Karanja Oil Research Articles

Lipase immobilized graphene oxide biocatalyst assisted enzymatic transesterification of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) oil and downstream enrichment of biodiesel by solar-driven direct contact membrane distillation followed by ultrafiltration

The present experimental investigation has shown the biodiesel production from 2nd generation renewable carbon source, Karanja seed oil using graphene oxide (GO) immobilized lipase biocatalyst. The adsorption of lipase in GO was found to be most suitable immobilizing support matrix (adsorbed ~94 mg/g of GO) due to large specific surface area and abundant functional groups. The GO immobilized enzyme i.e. biocatalysts assisted enzymatic transesterification yielded ~88% of biodiesel using 1:8 Karanja oil: ethanol ratio, 25 °C, 3% biocatalysts in 24 h reaction time. The newly designed solar-driven direct contact membrane distillation module enables continuous separation and recycles of unreacted alcohol (>99% recovery) from transesterification reaction mixture while yielding ~41 Kg EtOH/m2/24h using commercial PTFE/PET hydrophobic membrane. Subsequently, free glycerol was removed up to ~77% (permeate concentration ≤0.018 mass%) by cross-flow membrane module fitted with flat-sheet polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane. The integration of GO-based biocatalyst assisted transesterification and multi-staged membrane system for downstream enrichment of fatty acid ethyl ester culminates in the development of a cost-effective, energy-intensive and eco-friendly system which represents a sustainable biofuel production process.

Effect of hydrogen enrichment in the intake air of diesel engine fuelled with honge biodiesel blend and diesel

In the current investigation, the enrichment of hydrogen with the honge biodiesel blend and diesel is used in a compression ignition engine. The biodiesel is derived from the honge oil and mixed with diesel fuel by 20% (v/v). Thereafter, hydrogen at different volume flow rates (10 and 13 lpm) is introduced into the intake manifold. The outcomes by enrichment of hydrogen on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics are investigated by examining the brake thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, HC, CO, CO2, NOₓ emissions, in-cylinder pressure, combustion duration, and rate of heat release. The engine fuelled with honge biodiesel blend is found to enhance the thermal efficiency, combustion characteristics. Compare to diesel, the BTE increased by 2.2% and 6% less fuel consumption for the HB20 + 13H2 blend. Further, reduction in the emission of exhausts gases like CO and HC by 21% and 24%, respectively, are obtained. This is due to carbon-free structure in hydrogen. Moreover, due to high pressure in the cylinder, there is a slight increase in oxides of nitrogen emission compare to diesel. The combustion characteristics such as rate of heat release, combustion duration, and maximum 2rate of pressure rise and in-cylinder pressure are high due to hydrogen.

Performance and Emission Evaluation of Diesel Engine Fueled with Karanja Methyl Ester

Petroleum based fuels are the main source of energy for the transportation vehicles. It is consumed in a very faster rate due to continuous use. Major drawback of fossil fuel usage is exhaust gas emission and it is non-renewable. The search for alternate energy source has been increasing; one of the better alternatives is biodiesel. The biodiesel can be effectively used as an alternate fuel instead of diesel as its properties is very close to diesel. The biodiesel extracted from Karanja oil is tested in diesel engine as B100 and B20 blend and its results were compared with diesel. It was found that the brake thermal efficiency is low for biodiesel and its blend compared to diesel. The specific fuel consumption increases for B100 and B20 than diesel due to its reduced heating value. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission is reduced considerably for B100 compared to B20 and neat diesel. At the same time the NOx emission is also observed to be decreasing for B100 and the NOx of B20 is closer to diesel. From the results obtained the Karanja oil biodiesel can be directly used in direct injection diesel engines and can be a better alternate fuel for the conventional one.

Biodiesel Production from Mixed Elengi and Pongamia Oil using Calcined Waste Animal Bone as a Novel Heterogeneous Catalyst

Recently, researchers have shown more interest towards biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oils. The main advantages of biodiesel as a fuel includes biodegradability, non-toxicity, renewability and low emission profiles. In this study, crude mixed oil was used as feedstock for biodiesel production using Heterogeneous Catalyst synthesized from waste animal bone. Initially, mechanical extraction process was used to extract the crude mixed oil from the seeds of Mimusops elengi, and Pongamia pinnata. The crude oil collected from different plant species was characterized using GC-MS spectral data to identify their fatty acid composition. Consequently, the mixed crude oil was converted into biodiesel in the presence of calcinated heterogeneous catalyst obtained from waste animal bone and the catalyst was characterized by SEM, XRD and FTIR spectral data. The effect of variables including methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time and rate of mixing on the biodiesel yield was evaluated and optimized. The characteristics biodiesel obtained from mixed oil were close to commercial diesel fuel and used as an alternative to diesel in near future.

