the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century prepared a solid ground for further development of the feminist movement. On October 29, 1923, after Turkey was declared a republic, the feminist movement took a new direction. The feminist movement in Turkey went through three periods. The first period includes the processes of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and “Europeanization”, which led to the advancement of the women’s problems to the fore and the active struggle for the rights and place of educated Ottoman women in society. The second period was determined by the civil law on the participation of women in elections, adopted in republican Turkey in 1926. And the third one was the period of the 1990s, when the feminist movement became more widespread and active. Feminist policies have been founded and carried out, the role of women in government structures has increased; feminist organizations were created in Istanbul, Ankara and Antalya, etc. In the 1990s, the movement of Muslim feminists, Islamist women, known as “Islamic feminism”, became active in Turkey. After the creation of the republic in Turkey, religious associations came under the direct subordination and control of the state. There have been prepared various projects to solve women’s problems. Centers for the study of women’s issues have been opened at universities. For the first time, women spoke openly about sexual freedom, etc.

Turkish Public Diplomacy in the Minutes of the Turkish Grand National Assembly (1931-1938)

For the young Republic of Turkey, the 1930s were a test of international public diplomacy. Turkey, which based its domestic and foreign policy on the principle of “Peace at home, peace in the world!”, was also concerned about its own future with the dictatorial regimes of Germany, Russia and Italy, which had distanced themselves from democratic governance and entered into an arms race with a sense of revenge, as well as the public diplomacy it would conduct and the measures it would take with the countries in its region. During the First World War, the country had suffered great devastation. The Turkish nation had spent everything it had in the struggle for liberation and was almost exhausted. However, it had managed to build a democratic state based on “National Sovereignty” despite the great economic depression that engulfed the world. However, the political developments in Europe and the possibility of the Republic of Turkey entering into a new chaos with the approaching World War could have destroyed all the gains and the future of the country. The task of protecting Turkey from this impending danger and keeping it safe could only be possible with the rational policies pursued by President Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the correct decisions taken by the Turkish Grand National Assembly in line with these policies. The aim of this study is to examine the Turkish public diplomacy as reflected in the minutes of the Turkish Grand National Assembly of Turkey between 1932 and 1938 in order to prevent Turkey's involvement in the upcoming great war and to secure its gains with measures to ensure its security in the region.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s Leadership and Communication Skills

Leadership refers to the ability and capacity to direct, inspire and influence individuals or groups to achieve a common goal. However, leadership is a multifaceted concept that covers a wide range of qualities, behaviors and communication skills exhibited by individuals who are in a position of authority and naturally assume the leadership role. Communication skills are the ability to effectively and efficiently convey information, thoughts, ideas and feelings to others through verbal, non-verbal, written or visual elements. The combination of these components brings success in both personal and social interactions. One of the factors behind the success of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who built a modern, democratic and secular nation-state from the ruins of the Ottoman Empire, is that he had both leadership and effective communication qualities. Atatürk has always been an example to both his nation and the world with these qualities. These talents of his were instrumental in shaping modern Turkey, in putting forward the vision of the nation, in implementing bold reforms, in building a state after struggles and in instilling a sense of national unity and solidarity. Turkish people has made him a national hero while being respected by the world. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's intellectual, political, charismatic, transformative, democratic and autocratic leadership types and his communication skills. In order to determine the above-mentioned characteristics, firstly, Atatürk's life and some of the revolutions he made were included. Then, in order to determine his leadership characteristics, his actions in the context of leadership theories were discussed. Afterwards, some of their behaviours were examined within the scope of basic communication skills in order to understand their communication skills. In the study, the descriptive research method, which is a method that aims to reveal the relationships between events by evaluating existing or past information in line with standards, was used. As a result of the examination, it was concluded that Atatürk had all of the basic leadership qualities and effective communication skills.

Indonesian Image of the Ottoman Caliphate and the New Republic of Türkiye 1918–1925

This article is a preliminary study on Indonesians’ perceptions on the decline of the Ottoman Caliphate, and the rise of the Turkish Republic based on the highlights in vernacular press printed in Java and Sumatra. By scrutinizing textual discourse on the Caliphate and the Turkish Republic, this paper examined Indonesians’ views delivered in newspapers, such as Poestaka Hizboel Wathan, Medan Prijaji, Soeara Islam, Zaman Baroe, and Bintang Islam. These newspapers informed on the consecutive political changes, including a total ‘weltanschauung’ during the ruling era of Mustafa Kemal, which drew the significant attention of Indonesian readers, contradictory responses on the complexities of the developments among the intellectuals. Through qualitative methodology and content analysis, this paper gives additional contribution to the study of historical relations between Indonesia and Türkiye.

