Karanja Methyl Ester Research Articles

Clean Karanja methyl ester compatibility study on long term tribological behavior of a compression ignition engine

The present work aims at investigating the lubricating oil degradation through long term durability study of compression ignition engine. A comparative assessment has been carried out for the operation of diesel and Karanja oil methyl ester as per IS 10,000 standards in two phases. In both the phases, the newly modified compression ignition engine has been operated for 256 h in 16 cycles of 16 h duration in each cycle. The lubricating oil samples have been collected at regular interval of 48 h of operation in both the phases and various physical properties of lubricating oil were tested in order to analyze the diesel engine life. Furthermore, the wear debris of all engine components was also estimated using Inductive Coupled Plasma- Atomic Emission Spectrometry during this tribological study. The results showed that total base number, kinematic viscosity and flash point of lube oil were perceived to be lesser in Karanja B100 operated engine. On the other hand, the pentane-benzene insolubles, density, moisture and ash content are observed to be higher in Karanja B100 operated engine than that of diesel operated engine. The concentration of wear elements was found to be higher in the lube oil samples which have been drained from Karanja B100 operated engine as that of diesel operated engine. The various parameters with respect to the surface profiles of the cylinder liners were recorded and compared in order to quantify the amount of wear for the cylinder liners of both engines. The percentage of weight loss piston rings is found to be higher in Karanja B100 operated engine.

Effect of reformulated fuel strategy on compression ignition engine compatibility using antioxidant additive and clean Karanja methyl ester

The present work aims at investigating the compatibility of antioxidant with biodiesel through the tribological assessment of a compression ignition engine. In this research work, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, a novel antioxidant, has been blended with clean Karanja oil methyl ester at the rate of 500 ppm. The compression ignition engine has been operated for 256 h of long-term durability tests in two different phases using clean Karanja biodiesel (KBD100) and 500 ppm antioxidant-blended clean Karanja biodiesel (KBD100@E). The study revealed that the compression ignition engine operated with KBD100@E fuel has exhibited low lubricating oil degradation when compared to clean Karanja biodiesel at same 256 h of operation. The long-term endurance test also showed that the kinematic viscosity, flash point and total base number of lubricating oil collected from KBD100@E-fueled engine were observed to lower than KPD100-fueled engine. Similarly, the wear metal concentrations were higher in lubricating oil of KPD100-fueled engine than that of antioxidant-added KBD fuel and diesel fuels. Furthermore, the surface roughness results also showed that the cylinder liner surface of KPD100-fueled engine was more smoothened compared to KBD100@E-fueled engine. The wear of piston rings was also noted to be more severe for KBD100-fueled engine when compared to diesel and KPD100@E-fueled engines. Finally, it has been concluded that the compression ignition engine life can be improved by the addition of antioxidant with biodiesel fuel.

Selection of Karanja Biodiesel Blend for Engine Performance by using TOPSIS and VIKOR Method

Demand for energy is increasing due to the development of industries, expanding urbanization, and population growth which further increases the use of fossil fuel in large amount. This also affects an environmental pollution and engine sector too. In internal combustion (IC) engines, alternative fuel blends has one of the most important decision for balancing a number of opinions and criteria for making different strategic decision by an engine expert. Choice of alternative sources of suitable blending of biodiesel and biodiesel plays an important role in engine sector. In this paper, discuss the Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques is used for selecting the best alternative blend of Karanja methyl ester biodiesel to fulfil the demand in IC engine sector. Optimization was done by using of VIKOR (Visekriterijimsko Kompromisno Rangiranje) and TOPSIS (technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution) techniques. The parameter considered for optimization includes brake thermal energy, brake specific fuel consumption at different load at different compression ratio as input. Emission parameters as carbon mono oxide un burnt hydrocarbon, carbon di-oxide, oxygen and oxides of nitrogen was also determined. A productive examination of the procedure and positioning of choices can be accomplished for enhancement blends choice through TOPSIS and VIKOR techniques. Starting with normalized and weighted normalized decision matrix, positive and negative ideal solution, the distance of alternative from positive and negative ideal solution was calculated and closeness coefficient of alternative in the form of ranking of alternative was done. It was found that a mix B75 was the most appropriate blend for Karanja biodiesel for best use in CI engine without influencing the emission and performance parameters.