Investigation on Performance and Emission of Pongamia Biodiesel Using Diethyl Ether and Zinc Oxide as Additive in Diesel Engine

Biodiesel is one of the better replacement for diesel fuel because of the depleting fuel resources. The cost of the biodiesel compared to diesel is major setback in commercialization. As mass production is encouraged the cost involved in production will reduce and may available at the cost less than diesel. Biodiesel is one of the promising source of fuel which stands as one of the better alternative diesel fuel. This study represents the production of biodiesel by using esterification and transesterification of pongamia oil which is obtained from pongamia pinnata. Diethyl ether and zinc oxide used as additive to enhance cetane number, properties of biodiesel. The DI diesel engine is tested for its Performance and emission characteristics using pure biodiesel, biodiesel with 5%DEE biodiesel with 50ppm of zinc oxide, diesel on four stroke direct injection diesel engine were studied. And found that biodiesel with 5%DEE gives better result than biodiesel. Biodiesel with added additives gives 5% higher brake thermal efficiency than diesel at full load condition, hydrocarbon emission less than 10%, carbon monoxide emission 40.35% less than B100, NOx is 0.7%, hydrocarbon 11.36% were lower than biodiesel. Thus, pongamia biodiesel with 5%diethyl ether can be used as one of the alternative source of energy for diesel.

Influence of Diethyl Ether on the Performance and Emissions of a Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel

India is one of the major importers of petroleum products and hence government of India has taken several steps to find suitable alternative fuels to the fossil fuels. The biodiesel derived from non-edible oils is considered as an immediate substitute for the fossil diesel. In this work, biodiesel was produced from non-edible honge oil and used as substitute for the diesel. The engine tests were carried out on a diesel engine which is most widely used for agricultural purpose. From the engine tests, we observed that the diesel engine performance with biodiesel is lower than the diesel due to lower volatility and slightly higher viscosity of the biodiesel. Hence, the objective of this work is to study the impact of diethyl ether (DEE) on the performance of the engine. The engine tests were conducted on a single cylinder, water cooled, compression ignition engine at steady state condition. The engine test results showed an increase in brake thermal efficiency and reduction in engine exhaust emissions such as CO, HC and smoke with the addition of DEE as an additive. From this work we conclude that the DEE can be used as an ignition improver for the honge oil biodiesel.

Experimental investigation of performance, combustion and emission characteristics of CI engine fuelled with turpentine oil diesel blend, camphor oil diesel blend, lemongrass oil diesel blend, mahua oil diesel blend, karanja oil diesel blend

Economic and Environment constraint of the developing countries brings them in position to find the new substitute for Fuel which is more economic, ecofriendly, higher efficient and sustainable. Many research was carried in the field of high viscous Biofuel which has been changed into straight oil to Biodiesel to suit the Diesel engine. This project deals with CI engine fuelled with low viscous Biofuel and narrate the characteristics of performance and emissions. This paper deals with Mahua oil – Diesel blend (M50), karanja oil – Diesel blend (K50), Turpentine oil-Diesel Blend (T50), Lemon grass oil – Diesel Blend (L50) and Camphor Oil – Diesel Blend. Low Viscosity and high calorific value of T50 supports for higher thermal efficiency and Lower BSFC when Compare to Diesel, C50, L50, K50 and M50. The High Viscous Biofuels M50, K50 has the Higher CO emissions because of improper. Diesel has the lower HC emission than T50, C50, L50, K50 and M50. Low viscous Biofuel T50 and C50 has lower Smoke emissions and higher Nox emissions. The T50 and C50 has the higher heat release rate and higher peak pressure which supports for proper combustion and results in higher BTE, NOx emissions.

