Kashmir Valley Research Articles

Age-Dependent Enhancement in Fecundity and Ova Diameter of <i>Schizopyge niger</i> (Heckel, 1838) in Dal Lake, Kashmir

Understanding the reproduction and recruitment pattern is essential for successful conservation of a species. Accurate estimates of fecundity plays acrucial role in comprehending fish population dynamics. The snowtrout, Schizopyge niger, is a Cyprinid fish widely distributed throughout the lakes of Kashmir valley and is one of the most important commercial fish species. In this study, we examined the age-dependent reproductive perfor-mance of female S. niger, aiming to gain insights into its breeding characteristics for the development of an optimal brood-stock management plan. The study involved 78 female S. niger specimens collected from Dal Lake during the spawning season, representing age groups of 2+, 3+, 4+, 5+, and 6+ years. Fecundity and ova diameter showed an increasing trend from age 2+ (3,971 eggs; 1.45 mm) to age 6+ (10,501 eggs; 2.00 mm). Total fecundity exhibited positive correlations with age, total weight, ovary weight, and ova diameter. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between ova diameter and fish age, with the highest fecundity and largest ova diameter observed in the 6+ years age group. Among each age group, fecundity and ova diameter varied significantly (p <0.05). Based onthese findings, for optimal broodstock management of S. niger, it is recommended to use females of the6+ years age group after assessing the quality of eggs.

Strategic Insights for Sustainable Tourism Development in Kashmir Valley: SWOT and QSPM Analysis

Promoting sustainable tourism entails fostering environmentally responsible growth that endures, achieving a delicate balance between honoring the rich history, preserving culture, and navigating the challenges posed by diverse altitudes in the Kashmir Valley. A knowledge test was created to measure the stakeholders' understanding of sustainable tourism to guide further analysis with the selected stakeholders. Our research delved into this objective by conducting real-world analysis, including questionnaires and interviews with key stakeholders. A Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) was utilized and built on the foundation of the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) framework to drive sustainable tourism effectively. The results underscore the intricate landscape the valley operates within, revealing varied levels of stakeholder satisfaction across different aspects. Understanding these nuanced perspectives is crucial to charting a sustainable course for the region. In this light, the existing strategies aimed at managing the area, with a focal point on promoting sustainable tourism. The emphasis is on recognizing and tackling the challenges while seizing the weaknesses and threats that could impact the industry's reputation for excellent service and environmental stewardship. It is about aligning strategies to ensure a harmonious coexistence between tourism growth and the natural, cultural, and social fabric of this adorable valley.

Land Use Land Cover Dynamics around a Western Himalayan Wetland using Geospatial Techniques

Despite having multitude of environmental advantages, wetlands are facing serious anthropogenic threats due to changes in the surrounding area. Therefore, the present investigation has been conducted to evaluate the landuse land cover (LULC) around a 6 km buffer strip of Nowgam wetland located in Kashmir valley. The detection of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) changes was conducted using Landsat imagery within ArcGIS, spanning a 22-year period from 2000 to 2022. The Landsat imageries of three years (2000, 2010 and 2022) were classified using the supervised classification algorithm (maximum likelihood classification) in ArcGIS. Five LULC classes, viz., water, agriculture, settlement, vegetation and bareland were identified in the study region. The exploration of the classified images revealed the area under water decreased by about 56% while as area under agriculture and settlement increased by 44.7% and 30.9%, respectively. The area under vegetation decreased by 7.3% and area under bareland increased by 8.0%. The outcomes of the present discourse reveal that the changes in LULC around the Nowgam wetland are mostly anthropogenic which may pose serious threat to wetland ecosystem in near future. The present study provides a baseline data regarding ecosystem transformations and acts as an important stimulus for all the stakeholders of wetland in planning and implementation of the strategic conservational measures in Nowgam wetland (Bandipora).