Effect of Injection Pressure on Performance and Emission Characteristics HCCI Engines

Homogeneous Charged Compression Ignition engine (HCCI) is a suitable replacement of conventional diesel engines as it provides higher thermal efficiency and low oxides of emission (NOx) and particulate emissions. In HCCI engine, direct controlling of ignition timing is not possible. But it can be controlled by varying the engine parameters such as fuel injection pressure, inlet air temperature and exhaust gas recirculation. In this study, HCCI engine is controlled with changing the injection pressure of the fuel and analysed for the effect of injection pressure of the fuel for emission and performance of Karanja methyl ester fuel. The experiments were conducted on HCCI engine with fuel injection pressures of 2 bar, 3 bar, 4 bar and 5 bar and the optimum fuel injection pressure is found out. The results show that, the brake thermal efficiency is increased when the injection pressure is increased due to better atomisation and fuel penetration and also resulted in low emissions (NOx, smoke) compared with diesel engine.

Experimental Investigations on Emission Characteristics of Dual Fuel Mode Diesel Engine

Diesel engines are highly efficient and rugged due to their high compression ratios and are widely used in transportation and agricultural sectors. The main disadvantages of diesel engines are that they emit higher particulate matter and NOx emissions. The ever increasing cost of crude petroleum products and strict regulation norms laid down on tailpipe emissions has necessitated search for suitable alternative and renewable fuels for diesel engines to operate in dual fuel mode . In the present work KME20 (20% karanja methyl ester - 80% high speed diesel) and Bio-CNG (enriched biogas) are selected as fuels to operate the diesel engine on dual fuel mode (DFM) at 0.3kg/h,0.6kg/h and 0.9kg/h flow rates of biogas. In this study it is found that the thermal efficiency (BTE), NOx and Smoke emissions are lower, CO and HC emissions are higher for dual fuel mode diesel engine when compared to diesel engine normal operation.

Comparative study of Manilkara zapota and Karanja based biodiesel properties and its effect on diesel engine characteristics

ABSTRACTThe present paper deals with the comparative study of performance and emission characteristics of a multicylinder (Indica) engine fueled with Manilkara zapota methyl ester (MZME), Karanja methyl ester (KME), and neat diesel. Twenty percent of both biodiesel, designated by MZME20 and KME20, were tested in engine to assess their performance at different engine speeds. The physicochemical properties of produced biodiesels (MZME and KME) were well within the ASTM/EN standard limits. The experimental results indicated increased brake-specific fuel consumption and decreased brake power for both the biodiesel blends than that of neat diesel operation. At full load conditions, CO and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were found lower while NOx emissions were found higher for blended fuel in comparison to diesel fuel. Between the biodiesel-blended fuels, MZME20 indicated superior performance and least emission than KME20. Thus, from earlier study it can be concluded that 20% of M. zapota biodiesel can be used in a multicylinder diesel engine without doing any modification in existing engine.

Experimental studies of a diesel engine run on biodiesel n-butanol blends

In this study, initially, n-butanol at low proportions viz. 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% is blended with Karanja methyl ester (KME) respective proportions, and the blends are characterized. The blends are denoted as KBB5, KBB10, KBB15 and KBB20 where the numeric value followed by KBB indicates the percentage of n-butanol in the blends. The blends are used as test fuels in a single cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection (DI) diesel engine producing power of 4.4 kW at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The combustion, performance and emission characteristics of the engine are evaluated and compared with the diesel engine operation. Further, an oxygenated additive: diethyl ether (DEE) in small quantities is added with the optimum blend to examine the reduction of unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC) emission from the engine when it is run with a biodiesel n-butanol blend. Among all the four KME n-butanol blends examined in this study, KBB15 exhibits good performance and less emissions. The results are presented in this paper.

