KDP Single Crystals Research Articles

Enhancement of growth perfection and optical transmission in rhodamine B-doped KDP single crystal for photonic applications

In recent years, because of the rapid development persisting in the modern electronic industries, materials with the ability to produce highly efficient harmonic generation have acquired great demand as they are suitable for high-speed devices and the progressing field of optical communication systems. The present work reports the growth, diffraction and spectroscopic features of the pure and Rhodamine B (RB)-doped potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals. The crystals were grown by employing the conventional slow evaporation technique. The XRD and UV–visible spectral studies have been carried out to examine the structural and optical behavior of the grown crystals. An optical microscopic technique has been utilized to explore the surface features of the crystals. Based on the growth features and the observed analytical results, it is authenticated that the RB-doped KDP crystal possesses a better crystalline nature and optical transmittance than the pure KDP crystal thereby it is strongly suggested for the applications of photonic devices.

Comparative study of alkali (Li, Rb and Cs) halide doped KDP single crystals

Comparative study of alkali (Li, Rb and Cs) halide doped KDP single crystals

Enhanced Mechanical, Thermal, Surface, Self-Defocusing, Electro-Optic and Photoelastic Characteristics of Doped Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Solitary Crystals for Optoelectronic Applications

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) is an effective NLO substance. Much research has been concentrated on KDP crystals to increase the effectiveness of KDP's nonlinear optical property. The effectiveness of laser radiation conversion can be increased by altering its expansion. The excellent molecular chirality of organic acids is employed to improve the properties of KDP. Our main objective in this study was to describe the studies on the mechanical, thermal, surface, antibacterial, self-defocusing, and electro-optic properties of doped potassium dihydrogen phosphate solitary crystals for optical, electronic, and biological applications. The effect of itaconic acid (ITA) at concentrations ranging from 1, 3, and 5 mol% on the thermal, SEM, microhardness behaviors, NLO, antibacterial properties, and half-wave voltage of KDP (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) single crystals grown by the slow cooling technique. The existence of dopants was proved with energy-dispersive spectrometry. The mechanical properties of various temperatures for undoped and doped-KDP crystals with rising dopant combinations have been prepared, and the hardness was expanded due to doping. In contrast to several potentially dangerous microorganisms like Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, the produced crystals were exposed to antibiotic activity. The superiority of the fully-fledged crystal is determined by the etching studies. Using the Z-scan method, the good third-order nonlinear response for different planes (2 0 0), (2 1 1), and (1 1 2) of the ITA-doped KDP crystal sample was determined. Half-wave voltage may be discovered in the crystal produced via electro-optic examination. The Z-scan analysis of pure and ITA-doped KDP crystals for different planes reveals good self-defocussing and NLO responses. The electro-optic experiment generated a significant and consistent half-wave voltage. The photoelastic behavior of KDP crystals with ITA as a variable birefringent compensator has been investigated.

Spontaneous formation of a periodically striped structure in a gel-incorporated KDP single crystal

Typically, single crystals grown from hydrogels uniformly incorporate the gel-networks inside. However, in this study, we discovered a periodically striped microstructure in potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystals cultivated from silica hydrogels. This was the result of spontaneously non-uniform gel-incorporation, as demonstrated by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Furthermore, despite the non-uniformly distributed gel networks inside the crystal, its single-crystallinity remained intact, as verified by X-ray diffraction. Our hypothesis for the incorporation mechanism is that partial gel incorporation at certain rates of crystal growth periodically changes the local gel strength surrounding the growing crystal, leading to spontaneous alternations in the concentration of incorporated gel-networks.

Получение и исследование физико-химических свойств покрытий на основе графеноподобных материалов

Dispersions of graphene oxide and its reduced form have been obtained. The resulting dispersions were characterized by UV spectroscopy. The features of the graphene oxide reduction process in the composition of coatings deposited on solid substrates (aluminum, optical glass, KDP single crystal) by interaction with various reducing agents: hydrazine hydrate, formalin, ascorbic and citric acids, and ammonium citrate are studied. Surface structures were studied by Raman spectroscopy. The surface morphology of coatings and the defectiveness of graphene-like materials obtained by the reduction of graphene oxide dispersions on the surface of substrates have been studied.