Effect of reformulated fuel strategy on compression ignition engine compatibility using antioxidant additive and clean Karanja methyl ester

The present work aims at investigating the compatibility of antioxidant with biodiesel through the tribological assessment of a compression ignition engine. In this research work, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, a novel antioxidant, has been blended with clean Karanja oil methyl ester at the rate of 500 ppm. The compression ignition engine has been operated for 256 h of long-term durability tests in two different phases using clean Karanja biodiesel (KBD100) and 500 ppm antioxidant-blended clean Karanja biodiesel (KBD100@E). The study revealed that the compression ignition engine operated with KBD100@E fuel has exhibited low lubricating oil degradation when compared to clean Karanja biodiesel at same 256 h of operation. The long-term endurance test also showed that the kinematic viscosity, flash point and total base number of lubricating oil collected from KBD100@E-fueled engine were observed to lower than KPD100-fueled engine. Similarly, the wear metal concentrations were higher in lubricating oil of KPD100-fueled engine than that of antioxidant-added KBD fuel and diesel fuels. Furthermore, the surface roughness results also showed that the cylinder liner surface of KPD100-fueled engine was more smoothened compared to KBD100@E-fueled engine. The wear of piston rings was also noted to be more severe for KBD100-fueled engine when compared to diesel and KPD100@E-fueled engines. Finally, it has been concluded that the compression ignition engine life can be improved by the addition of antioxidant with biodiesel fuel.

Effectiveness of Pongamia pinnata oil as rejuvenator for higher utilization of reclaimed asphalt (RAP) material

An increasing trend in utilization of the reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) for pavement recycling is being noticed due to its cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability. Most of the studies recommend to add RAP only up to 30% except a few which recommends up to 50% based on the convenience in field application. However, there is a scope for higher RAP utilization through the addition of rejuvenators or recycling agents. In this study, a non-edible oil (i.e. Pongamia oil) obtained from Pongamia pinnata was used as a rejuvenator for design of recycled hot mix asphalt (HMA) with higher RAP content. Rheological tests revealed that about 5% dosage of the rejuvenator is adequate to meet the performance in terms of rutting and fatigue cracking. The rejuvenated binder was found to be thermostatically stable when exposed to temperature up to 230 °C as observed from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The performance of the HMA containing a varying percentage of RAP (30% to 70%) with the addition of a softer binder and with the addition of rejuvenator was studied or compared in terms of volumetric properties, indirect tensile strength (ITS), moisture sensitivity, resilient modulus, rutting and intermediate temperature cracking. Results indicate that by adding the Pongamia oil as a rejuvenator, RAP up to 60% may be used in the production of HMA without affecting the performance significantly.

Microscopic Spray Characteristics of Biodiesels Derived From Karanja, Jatropha, and Waste Cooking Oils

Abstract This study aims to assess the microscopic characteristics of Jatropha, Karanja, and Waste cooking oil-based biodiesels vis-a-vis conventional diesel under different ambient conditions in order to understand the in-cylinder processes, while using biodiesels produced from different feedstocks in the compression ignition engines. All test-fuels were injected in ambient atmosphere using a common-rail direct injection (CRDI) fuel injection system at a fuel injection pressure (FIP) of 40 MPa. Microscopic spray characteristics were measured using phase Doppler interferometer (PDI) in the axial direction of the spray at a distance of 60–90 mm downstream of the nozzle and at 0 to 3-mm distance from the central axis in the radial direction. All biodiesels exhibited relatively larger Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the spray droplets and higher droplet velocities compared to baseline mineral diesel, possibly due to relatively higher fuel viscosity and surface tension of biodiesels. It was also observed that SMD of the spray droplets decreased with increasing distance in the radial and axial directions and the same trend was observed for all test-fuels.

Exploring in situ integration of pongamia oil to improve barrier properties of polyurethane coatings

AbstractPolyurethane coatings have been the focus of continuous innovation, such as bio‐based coatings and self‐healing coatings. This study investigates the route achieving superior coatings by in situ integration of pongamia oil during the curing process. Stronger urethane and carbonyl bonds for these oil‐modified coatings are observed using Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals an increase in their thermal stability. A sustained high coating resistance and an increased Bode impedance (by ∼102 Ω cm2) for the oil‐modified coatings is observed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which is corroborated by the cyclic corrosion test. Scanning electron microscopy depicts a roughened coating morphology with an increased water contact angle due to the integrated oil‐polyurethane polymer chains. Further, a preliminary computational fluid dynamics confirms this inhibited electrolyte mass flow through an oil‐modified coating with denser regions as compared to a clear coating. A consolidated schematic model incorporating the experimental and simulation results is proposed.