Production of Karanja Methyl Ester from Crude Karanja Oil Using Meretrix Lyrata Synthesised Active CaO Catalyst

Active calcium oxide catalyst was synthesised from Meretrix Lyrata (M.Lyrata) following calcination-hydration-dehydration technique. The catalytic feasibility of synthesised CaO was investigated in the production of Karanja methyl ester (KME) from crude Karanja oil (CKO). KME was synthesised through esterification using followed by transesterification utilising CaO in a two-step reaction process of CKO and methanol. The M.Lyrata shells were calcined at 900 ℃ and the catalyst samples were characterised using FTIR, SEM, PSA, and BET-BJH spectrographic techniques. A maximum fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion of 97.3 % was obtained at optimum reaction conditions including methanol-to-oil ratio of 12:1, catalyst concentration of 2 wt.%, reaction temperature of 58 ℃ and reaction time of 2 hrs. In a comparative study with commercial CaO, M.Lyrata showed a higher catalytic activity. The catalyst reusability experiments ascertaining reusability of CaO up to four reuse cycles had shown good efficiency. The economic comparative study confirms that CaO derived from M.Lyrata can be used as an alternative and feasible catalyst for biodiesel production. The KME fuel properties complied to EN-14214 biodiesel fuel standards.

Study of oxidation behavior of Jatropha oil methyl esters and Karanja oil methyl esters blends with EURO-IV high speed diesel

Poor oxidation stability of methyl esters is the major problem associated with its worldwide acceptance. As per the standards EN 14214 and prEN16091; and ASTM-D 7545-09 the oxidation stability limit should be 20 h for the blends and 8 h for neat methyl ester. One approach for increasing resistance of fatty acid methyl ester derivatives against autoxidation is to treat them with oxidation inhibitors known as antioxidants. This study examines the effectiveness of five such commercial antioxidants [viz. tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl gallate (PrG) and pyrogallol (PY)] on the storage stability of Jatropha methyl ester (JOME), Karanja methyl ester (KOME), and their 5%, 10%, 20% and 40% blends with low sulphur EURO-IV High speed Diesel (HSD) using Petrotest PetrOxymeter. The impact of the antioxidants strongly depends on the feed-stock used for biodiesel production. PY was found to be the most effective antioxidant for JOME and its EURO-IV blends; however, PrG has shown maximum effectiveness with KOME and its EURO-IV HSD blends. 500 ppm was found to be the most optimum concentration for both the antioxidants.

Effect of Compression Ratio on Combustion Performance and Emission Characteristic of a Direct Injection Diesel Engine Fueled with Upgraded Biogas–Karanja Methyl Ester–Diethyl Ether Port Injection

This work is an attempt to divulge the influence of compression ratio (CR) on the behavior of a 4.4 kW, single cylinder, air-cooled, diesel engine operated on upgraded biogas–Karanja methyl ester (UBG-KME) dual fuel. Earlier, an experiment was conducted by the authors to examine the use of UBG-KME-DEE (diethyl ether) in a dual fuel engine, and the results indicated that UBG-KME-DEE port injection functioned well and provided improved performance and lower emissions in comparison to the raw biogas RBG-KME-DEE mode. Nevertheless, the engine produced a lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) compared to that obtained with diesel operation. Hence, to increase the BTE, experiments were conducted with varied CRs (16.5, 17.5, and 18.5) of the engine, KME was injected at a fixed timing of 24.5 °CA bTDC, DEE supply to engine was limited at 6%, and the UBG supply was made constant at 0.9 kg/h. The test results indicated that UBG-KME-DEE operation with CR = 18.5 gave optimum results. An increase in heat release rate of...