An insight into the ecology of Manasbal Lake of Kashmir valley: A Review

Manasbal Lake is the deepest freshwater lake in India and has suffered environmental degradation due to various human activities, such as agriculture, urban expansion, tourism, stone quarrying etc. The lake is in dire need of comprehensive restoration measures to restore its ecological balance, which is quite crucial for the region's economy and culture. Preserving this natural treasure safeguards biodiversity, supports local livelihoods and ensures that future generations can enjoy its unique beauty, making it a vital investment for the region's well-being and prosperity. The present study aims to consolidate data concerning the diverse biotic and abiotic elements of Manasbal Lake within the context of its management and preservation. It provides crucial insights into the hydrological and watershed features of Manasbal Lake, while also offering a comprehensive historical overview. Moreover, the document elaborates on the water quality indicators and key biotic components to delineate the ecological dynamics within the lake. Additionally, it outlines various environmental issues confronting the lake and proposes remedial actions to protect its ecosystem. Manasbal Lake is facing substantial ecological challenges due to human settlements, agricultural runoff, tourism, and stone quarrying. The influx of nutrients from household waste, sewage, and agricultural activities has led to significant eutrophication. Tourism has exacerbated this problem, with motorboat use and oil spills further polluting the lake. Stone quarrying has added excessive calcium, causing sedimentation and nutrient buildup, adversely affecting aquatic life and local vegetation. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive management strategies to regulate human activities, improve waste management, and restore the lake's ecological balance.This research could facilitate the endeavors of scholars interested in investigating the ecology of Manasbal Lake by offering a framework of the essential ecological facets linked to this water body.

Self-medication Practices Among Muslim Youth of Kashmir: An Empirical Study

In many parts of the world self-medication is a popular practice to treat some common minor diseases in order to save time and money without realizing side effects of self-medication for the patients. We know ‘Over The Counter’ (OTC) drugs are meant for self-medications but their wrong use due to lack of knowledge about medicines can have grave side-effects on patients. In Kashmir the growth in self-medications in Kashmir can be attributed to urge to self-care, feeling of sympathy towards ill family members, deficiency of health services, economic condition, unawareness and easy availability of drugs in medical shops. To treat minor common diseases like fever, cold, cough, diarrhoea etc patients acquire expert advices from family members, neighbours or strangers about medications. Majority of people do not take their illness seriously or avoid Doctor because of busy life, ignoring side effects of self-medication. In Kashmir, it is a common practice in homes to use antibiotics like Co-Amoxyclav 625 and Azithromycin for treating common cold and sharing of prescriptions within the family, using the left over medications for somewhat related symptoms is quite a popular practice. In the present study carried out in Kashmir valley, a survey of the study area was carried out and discussions were held with the elders as well as with medical practitioners. A well-designed validated questionnaire was used to collect the information from 400 youth selected at random from Kashmir on their consent. The data collected from survey was statistically analysed using standard statistical methods. The study revealed that majority of respondents were taking medicine without consulting a Doctor to treat minor ailments. Statistically, it was observed that there was a significant difference in the attitude of male and female respondents towards self medication (P<0.01). The discussion with respondents revealed that they were interested in knowing Islamic ruling about self-medication as in the present world due to lack of patience youth take medicine because of depression and anxiety. Islam allows modern treatment of many diseases like infertility provided it is not against the teaching of Islam and guidance of holy Prophet. Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) taught Muslims to pray more in tough times for attaining peace of mind, relief from pain, anxiety and worries. Finally, it was suggested that everyone should avoid self-medication as much as possible and Government should play its role to avoid the selling of banned medicines on medical shops without Doctors prescription

Comprehensive phenotyping of SKUAST-K released rice varieties reveals significant role of root traits in drought resilience

The North Western Himalayan region, particularly the Kashmir valley, harbors a rich diversity of rice landraces, yet systematic studies on climate resilience are lacking. The present study was aimed at investigating the root traits and their interplay with shoot morphological and physiological traits under drought stress using seven indica and three japonica rice varieties released by SKUAST-Kashmir and their possible role in adaptive capacity to different environments. Significant variability was observed in root and shoot traits across the varieties. Root traits exhibited a wide phenotypic range, including rooting depth, fresh and dry weight, diameter, length, volume, surface area, and length density. Associations between root and shoot traits were identified, with notable correlations such as shoot weight with root shoot ratio, shoot length with root dry weight, diameter, and surface area, and tiller number with various root traits. Additionally, physiological traits like canopy temperature depression showed significant correlations with root depth and surface area. Principal component analysis (PCA) analysis grouped japonica type varieties together with a notable outlier, Chenab, due to its superior root traits among indica varieties. These findings emphasize the substantial contribution of root traits to productivity and advocate for their integration into varietal development processes. In view of the increasing evidences in crop plants about their role of root traits in defining plant productivity and reproductive fitness, study of root traits could provide valuable insights into the patterns of crop adaptation to diverse areas and growing environments.