Nobody is leaving! Ottoman officials, their families and the struggle over Ottoman imperial sovereignty in Yemen after the Mudros Armistice, 1918–1924

ABSTRACT This article explores the struggles over Ottoman sovereignty in Yemen from the October 1918 armistice to the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey in October 1923. The governor-general (vali), Mahmud Nedim, and Imam Yahya, the principal local ally of the Ottomans, succeeded in upholding Ottoman sovereignty over most of highland Yemen against the Armistice terms, the Treaty of Sèvres, and their local and British rivals, while receiving the political backing of the Ottoman resistance movement in Anatolia under Mustafa Kemal. Efforts of the vali, the imam, and the British to prevent ordinary Ottomans from leaving and entering Yemen were at the centre of these struggles. This changed in 1923 when Mustafa Kemal and Yahya turned to state-building projects emphasising post-Ottoman forms of sovereignty. I thus highlight several aspects of ordinariness. First, the continuation of daily governmental routines in Yemen was a key element of Ottoman efforts to resist British attempts to impose a post-Ottoman political order. Further, Yemeni Ottomans and Ottoman officials were reduced to different degrees of ordinariness because the disintegration of the Ottoman state after the war often eliminated their sources of income. Finally, struggles against the consequences of the Armistice are often reduced to a ‘Turkish War of Independence’ and the actions of policy makers in administrative centres, like Istanbul and Ankara. Studying the end of the Ottoman Empire from the vantage points of Yemen’s ‘spatial ordinariness’ as an imperial borderland and of ordinary Ottomans disrupts this ‘methodological nationalism’ and allows for a more nuanced understanding of the post-Armistice years.

A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent tracheal resection and end-to-end anastomosis surgery for benign tracheal stenosis, over a 10-year period

IntroductionLaryngotracheal stenosis encompasses a diverse range of diagnoses, encompassing complete or partial narrowing of various subgroups of the upper airways, including the laryngeal structures and trachea, due to pathological scar formation. This increasingly prevalent pathology is of significant importance due to its potential for life-threatening consequences. Among the defined treatment modalities, tracheal resection and end-to-side anastomosis remain a valuable therapeutic alternative in appropriate indications. ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the outcomes of patients who underwent tracheal resection and end-to-end anastomosis at our clinic over the past decade. Material & methodAll patients who underwent tracheal resection and end-to-end anastomosis surgery for benign tracheal stenosis at the Department of Otolaryngology, Mustafa Kemal University Hospital between 2013 and 2023 were included in the study. The diagnosis of tracheal stenosis was based on endoscopic examination and computed tomography results. Interventions without postoperative symptoms and without the need for additional surgical intervention were considered successful. The study was approved by Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Ethics Committee with decision number 2023/27. ResultsA total of 29 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 26.48 years. 3 patients (10.35 %) had a comorbidity. In all patients orotracheal intubation or intubation and tracheotomy was the aetiological cause. There were no intraoperative complications. In the postoperative period, wound infection was observed in 3 patients (10.35 %) and subcutaneous emphysema in 2 patients (6.9 %). In 1 patient (3.45 %) recurrent respiratory distress was observed, restenosis was considered and tracheotomy was performed. Our complication rate was 20.69 %. When all patients were evaluated at the end of the postoperative follow-up period, the surgical success rate was calculated to be 96.55 %. ConclusionWith a surgical success rate of 96.55 % and a low complication rate in our study, we believe, in parallel with previous studies, that open surgery is a reliable, physiologically appropriate and successful method among the current treatments for tracheal stenosis.

Seeds of Modern Education: American Influence in Turkey

American private foundations invested huge financial resources in institutions and individuals in the Republic of Turkey in the process of westernization of the country. This study seeks to present a detailed historical perspective of the activities of American philanthropic foundations and their influence on the development and the process of modernization of Turkey. Due to the war-torn state and poor socio-economic situation, the modernization process in Turkey implied comprehensive help from the Western countries, which Ataturk took as a model. Based on charity and humanitarian work, first American organizations arrived in Turkey at the beginning of 19th century. Popularly known as ‘‘missionary organizations’’ or simply ‘‘missionaries’’, they devoted their work to religious conversion of dominantly Christian minorities in the Ottoman Empire, charity activities and education. From the period of the first arrivals until 1920s, missionary organizations established number of hospitals and schools that proved beneficial to people and students across Turkey. At the beginning of 20th century, some of the American richest industrialists and businessmen in that period like Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller and Russell Sage have decided to establish private grant-providing foundations for the melioration of life standards of humankind all around the world – investing dominantly in education, infrastructure and public health. In terms of time scale, growth of the foundation imbricates with the establishment of modern Turkey in 1923. Led by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the new government of Turkey was dedicated to the process of modernization of the country – a project that seriously needed support from the external powers. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the role of American private foundations in the process of development of education, health sector, and overall Turkey’s modernization. These findings suggest that American private organizations such as Rockefeller and Ford foundations had a strong hold in the development of institutions and education and training of individuals from Turkey in various fields.