Combined effect of compression ratio and diethyl ether (DEE) port injection on performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with upgraded biogas (UBG)-biodiesel dual fuel

In this present investigation, a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection (DI) diesel engine was modified to operate on dual fuel mode with upgraded biogas (UBG)-Karanja methyl ester (KME). In dual fuel mode, diethyl ether (DEE) was injected as an ignition improver through the air intake manifold of the engine to initiate early combustion of biogas in the combustion chamber. During UBG-KME-DEE operation the compression ratio (CR) of the engine was varied from 16.5 to 18.5 in steps of 1. During investigation, the engine load was varied from 0% to 100% in steps of 25. The DEE injection quantity and the KME injection timing was kept constant at 6% (vol%) and 24.5 °CA bTDC (found to be optimum from previous study by the authors) respectively. The results indicated that UBG-KME-DEE operation with CR 18.5 gave optimum result than those of other CRs. For UBG-KME-DEE-CR18.5 the BTE increased and BSFC decreased by about 7% and 2.2% respectively, than that of KME. A reduction in the specific CO, specific HC, and smoke emissions of 42.2%, 39.5%, and 42.8% was observed for UBG-KME-DEE-CR18.5 in comparison to diesel at full load respectively. However, the specific NO emission for UBG-KME-DEE-CR18.5 was 7.6% higher than that of diesel, but it was 1.2% lower than that of KME, at full load.

Experimental investigation on the behavior of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with Karanja methyl ester-biogas dual fuel at different injection timings

The present investigation explores the possibility of using Karanja methyl ester (KME) as a pilot fuel in a biogas run direct injection (DI) diesel engine of rated power 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm, with compression ratio of 17.5:1. The biogas was inducted with the intake air, and KME was injected directly into the combustion chamber. The injection timing of the pilot fuel, in the biodiesel dual fuel mode (BDFM) was varied from 21.5 °CA bTDC to 27.5 °CA bTDC in steps of 1.5 °CA. The BDFM with injection timing was denoted as BDFMX, where X indicates the injection timing. BDFM24.5 (biodiesel dual fuel mode of 24.5 °CA) gave better performance and lower emissions than those of other injection timings. The results showed that, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for BDFM24.5 was found to be higher by about 23.9% than that of KME, at full load. About 6.6% increase in the brake thermal efficiency was observed for BDFM24.5 in comparison with BDFM23.0, at full load. BDFM24.5 gave a reduction in the CO, HC and smoke emissions of 17.1%, 18.2% and 2.1%, in comparison with the BDFM23.0, at full load, respectively. But, the NO emission for BDFM24.5 was higher by about 5.5% than that of BDFM23.0, at full load.

Multi-response optimization of DI diesel engine performance parameters using Karanja methyl ester by applying Taguchi-based principal component analysis

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the optimization of parameters using the Taguchi method and principal component analysis (PCA). Five controllable factors were selected for optimization. The single-objective optimization of performance and emission characteristics was studied by the Taguchi approach. PCA has been adapted to transform a multi-objective optimization problem into a single objective function, called a composite principal component. Results of PCA were analyzed by a confirmation experiment.

Effects of diethyl ether (DEE) injection on combustion performance and emission characteristics of Karanja methyl ester (KME)–biogas fueled dual fuel diesel engine

Despite of simultaneous reduction of the nitric oxide (NO) and smoke emissions in a biogas–KME (Karanja methyl ester) fueled dual fuel engine, there seems to be lower efficiency, higher fuel consumption, and longer ignition delay period. In this study, an attempt has been made to increase the thermal efficiency, reduce the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and reduce the ignition delay as much as close to that of diesel, in biogas–KME run dual fuel diesel engine, applying DEE port injection strategy. In KME–biogas–DEE operation, biogas was inducted through the intake manifold using a gas mixing kit and small quantity of DEE (2%, 4%, and 6%) was injected with the help of an electronic injector. In dual fuel mode, the KME injection timing was set at 24.5°CA bTDC, while biogas was inducted at an optimum flow rate of 0.9kg/h. The dual fuel operation of BDFM24.5/DEE4 (biodiesel biogas dual fuel mode with injection timing of 24.5 and DEE injection of 4%) gave better results in terms of the combustion, performance and emission characteristics, than those of other DEE injection cases. BDFM24.5/DEE4 gave an increase in BTE of 2.3% and reduction in BSFC of about 5.8% than that of BDFM24.5 at full load. A reduction in CO, HC, and smoke emissions of 12.2%, 10.6%, and 5.7% was observed for BDFM24.5/DEE4 in comparison with BDFM24.5, at full load respectively. But the NO emission for BDFM24.5/DEE4 was 12.7% higher than that of BDFM24.5, at full load.