Crystal growth and physico-chemical characterization of methyl ammonium chloride doping on the characteristics of potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystal for nonlinear optical applications

• The KDP and MACKDP single crystals were grown by the slow evaporation method. • The UV–Vis-NIR spectrums reveal that the title compounds can be used as nonlinear optical materials. • KDP and MACKDP crystal belong to the soft material category. • Third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ 3 ) was found to be 5.391 × 10 −8 esu and 5.412 × 10 −8 esu for KDP and MACKDP, respectively. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and Methyl ammonium chloride doped KDP (MACKDP) were made into nonlinear optical single crystals using the ambient temperature slow evaporation method. An examination of powder X-ray diffraction reveals that the reflection lines of the doped KDP crystal are almost identical to those of the pure parent chemical KDP, with just a little difference in peak intensity. The space group and lattice parameters of the crystal structure were determined using XRD measurements on a single crystal. FTIR spectrum studies indicated the existence of numerous functional groups due to the shifting of peak positions. According to the results of UV–Vis-NIR testing, the UV cutoff wavelength for pure KDP is 381 nm and for methyl ammonium chloride doped potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystal is 383 nm. Growing crystals have reduced permittivity and dielectric loss tangent at increasing frequencies and temperatures. There were 1.12 times more correlated second harmonic (SHG) powers in the doped crystal than there were in pure KDP, according to the Kurtz and Perry approach. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis were used to evaluate the thermal properties of an KDP doped MACKDP crystals. Vickers microhardness experiments have examined the impact of methyl ammonium chloride mixing on the hardness parameters of KDP crystal. The encouraging third-order nonlinear properties were examined employing a Z-scan technique using an Nd: YAG laser at 532 nm. To be considered a viable choice for nonlinear optical devices, the title material must exhibit a wide range of noteworthy physicochemical and optical nonlinear features.

Improvement of optical properties of KDP crystals by borax additive

KDP (Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, KH2PO4) single crystals were grown in Borax (Sodium tetraborate decahydrate, Na2B4O7·10H2O or Na2[B4O5(OH)4]·8H2O) added aqueous solutions by the slow cooling method and Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) technique. The concentrations of Borax were 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mol%. Impurities containing hydroxyl (-OH) groups such as Borax can increase the number of hydrogen bonds in KDP crystals, which plays a key role in governing the optical properties of KDP crystals. This comment was proved by the results of the measurements: Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and Second Harmonic Generation (SHG). Borax is an important candidate in the current research of impurity-doped KDP crystal for nonlinear optical applications.

Electronic Structure, Pdos, Optical Properties, and Elastics Constant Calculation of Alkali (Li, Rb, and Cs) Doped Kdp Single Crystals

Electronic Structure, Pdos, Optical Properties, and Elastics Constant Calculation of Alkali (Li, Rb, and Cs) Doped Kdp Single Crystals

Investigating optical, electrical, and mechanical traits of thiourea admixtured KDP single crystals to explore NLO device applications

Investigating optical, electrical, and mechanical traits of thiourea admixtured KDP single crystals to explore NLO device applications

Investigations on the Doping Effect of Sodium Thiosulphate on KDP Single Crystals

Investigations on the Doping Effect of Sodium Thiosulphate on KDP Single Crystals

Electrical And Thermo Electrical Properties Of Adp And Kdp Crystals

ADP and KDP single crystals were prepared under growth from aqueous solution method. Large crystals of KDP, ADP were grown using Holden crystallizer. The structure of ADP and KDP were found using XRD study with morphology. The electrical conductivity is measured for ADP and KDP crystals, which shows that conductivity is minimum at 303K for ADP in the range from 303 – 463K, similarly for KDP conductivity is minimum at 330K in the range from 303K to 463K. The activation energies were found along ‘a’ and ‘c’ axes which are found to be from 0.2 to 1.87 eV. Seebeck Coefficient is found to be negative in the Temperature ranges between 335 -345K

Study on optical performance and 532 nm laser damage of rapidly grown KDP crystals