Enhancing saffron (Crocus sativus L.) growth in the Kashmir valley with resilient and widely effective Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) under field conditions

This study provides a thorough examination of stress-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their significance in enhancing plant growth and biocontrol activities, and influence on saffron cultivation in the Kashmir Valley. Quantitative analysis of 35 efficient PGPR revealed significant variability in plant growth promotion (PGP) attributes ranging from 60 to 653 µg/ml tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) solubilization, 1548–4311 nM α-ketobutyrate h/mg/protein ACC-deaminase activity, 1.4–74.8 µg/ml IAA-like auxins production, and 94–214 % siderophore production. Molecular fingerprinting disclosed 52 ERIC types that belonged to 25 genera, mainly Bacillus. Bacillus species including B. aryabhattai, B. halotolerans, B. methylotrophicus, B. safensis, B. siamensis and B. simplex dominated the PGPR population, along with Pseudomonas spp., such as P. azotoformans and P. chlororaphis, indicating a selective buildup of PGPR in the saffron rhizosphere. In-vivo and In-vitro dual inoculation test of these widespread PGPR and stress-tolerant also inhibited the mycelial growth of Fusarium species including F. oxysporum, F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, and F. proliferatum. The field application of seven selected PGPR strains resulted in significant improvements in saffron productivity, including increased sprouted corms, plant height, stigma length, and stigma fresh and dry weight, which ranged from 0.6-1.8 %, 0.4–0.7 %, 0.3–0.5 %, and 6–19 %, respectively. These strains have the potential to stimulate cormlet growth and ultimately increase saffron production. Therefore, the PGP traits of these stress-tolerant rhizobacteria contributing to nutrients solubilization, auxin biosynthesis, and fungicidal attributes can ameliorate the saffron agricultural practices.

Deep ensemble learning for osteoporosis diagnosis from knee X-rays: a preliminary cohort study in Kashmir valley

Deep ensemble learning for osteoporosis diagnosis from knee X-rays: a preliminary cohort study in Kashmir valley

Morphological and molecular identification of Heterakis gallinarum in Gallus gallus and its phylogenetic analysis based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA fragment in Kashmir valley, India.

Heterakis gallinarum is one of the most common round worms infecting wide range of terrestrial birds including domestic fowl. H. dispar and H. isolonche are the species of same genus which infect other hosts predominantly aquatic birds, but show morphological similarities mainly females of these species are difficult to identify. Here, we described the morphologically distinct features of H. gallinarum along with identification through molecular analysis using ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomal DNA. Four hundred gastrointestinal tracts of domestic fowl were analysed for a period of 2years. Light microscopy and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), was used for determining the morphometric measurements and characteristic morphological features of H. gallinarum. A PCR based DNA sequencing of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomal DNA was used for molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis was carried out through MEGA 11. Ninety gastrointestinal tracts were found to be infected with Heterakis gallinarum. The male worm displayed well developed lateral and caudal alae, caudal end had an anal sucker, 12 pairs of caudal papillae and cloaca from which 2 unequal spicules emerged. Female had visible vaginal bends, vulva present approximately in the middle of the body, and caudal end had a long pointed tail. Sequence analysis revealed that the PCR products of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA were 600bp in size and showed 96-98% similarity with the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences of H. gallinarum on BLAST analysis. Our ITS sequence of H. gallinarum showed a nucleotide divergence of 4.9% with H. gallinarum of Lucknow India. The phylogenetic analysis clearly differentiated H. gallinarum from the other representatives of the genus and revealed the relationship among different Heterakis species. The study revealed the infection status of Heterakis gallinarum prevailing among domestic fowl, and need of strategic control measures. The results of the study suggest that ITS rDNA would serve as a potential molecular marker in identification, diagnosis and systematics of Heterakis species.

Radiological assessment of radon in groundwater of the northernmost Kashmir Basin, northwestern Himalaya.