Evaluation of recycled asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with Madhuca longifolia (Mahua) oil

Reuse of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material not only leads to environmental sustainability, but also lowers down the of construction cost. However successful addition of RAP is limited to replacement level of 50%, as it is believed that higher quantity of the RAP makes the asphalt more susceptible to fatigue and thermal cracking. Studies on rejuvenation of aged binders recommend that it is possible to use higher percentage of RAP by using recycling agents or rejuvenators. Different types of oils such as vegetable oil, tall oil, cotton seed oil, waste engine oil, pongamia oil and soybean oil etc. have been explored as rejuvenators. In this study, Madhuca longifolia oil (Mahua oil), another oil produced largely in eastern part of India has been assessed as a potential rejuvenator to design recycled Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) with high RAP content. Suitable dosage of the rejuvenator was decided based on the evaluation of rheological characteristics of the rejuvenated aged binder using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). Performance of the conventional asphalt mixture and rejuvenated mixtures containing RAP with varying (30–70%) RAP percentages was assessed in terms of volumetric properties, indirect tensile strength, moisture sensitivity, resilient modulus, rutting, fatigue, low temperature cracking. Results were compared with the performance of recycled HMA made using softer binder grade. Results indicate that recycled mixtures with RAP content up to 60% can be successfully designed with addition of Madhuca longifolia oil to meet the without notably influencing the performance of the pavement.

Correction to: Economic feasibility of biodiesel production from Pongamia Oil on the Island of Vanua Levu

The article Economic feasibility of biodiesel production from Pongamia Oil on the Island of Vanua Levu, written by Salvin Sanjesh Prasad and Anirudh Singh.

Improvement of PLA film ductility by plasticization with epoxidized karanja oil

In this work, karanja oil has been epoxidized and further used as biobased plasticizer to improve some properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA). The use of epoxidized karanja oil (EKO) has been studied because karanja oil is used in organic farming as an insecticide and generating an epoxidation of the oil can act as a PLA plasticizer. Melt extrusion was used to plasticize PLA with different EKO amounts in the 0–10 wt%. The formulations with EKO decrease the glass transition temperature as the EKO content increases and, in addition, generates an increase in elongation at break. Plasticizer saturation is observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) above 5% of EKO. PLA formulation with 5 wt% shows an optimal balance between the improvement of the fragility of the material, improving the elongation at breakage by 77%, using a relatively small concentration of plasticizer. Moreover, all materials were disintegrated under composting conditions at laboratory scale level.

Experimental investigation on the filtration characteristics of a commercial diesel filter operated with raw and processed karanja-diesel blends

With soaring fuel prices, engine emissions, and demand for energy security, the development of alternative fuels from renewable resources has become significant. The current work explores the filtration performance of a commercial diesel filter operated with diesel blends of raw and processed karanja oils. Three processes viz. esterification, transesterification, and degumming were performed with karanja oil, and their diesel blends (20% v/v) were tested in a continuous run filtration system. The fuel filter plays a significant role in removing the contaminants/impurities from the fuel. Hence, the pressure difference across the fuel filter was monitored at the flow rates (0.03 m3/h and 0.075 m3/h) and fuel temperatures (30°C and 70°C). Besides, the effects of weight gain and surface morphology on the filter characteristics were observed during the study. Further, the head loss factors of fuel filter under varying operating conditions were deduced from the experimental measurements. The results of different processed oil blends were compared with fossil diesel to find the suitable blend. By considering the fossil diesel as the reference case, the average pressure difference for the degummed blends was significantly lower compared to other tested blends, which highlights the importance of the degumming process. Furthermore, the tested images of filter revealed the presence of minor components such as sludge or gums on the filter surface for the fuel without the degumming process.

Combustion, performance and emission analysis of preheated KOME biodiesel as an alternate fuel for a diesel engine

In the present work, karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) biodiesel is used in a compression ignition engine to find an alternative to diesel. The use of biodiesel in a CI engine leads to poor performance and high brake specific fuel consumption due to the higher viscosity and lower calorific value of biodiesel. This problem can be reduced by increasing the injection temperature of biodiesel or its blends to a certain temperature. In this study, working fuel is tested at preheating temperatures of 95 °C for various loading conditions (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). Effect of different KOME biodiesel–diesel blends (B0, B30, B50 and B100) on engine performance, combustion and emissions is studied at different loads. At higher temperature, the viscosity of the fuel decreases which leads to better combustion, improves the atomization as well as vaporization of fuel in a diesel engine, resulting in higher engine performance and lower emissions of CO and HC, with slight increment in NOX and CO2 emission compared to unheated neat diesel and biodiesel blends. The result shows that for 100% biodiesel (B100) at full load, BTE is improved by 9.1% compared to unheated case. Preheating of B100 fuel upto 95 °C at full load decreases the BSFC, CO and HC emission by 6.5%, 8.1% and 10.6%, respectively, compared to unheated case.