Type II samples were obtained from the adjacent positions of pyramidal sector and prismatic sector in the same potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystal grown by the “point seed” technique under different temperature range and supersaturation. Some samples were annealed at 160 °C for 24 h. The UV–Vis spectra, especially in the ultraviolet region, show the optimal transmitting ability for the KDP crystal which was grown under relative low temperature range. The structural analysis performed by means of Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) suggests that the crystal lattice of the KDP grown under relative small supersaturation become compact at the molecular level. The results of photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra show that the PL intensity increases with the rise of supersaturation and growth temperature range, which indicates that the concentration of all the detected micro defects in the KDP is abundant. The damage threshold conducted using 532 nm ns laser pulses shows the same trend with the results of PL spectra. The laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) has been improved with the decrease of growth temperature range and supersaturation, and its variation has the highest correlation with the concentration of hydrogen vacancy defect. In addition, thermal annealing can effectively reduce the concentration of all the detected micro defects in the sample, and LIDT of the samples can be enhanced further after laser sub-threshold annealing. • KDP single crystals were obtained using the “point seed” rapid growth technique. • The relationship between laser-induced damage threshold and the concentration of micro defects is established. • The synergistic effect of thermal annealing and laser sub-threshold annealing is confirmed. • Enhanced laser-induced damage competence and laser-induced damage mechanism of the samples has been discussed.

Operando single crystal neutron diffraction reveals insight into the field response mechanisms in the hydrogen-bonded KH2PO4 ferroelectric

The mechanism that facilitates polarization reorientation in KH2PO4 (KDP) was investigated using operando single-crystal neutron diffraction. Diffraction data were measured from a KDP single crystal during the application of alternating electric fields and were then binned into 40 increments to enable field-dependent single-crystal structure refinements. The field-dependent structures are compared with an as-grown crystal to determine how the lattice and atomic sites evolve in response to the applied electric fields. These analyses provide evidence that the reorientation of the macroscopic polarization is facilitated through a cooperative change in hydrogen bonding, which results in the reversal of the spontaneous dipole. In addition, a decrease in secondary extinction near the coercive field indicates that the inversion of the macroscopic polarization is achieved through the nucleation and subsequent growth of new domains.

Growth, ultraviolet‐visible, vibrational, photoluminescence and second harmonic generation studies of Amaranth and EDTA co‐doped KDP crystals

KDP (Potassium dihydrogen phosphate) single crystals were grown from Amaranth dye and EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt) mixed KDP solutions by the temperature lowering method and Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy technique. The molar concentration of EDTA in the solutions was 1 mol%. The Amaranth concentrations were 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05 mol%. The growth of KDP crystals was oriented in type I and type II phase-matching directions which bring maximum second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency to the crystals. Optical properties of Amaranth and EDTA co-doped KDP crystals (KAE) were investigated by Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, FT-Raman spectroscopy, and photoluminescence. SHG efficiency of the crystals was measured by shining 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser directly into them and receiving output signals. The most important result in the study showed that KAE crystals had SHG efficiency of 1.7 and 2.4 times higher than EDTA doped KDP crystal (KE) and pure KDP crystal respectively. Then second-order nonlinear optical coefficients of these crystals were calculated. The simultaneous doping of two organic substances into KDP crystals has further enhanced their nonlinear optical characteristics.

WITHDRAWN: Study of activation energy for KDP crystals in etchants with citric and tartaric acids

Abstract Etching has created a great deal of interest amongst researchers and significant experiments have been conducted. Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) is among the most broadly utilized business NLO materials. They are normally utilized for multiplying, significantly increasing and quadrupling of Nd:YAG laser at room temperature. Moreover, they are additionally phenomenal electro precious stones - optic with high electro-optic coefficients, generally utilized as electro-optical modulators, Q-switches, and Pocket cells, and so on KDP was used in the growth of single crystals by gel method. The authors have successfully grown KDP crystals by solution method at ambient temperature. KDP single crystals were etched in an aqueous mixture of fuming nitric acid and tartaric/citric acid along with distilled water. Tetragonal well defined etch pits were observed. The activation energies were calculated using Arrhenius law: - W = A exp (-E/2kT) Where; W is the etch pit width and T the absolute temperature. It was observed that the structure of the etchants pronouncedly affects the enactment vitality. The details will be presented.