This study investigates the radon concentration in groundwater in Kupwara, the northernmost district of the Kashmir valley. It further assesses the annual effective dose experienced by the district's diverse population-infants, children, and adults-attributable to both inhalation of airborne radon released from drinking water and direct ingestion. In addition to this, the calculation of gamma dose rate is also carried out at each of the sampling site of radon. A portable radon-thoron monitor and a portable gamma radiation detector were respectively employed to estimate the activity concentration of radon in water samples and to measure the gamma dose rate. The radon concentration was found to exhibit variability from a minimum of 2.9BqL-1 to a maximum of 197.2BqL-1, with a mean of 26.3 BqL-1 and a standard deviation of 23.3BqL-1. From a total of 85 samples, 10.6% of the samples had radon activity concentrations exceeding the permissible limits of 40BqL-1 set by the United Nations Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiations as reported by UNSCEAR (Sources and effects of ionizing radiation, 2008) and only 1.2% of the samples have radon activity concentration exceeding the permissible limits of 100BqL-1 set by the World Health Organization as reported by WHO (WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2008). The mean of the annual effective dose due to inhalation for all age groups as well as the annual ingestion dose for infants and children, surpasses the World Health Organization's limit of 100μSvy-1 as reported by WHO (WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2008). The observed gamma radiation dose rate in the vicinity of groundwater radon sites ranged from a minimum of 138nSvh-1 to a maximum of 250nSvh-1. The data indicated no significant correlation between the dose rate of gamma radiation and the radon levels in the groundwater. Radon concentration of potable water in the study area presents a non-negligible exposure pathway for residents. Therefore, the judicious application of established radon mitigation techniques is pivotal to minimize public health vulnerabilities.

Biotic environment reinforcing the pertinacious clinically relevant COVID-19 associated mucormycosis: First report from Kashmir valley, India

Biotic environment reinforcing the pertinacious clinically relevant COVID-19 associated mucormycosis: First report from Kashmir valley, India

Exploring the influence of e-marketing on rural customer buying patterns: A case study of Kashmir valley

Exploring the influence of e-marketing on rural customer buying patterns: A case study of Kashmir valley

From Partition To Abrogation: Tracing the History of Article 370

Kashmir isn’t “just another city” or just another place that exists on earth. It is a place described by the famous poet Amir Khusrau in the following words, “Gar Firdaus Bar Ruhe Zamin ast, Hamin asto, Hamin asto, Hamin ast….” Which when translated, means, “if there is Paradise on earth, it is here, it is here, it is here…..” The place was once compared to the paradise .The region had been choice of many British officials for their holidays in the British raj period and it remained a frequent location for film shootings by many directors in the 80s and 90s. However, apart from being a great tourist attraction with amazing scenic valley, it also holds a long and painful history of political instability during the latter half of 20th century. The troubles began for Kashmir since the partition of India was proposed and it took a long line of governments and thousands of lives in pursue of the solution to its troubles. This article is an analysis to understand and highlight all the turbulence that valley of Kashmir went through from partition to present day. We will see phase to phase developments that took place in Kashmir from the time of partition to formation of Article 370 and its abrogation along with its impact on the nation in general and the state in particular.

A Case Series and Literature Review of Alveolar Echinococcosis in Kashmir, India: An Emerging Endemic Zone for Echinococcus multilocularis.

A prospective study on 110 patients with echinococcosis at Dr. Khuroo's Medical Clinic, Srinagar, Kashmir, India, from March 2019 to April 2024 identified 12 cases (4 males, 8 females; mean age of 46.58 ± 11.97 years) of Alveolar echinococcosis (AE). Two patients were detected through ultrasound examinations carried out for unrelated causes; one presented with features of liver abscess, and nine had pain in the right upper quadrant for a mean period of 2.2 ± 1.79 years. All had the liver as the primary organ involved, with 15 tumor masses of a mean maximum diameter of 9.22 ± 3.21 cm and volume of 426 ± 374.61 cm3. Tumors placed centrally had invaded vessels and the biliary tract in eight patients, and those placed peripherally had invaded the liver capsule and adjacent organs in nine patients. Histologic examination of liver biopsies or resected organs revealed necrotic lesions, calcifications, and granulomatous inflammation with slender, thin-walled vesicles of bizarre configuration that stained strongly eosinophilic with periodic acid Schiff. Two patients had segmental liver resections; one was treated with liver aspiration, while the other nine with advanced disease received chemotherapy with albendazole along with praziquantel. Patients showed clinical improvement on a median follow-up of 12 months (range 1 to 60 months); however, MRI T2-weighted images and 18F-FDG-PET-CECT scans in two patients showed active disease on follow-up at one and five years, respectively. A systematic review detected 146 cases of AE in India from 1980 to April 2024. Twenty cases were from foreign countries, mostly from Central Asian republics, and 118 (93.65%) of the remaining 126 Indian patients were permanent residents of Kashmir Valley. The disease affected a population of 79,197 residing in 22 villages from 5 border districts of the valley. These villages were either high in or adjacent to the Himalayan mountain range. Disease prevalence in the affected population was 146.47/105 (males 131.53/105 and females 163.18/105) and the incidence was 12.41/105/year (males 11.16/105/year and females 13.81/105/year). Possible causes of the emergence of AE are discussed, and future directions for research to face this challenge arebeen identified.