Sufism And Religious Politics In Secular Democracy : The Case of Turky

This paper examines the case of secularism in a Muslim country, focusing on Turkey. It seeks to answer the question of why the sufism and politics of religion can flourish in Turkey, a country where secularism is strictly enforced. Since 1924, the Muslim-majority country has established itself as a secular state, which separates religion from state politics. The policy initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atat?rk (also known as Ataturk) represented a rejection of the Islamic caliphate system that had been implemented by the Uthmaniyah dynasty since the 13th century. Ataturk sought to modernize Turkey based on democratic and secular principles. Although secularism has been a long-standing feature of Turkish society, the influence of Islam remains evident in the socio-cultural fabric of the country. Indeed, the passion for Islam has been visible in the political landscape since the early 1990s, particularly in sufism movement and political party. This paper is based on a qualitative study conducted through a literature search, supported by observation of events based on information from the mass media. The result of this study is an important finding about the reality of the dilemma in the implementation of secularism in the Muslim country of Turkey. That is, there is a paradox between the politics of religion and secularism in the Turkish state.

FIVE SYLLABIC POETS: ARCHITECTS OF A NEW COUNTRY

The study is devoted to the Five Syllabic Poets who were active in the early twentieth century, during the transformation of the Ottoman Empire into the Turkish Republic. This period was marked not only by important political and social changes, but also by dramatic transformations in the cultural sphere, including literature. The Five Syllabic Poets, also known as the “Five Silabists”, aimed to create a new, authentic Turkish poetry that reflected the spirit and needs of modern Turkish society. They made a significant contribution to Turkish literature, noting their approach to poetry and their desire to make it accessible to a wide audience. The Five Syllabic Poets sometimes made use of the materials of folk literature, which were used in a decorative style. The beauties of the country, the realities of Anatolia with its people and landscapes, their personal feelings, especially the national and historical. The fact that all five poets express a number of folk literature motifs in the treatment of these subjects shows their sensitivity to this issue. The poetry of these poets also reflects the impact of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk’s reforms on the literary process, indicating important changes in the consciousness of Turkish society during the period of transformation. The analysis of the works of the Five Syllabic Poets allows us to better understand and evaluate the historical context and cultural transformations in Turkey at the turn of the century.

Eminent science support from Jews to the young Turkish republic; a particular focus on dentistry.

During World War II, millions of people were mistreated and imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps. Due to the antisemitic pressure applied by the Nazi regime, many scientists had to leave Germany, and they immigrated to the United States, Switzerland, Turkey or South America. Alfred Kantorowicz was among those highly educated people who were forced out of their professional career. For a certain period, he had to stay away from the world of research and academia, which were his favorite occupations. However, these unexpected difficulties did not prevent him to pursue his success story with many awards, books, and scientific studies. Professor Kantorowicz was saved from a concentration camp upon the efforts of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to modernize the university education system in Turkey. Prof. Kantorowicz worked from 1933 until his retirement in 1948 and acted as the "father of dentistry" in Turkey. His vision of preventive dentistry and his entrepreneurial approach should set an example for today's young dentists.

The First Case of Menacanthus pallidulus (Neumann, 1912) (Phthiraptera: Amblycera: Menoponidae) on A Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) in Türkiye.

This case report was prepared to provide information about Menacanthus pallidulus (Neumann, 1912), which was detected for the first time on a domestic chicken in Hatay province of Türkiye. Louse specimens collected from a chicken by a student were brought to Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, and sent to Selçuk University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, for identification of species and microscopic examination revealed the presence of Menacanthus pallidulus (Neumann, 1912). Thus, with this study, the presence of M. pallidulus on domestic chickens was recorded for the first time in Türkiye.

HISTORICAL CIRCULATION OF OTTOMAN TURKEY: FROM DYNASTIC TO REPUBLICAN SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT

This article explores the historical circulation of Ottoman Turkey, highlighting the significant transition from a dynastic system of government to the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923. The Ottoman dynasty, which was originally a vast and influential empire, underwent dramatic changes during the 20th century. The main focus was on the post-World War I period when radical reforms were implemented to address internal and external challenges. This analysis covers socio-political aspects, tracing the changes that overhauled the structure of the feudal empire into a modern republican state. The method used is by using a method of literature study or library research related to historical or other similar themes. Based on the theory of the History of Islamic Civilization. As for data collection analyzing historical texts, collecting relevant data, and describing them. The results of this paper reveal that: First, every Kingdom will inevitably experience triumphs and setbacks, for a civilization is inseparable from it. Second, Ottoman Turkey was one of the influential dynasties of world civilization, and it was also crowned as the heir to the Islamic caliphate. Third, the Ottoman Turks underwent significant changes in terms of culture, socio-politics, economy, and others. The setback he experienced led to the secularization of Turkey which began as a dynastic state or caliphate into a republic. This was none other than triggered by the political factors of power that were in the hands of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Islam’s View of Religion and State: A An Overview