Theoretical modelling of brittle-to-ductile transition load of KDP crystals on (001) plane during nanoindentation and nanoscratch tests

KDP single crystals are widely used in inertial confinement fusion and high power lasers due to the wide transmission band, high laser damage threshold, large nonlinear optical coefficient, etc. However, surface and subsurface damages are easily induced into the KDP crystal components during the machining process due to its high brittleness and distinct anisotropy. These damages will reduce the service accuracy and life of KDP crystal components. It is of great significance to study the brittle-to-ductile transition of KDP crystals to achieve high efficiency and precision machining of crystal components. In this work, a theoretical model of brittle-to-ductile transition load during the nanoindentation and nanoscratch processes of KDP crystals was established based on the energy conservation law and dislocation theory. This model took the anisotropy of KDP crystals into account. Nanoindentation and nanoscratch experiments by using different indenters were performed to verify the theoretical model of brittle-to-ductile transition load. The experimental results of the brittle-to-ductile transition load agreed well with the theoretical results, which indicated that the model was reliable. Both experimental and theoretical results showed that the critical load of brittle-to-ductile transition during the nanoindentation and nanoscratch processes increased as the half cone angle increased. In addition, the critical load of brittle-to-ductile transition load of the scratch was lower than that of the indentation under the same condition. The results also demonstrated that KDP crystals had distinct anisotropy during the nanoindentation and nanoscratch process. Brittle fracture was most likely to occur along [100] orientation during the scratch process. Under the same scratching condition, [110] orientation was prone to achieving ductile machining with high surface quality compared with other orientations.

Co-doping effect of Amaranth and EDTA on bulk growth, optical, structural properties and second harmonic generation of KDP crystals grown by Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) technique

KDP (Potassium dihydrogen phosphate) single crystals co-doped with Amaranth dye and EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt) with concentrations of 0.005 mol% and 1 mol% respectively in the solution were grown from seeds by the method of temperature reduction and Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) technique. The seeds were mounted vertically and in a direction of 59° from the vertical. The latter orientation of the seed made second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of KDP crystal with the 1064 nm laser reach its maximum value. Bulk growth, optical, and structural properties of the crystals were assessed by UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and photoluminescence. The elemental composition of crystals was also determined by Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Amaranth and EDTA additives have improved the SHG performance of pure KDP crystals by up to 168%, which probably could not be achieved by doping either with Amaranth or EDTA. Finally, three different parts of the crystal rods grown by SR technique were not homogeneous in the optical, structural properties and the degree of being dyed.

Growth and characterization studies of rosaniline dye with KDP single crystal for optoelectronic applications

Good quality of single crystal of pure and fusion with Potassium Di hydrogen Ortho Phosphate (KDP) has been successfully grown form aqueous solution by slow cooling evaporating technique. The grown crystal characterized by FTIR, UV-visible spectral Analysis. Therefore, X-ray diffraction data reveals crystalline perfection the improved transparency for the doped crystal ascertain the inclusion of metal ion in the lattice. However, the photoluminescence studies indicate that the grown crystals have a green fluorescence emission. Dielectric studies have been carried out for the grown crystal and the results were discussed in detail.

Optical activity and electro-optic effect of l-arginine doped KDP single crystals

We have used the modified polarimetric methods to study optical activity (OA) in the potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals doped with 0.7, 1.4 and 3.8 wt% l-arginine (l-arg) amino acid. Crystals were grown by the temperature reduction method. Small changes of the absolute eigen waves ellipticity and OA values in doped crystals were noted. We have experimentally determined the signs of OA in the [1 0 0] and [0 1 0] directions in KDP type crystals. The electro-optical parameters (half-wave voltage and electro-optical coefficients r63) in l-arg doped crystals for fixed wavelengths of 633, 532 and 405 nm remain unchanged in comparison with the pure KDP.

Effect of carboxylic acids on optical and thermal properties of KDP and ADP single crystals

Three carboxylic acids - fumaric acid, glutamic acid and succinic acid were mixed with KDP and ADP to grow single crystals grown by the natural slow evaporation method. Transparent crystals were harvested in a period of one month. The phase purity of the crystals was identified using powder XRD. FTIR spectra were recorded to identify the vibrational activity of the various functional groups present in the title compounds, also the thermal properties of material were studied. The cutoff wavelength of the grown crystals are in the range of 500–565 nm. The optical bandgap energies of the grown single crystals are increased when compared to pure carboxylic acids, which shows that the complex may be formed by the weak interactions. Formation of these compounds resulted in high bandgap and good SHG efficiencies which are caused by more number of weak interaction between carboxylic and phosphates.