Economic feasibility of biodiesel production from Pongamia Oil on the Island of Vanua Levu

This study presents the economic feasibility of biodiesel production from Pongamia oil, which can be potentially produced from approximately 58,897 ha of unutilized marginal lands available on the Island of Vanua Levu. The production analysis shows that approximately 488 million litres of Pongamia oil and 645 million litres of biodiesel can be produced from the total available land area. A cost–benefit analysis carried out to investigate the viability of such project displays a positive net present value and a benefit–cost ratio greater than 1 at all the discount rates up to 10%. The implications of economic feasibility for this project was investigated by carrying out sensitivity analysis, which shows that the project will be viable up to 5% discount rate with at least 5% increase in net present cost. The study projects large scale Pongamia biodiesel production from total available land area, however, such venture can be scaled down to some suitable scale of production at any lower costs upfront to substitute or blend Pongamia biodiesel with neat diesel for running inter-island shipping vessels, fishing boats and providing household electrification in the outer and remote islands of Pacific Island Countries.

Experimental investigation of diesel engine fuelled with different alkyl esters of Karanja oil

The rising pollution levels resulting from vehicular emissions and limited reserves of petroleum based fuels have left mankind in pursuit of alternatives to diesel. There have been stringent regulations generated by authorities around the world regarding vehicular emissions from internal combustion engines. To this end, researchers have been exploring different sources of alternative fuels such as biodiesel produced from non-edible oil sources such as Karanja, Jatropha accompanied by the alcohol fuels, methanol, ethanol, butanol and propanol. This work has experimentally investigated the impacts of various blends of Karanja biodiesel with a chain of fewer alcohols (ethanol, 2-propanol, methanol, 1-butanol and 1-pentanol) to identify the potential of higher alcohols in the production of biodiesel and application to the diesel engine. The results showed that the brake thermal efficiency was decreased by 3.3%, while an increased brake specific fuel consumption was recorded for KOPnE20 by 11.75% compared to the mineral diesel fuel, which could be attributed to the higher calorific values of the respective fuels. The emission results indicated that the carbon dioxide emission increased by 32.25% while the nitrogen of oxide emission decreased by 6.72% for KOPnE20 compared to the diesel fuel at full load condition.

An experimental investigation on engine characteristics, cost and energy analysis of CI engine fuelled with Roselle, Karanja biodiesel and its blends

Nowadays, the production of biodiesel from non-consumable vegetable oil feedstock is attaining more attention than the consumable vegetable oil for the complete replacement of the diesel fuel. Thus, Roselle and Karanja oil blends (RB10 and KB10) with diesel fuel were chosen for the present investigation based on their easy availability. In the current study, cost analysis for different biodiesels, energy losses for various fuels to varying conditions of engine load and experimental work were carried out, and their effects on diesel engine characteristics were analysed. The results showed that the brake thermal efficiency was lowered by 1.5% for RB10 and 2.8% for KB10 as compared to the diesel fuel. The brake specific fuel consumption was found to be higher by 5.5% for RB10 and 2.0% for KB10 than diesel. It was also found that 1.83% reduction in ignition delay period for RB10 and 2.02% for RB20 were attained at full engine loading condition. Moreover a reduction in the smoke and the oxide of nitrogen formation and a slight increase in carbon dioxide emission in the exhaust gas, were observed. Hence, it is concluded that Roselle and Karanja biodiesel can be used as suitable substitutes for the renewable source of energy.

Comparative performance and emission studies of the CI engine with Nodularia Spumigena microalgae biodiesel versus different vegetable oil derived biodiesel

Biodiesel is a renewable diesel fuel that can be burned in any unmodified diesel engine at any concentration. Biodiesel from Nodularia Spumigena microalgae produced by transesterification is used in the present study. Methyl esters of algae have been prepared after successful extraction of biomass in an open pond cultivation system. Biodiesel was blended with diesel fuel with the volumetric ratios of 10% (A10) and 20% (A20). The experiments were conducted on a constant speed (1500 rpm), 4-stroke diesel engine fitted with diesel particulate filter (DPF) at a fuel injection pressure of 180 bar. Methyl esters of Karanja oil, Rice Bran oil, and Castor oil were also tested in the same engine for comparison. BSFC values increased with increase in Biodiesel blend percentage in diesel. However, K20 and A20 showed fuel economy by 5.51% and 10.06% in comparison to diesel. The emissions of CO and HC with fuel A20 are decreased by 65.77% and 53.33% respectively. The NOx emission showed an increasing trend with the blending of algae methyl esters in diesel. The presence of DPF is credited for significant reduction of PM emissions. The results predicted that the usage of algae blends could be supported, although there is a slight reduction in engine performance and an increase in NOx emissions.