Experimental study on root-reinforced soils (R2S) and soil root (S-R) interaction in nature

ABSTRACT Biotechnical stabilization, involving vegetation such as trees and shrubs, is commonly employed to reinforce/stabilize soil masses. This research aimed to examine the interaction between soil and roots, focusing on two grass species readily found locally in Kashmir valley: a standard turf grass and a flood channel grass known for its extensive root system. Variables included root length, vegetation type, and root percentage, while strength assessments such as Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests and Direct Shear Tests (DST) were conducted. Three soils, including two naturally occurring and one artificially prepared in the laboratory, were examined for studies on S-R interaction. UCS values increased considerably for different soil types with the maximum enhancement seen in artificial soil wherein the UCS increased from 65 kPa to almost 400 kPa. Cohesion (c) also showed enhancement from 21 kPa in the control sample to 29 kPa for 1.0% root content and 25 mm root length. Micro-structural analysis was performed and the micrographs clearly showed signs of root surface roughness, adherence of soil particles and interlocking between the grains and root fibers. By stabilizing soil masses, roots can play an important role in slope stability, soil conservation, and other geotechnical applications.

Virulence profiling of Campylobacter spp., C. jejuni and C. fetus subsp. fetus abortions rise in sheep farms in Kashmir, India

Campylobacter spp. are the leading causes of ovine abortions leading to severe economic losses and a source of bacterial food borne illness in humans, posing a major public health concern. This study reports an increase in Brucella negative abortions in sheep farms in Kashmir, India in the last few years. Screening of sheep farms was carried to rule out Campylobacter abortion. Three Government sheep breeding farms in the Kashmir valley and some other private flocks were screened for the presence of C. jejuni and C. fetus subsp. fetus. A total of 217 samples comprising of 200 swabs (rectal and vaginal swabs; 100 each) from clinically healthy animals, ten vaginal swabs from cases of abortion and seven abomasal contents of the aborted fetuses were collected from sheep breeding farm Khimber (District, Srinagar), sheep breeding farm Goabal, the Mountain Research Centre for sheep and goats (MRCSG, SKUAST-K) (District, Ganderbal) and from private sheep breeders were screened. In the present study a total of 15.2% of samples were positive for different Campylobacter spp. by PCR. C. jejuni and C. coli were detected individually or coexisting by PCR in the rectal swabs from all farms, while C. fetus subsp. fetus was detected only in the vaginal swabs from private sheep farms and abortion samples. Additionally, C. jejuni was also isolated from vaginal swabs. A total of 5, 20 and 18 samples were confirmed positive by PCR for C. fetus subsp. fetus, C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively. The Campylobacter isolates obtained in the present study were screened for flaA, cdtB, cadF, wlaN, pldA, virB and dnaJ virulence determinants. However, the isolates harboured flaA, cdtB and cadF virulence determinants only. The recovery of virulent Campylobacter isolates from healthy sheep fecal swabs in the present study may have longer human health implications. The presence of abortive strains of C. jejuni and C fetus subsp. fetus in sheep farms has long term economic implications in the Kashmir valley. This study emphasizes the need for efforts to be taken on farms to prevent animal infections and minimizing human exposure to these pathogens through proper hygiene and production practices as suggested by World Organization for Animal Health (OIE).