Discussions about the relationship between religion and the state always occur in a stigmatic atmosphere. This is because first, the relationship between religion and state in Islam is the most impressive thing in human history. Second, throughout history, the relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims (European Christians) has been a relationship full of tension. This article examines the relationship between religion and the state from an Islamic perspective. By using qualitative methods and descriptive-analytical data analysis techniques, this article concludes that firstly, religion is a statute or law that must be obeyed by humans, while the state in the Islamic perspective is an area of ​​power that has territorial boundaries, in In this area there are groups, religious human associations, there are rulers, there is justice and a safe atmosphere is created, the soil is fertile, and there are future generations. Second, the problem of the relationship between religion and the state has emerged in a series of polemics and debates that have occurred in the Islamic world. One of these debates occurred during the Turkish revolution under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal in 1924, which resulted in the abolition of the caliphate in al-Khulafa’ al-Rasyidun, namely the title for the four caliphs who led after the Prophet Muhammad died. In understanding the relationship between religion and the state, there are several concepts of the relationship between religion and the state according to several schools/understandings, including: theocracy, secondary ideology, and communist ideology.

Studies On Spiritual Values Affecting The National Struggle

The Turkish War of Independence, in a critical phase of Turkish history, was fought between the oppressors and the oppressed, under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the savior of the Turkish nation, who wanted to be oppressed and enslaved, to many oppressed nations with their own unique aspects, who would later follow the path of freedom and independence. , is the war of freedom and independence, which presented a third alternative example and showed the way to rebel against the oppressors. As a matter of fact, the most valuable work of the national struggle waged by the Turkish nation with the spirit of unity and solidarity throughout history is undoubtedly the Republic of Turkey. Until now, numerous studies have been conducted on the Turkish War of Independence and the guiding leader of this War, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. These studies can be classified in different ways. For example, in some cases, emotional elements predominate, while in others, there are issues that drag the event completely or partially into the same direction. While some of them can be considered insufficient in terms of resources, others have to be overcome with new studies due to the various sources and information that have emerged over the years. In this study, the problems that arose during the War of Independence and the situation of the Turkish people in their struggle for independence are discussed.

Analysis of the facade and spatial quality of educational buildings of the first national architecture period: The case of Konya

In the last years of the 19th century, architects who were under the influence of the nationalist ideas that developed in the last years of the 19th century and were strengthened with the declaration of the constitutional monarchy, led to the emergence of the First National Architectural Period as a reaction. They also considered this period as an eclectic architectural style in which they reinterpreted the facade, plan and ornamental elements of Ottoman and Seljuk architecture with Western construction techniques. In this architectural process, many public buildings, hotels, bank buildings, ministry buildings, educational buildings and residences were built. Educational buildings are an important group among the new types of buildings constructed in Konya, which has maintained its political and cultural importance throughout history. In this study, the façade and spatial quality analyses of the Sanayi Mektebi, Male Teachers' High School (Dârü-l Muallimin), Girl Teachers' School (Dârü-l Muallimat) and Gazi Mustafa Kemal, Hakimiyet-i Milliye and İsmet Paşa Primary Schools, which are among the educational buildings built during the First National Architectural Period and which contributed to the identity of the city of Konya, were examined. The authenticity and conservation values of the selected educational buildings were determined and compared with each other. According to the results obtained from the façade and spatial analyses of these samples; authenticity values are determined depending on the rate of having the characteristics of the period and conservation criteria. The fact that no previous study has been carried out in this period and group of buildings using the method defined increases the originality value of the subject.

A Comparative Analysis of Pediatric Emergency Department Admissions Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objectives This study aims to evaluate the outbreak's impact on emergency services, with findings obtained from patients who applied to our pediatric emergency service before and during the pandemic period. Methods In this study, the Pediatric Emergency Polyclinic of Hatay Mustafa Kemal University (MKU) Department of Pediatrics was evaluated during the COVID-19 pre-pandemic period and the COVID-19 pandemic period. Demographic features, complaints, discharge situations, diagnostic groups, and diagnoses of 16,730 non-traumatic patients one month to 18 years old were compared retrospectively. Results Comparing the pre-pandemic period and the pandemic period, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference in the average age of patients, age groups, admission hours, triage classification, complaints, and diagnoses seen. Conclusion According to the findings obtained in the study, pediatric emergency department admissions decreased significantly during the pandemic period. As a result of the pandemic measures taken, the incidence of diseases caused by infectious agents, such as respiratory tract infections, decreased. The change in pediatric emergency service habits with the pandemic highlights the importance of conducting more comprehensive epidemiological studies in terms of more efficient and effective use of pediatric emergency health services in Turkey.