Bi-environmental evaluation of oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes for yield and nutritional traits under cold stress conditions using multivariate analysis

AbstractOat being a rabi/winter crop in Kashmir, experiences extremely low temperatures which has detrimental effects on its growth and development. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate a set of 130 oat genotypes in multi-location trials across temperate conditions of Kashmir valley from 2018 to 2022. From the preliminary data of 56 genotypes, including five checks, were selected and evaluated for nutritional and yield attributing traits under cold stress conditions at two locations. The results demonstrated significant genetic variation and high heritability for majority of traits, except for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and dry fodder. Positive correlations were observed between green fodder yield and other traits, indicating their potential for enhancing yield. Principal component analysis identified four principal components that accounted for 69.87% of the total variation. Cluster analysis categorized the genotypes into two main clusters and six sub-clusters. Frost damage assessment was conducted at tillering stage after the snow melted in late January 2021 and 2022 using cold tolerance rating scale and subsequently tested for chilling injury through an electrolyte leakage test. From field and lab data analysis, five most promising cold tolerant, nutritious and high-yielding genotypes were identified. These genotypes have significant potential for utilization in future breeding programmes to improve cold tolerance in cultivated oats within the Kashmir valley thus promoting agricultural productivity and sustainability. The outcomes also provide valuable insights into the genetic variation, heritability, genotype-by-environment interactions, correlations and cold tolerance of oat genotypes in Kashmir.

A Study on Fish Consumption Pattern among Pregnant Women in Kashmir Valley

Fish is one of the most important sources of animal protein, vitamins, minerals and fatty acids, essential for the maintenance of health and metabolism. Besides, fish is reckoned as an ideal diet for expectant and lactating women owing to its high nutritional value and health benefits. In this paper, in order to assess the fish consumption pattern among the pregnant women of Kashmir, the current study was carried out in Kashmir valley of J&K region during June 2023. We explained the purpose of study to the respondents and after taking their consent, we chose 200 respondents at random on the basis of consecutive sampling procedure during the study period using a well- designed validated questionnaire and via direct personal interviews. The data collected from our survey was analysed statistically and interpreted using appropriate statistical tools. The study revealed that majority of the respondents consumed fish occasionally during pregnancy. The major reason for inappreciable consumption was found to be the lack of awareness about the health benefits of fish during this phase. Moreover, consumption pattern of fish was related to the educational background of the respondents as comparatively higher percentage of respondents who consumed fish was found to be educated. However the consumption pattern was not significantly associated with the family status. Hence, the study elicits the need to effectively communicate the benefits of fish consumption in order to encourage proper nutrient intake among pregnant and lactating mothers and their children.

Mosses from Kashmir

A collection of mosses was made by the author during Sept.-Oct., 1961, from Kashmir which lies between 32° 18'-37° N and 73° 26'-80° E in N. W. corner of India. The areas covered are the mountainous regions surrounding the Kashmir valley with altitudes ranging from 2000-4500 m above sea level. Altogether 414 packets of mosses were collected which yielded 107 species and 6 varieties, spreading over to 51 genera and 22 families. These include one new species Habrodon kashmiriensis Vohra sp. nov. and 6 species and 1 variety new to India. In this paper all the species are enumerated with field data and distribution.

PREHISTORIC KASHMIR: UNRAVELING THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF NEOLITHIC ARTIFACTS

In the present paper, we have carried out a systematic study of the important archaeological remains recovered from the Neolithic sites in the Kashmir valley that were excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India. It is also evident from the earlier studies carried out by various Scholars that more than fifty-five Neolithic sites were discovered in the Jammu and Kashmir region, and two in the Ladakh region. The Neolithic remains were found at nine sites during the field work but among these only four Neolithic sites were systematically excavated extensively. These are Burzahom, Gufkral, Simthan and Kanispur. The archaeological artifacts reported from these Neolithic sites in the Kashmir valley were mainly pottery, terracotta objects, metal objects, stone objects, paste Objects and semi-precious stones. In the present paper, an analytical estimation of Neolithic culture such as the structural remains, ceramic assemblages, metal objects, terracotta objects, shell objects, bone objects, and stone objects are studied. The information provided in the present paper about the Neolithic culture in Kashmir is based on the excavations of these four Neolithic archaeological sites in Kashmir Valley such as Burzahom, Gufkral, Simthan and Kanispur. Many other Neolithic settlements are reported in the Kashmir valley which are still waiting for the excavation.