Exergy and Energy Analysis of Diesel Engine using Karanja Methyl Ester under Varying Compression Ratio

In the present study, there is a need to reduce the consumption of conventional fuel and related fossil fuels. So, in order to promote the use of renewable sources such as biofuels there is a requirement for the effective evaluation of the performance of engines based on the second law of thermodynamic. In this paper, the analysis of energy, exergy, mean gas temperature and exhaust gas temperature of a compression ignition (CI) engine using diesel and Karanja methyl ester blends are done. The results are calculated at various compression ratios under full load and at different engine loads at a compression ratio of 18:1. It is observed that the exergy efficiency, mean gas temperature, brake thermal efficiency increases with increase in compression ratio as well as load. The exhaust gas temperature and destruction of exergy decreases with increase in compression ratio and increases with increase in load for all blends of fuel.

Simultaneous reduction of NOx and smoke in a dual fuel DI diesel engine

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation conducted on a compression ignition (CI) engine, modified to run on dual fuel mode, using biogas as a primary fuel and KME (Karanja methyl ester) as a pilot fuel. The biogas was produced by anaerobic digestion of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) seed cakes. In dual fuel mode, the biogas was inducted at four different flow rates, viz. 0.3kg/h, 0.6kg/h, 0.9kg/h and 1.2kg/h through the intake manifold of the engine. The biogas flow rate of 0.9kg/h gave a better performance and lower emissions, than those of the other flow rates. The NO and smoke emissions were found to be lower by about 34% and 14%, than those of KME operation, at full load. The ignition delay was longer by about 1–2 °CA in the dual fuel operation, than that of KME at full load. The part load performance was found to be better in dual fuel operation, with reduced emissions of NO and smoke, in comparison with KME. The ignition delay at part load in dual fuel operation was also lower than that of KME operation.

An Experimental Investigation on a Diesel Engine Fueled by Biodiesel and its Emulsions with Wood Pyrolysis Oil

This article describes the possible utilization of three emulsions obtained from karanja methyl ester (KME) and wood pyrolysis oil (WPO) as fuels in a direct injection diesel engine. For this study, the three emulsions, namely, WPO5, WPO10, and WPO15 were prepared by taking WPO at 5%, 10%, and 15% with KME at 95%, 90%, and 85%, respectively, using a suitable surfactant for preparing water-in-oil emulsion. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the combustion, performance, and emission parameters of a single cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled, direct injection, diesel engine running with the three emulsions. The results of the experiments were compared with diesel operation. The test results indicate that lower ignition delay and high peak cylinder pressures are observed with KME-WPO emulsions. The KME and KME-WPO emulsions exhibit lower specific energy consumption and higher exhaust gas temperatures. Results also indicate that nitric oxide emissions for KME and WPO5, WPO10, and WPO15 emulsions are higher by about 16%, 10.8%, 2.2%, and 0.5% compared with that of diesel fuel at full load. The hydrocarbon emissions for KME, WPO5, WPO10, and WPO15 are found to be lower by about 7.1%, 50%, 42.8%, and 28.5%, respectively, compared with that of diesel at full load. The percentage reduction in the smoke density by 25%, 21.4%, 16%, and 10% is achieved with KME, WPO5, WPO10, and WPO15, respectively, at full load when compared with diesel fuel.

Performance and emission analysis of blends of karanja methyl ester with diesel in a compression ignition engine

On the face of the upcoming energy crisis, vegetable oils have come up as a promising source of fuel. They are being studied widely because of their abundant availability, renewable nature and better performance when used in engines. An experimental investigation was made to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using different blends of methyl ester of karanja with diesel. Karanja methyl ester was blended with diesel in proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 100% by mass. The performance parameters were found to be very close to that of diesel. The brake thermal and mechanical efficiencies were better than diesel for some specific blending ratios under certain loads. The emission characteristics were also found to be better than diesel with levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydrocarbons lower than pure diesel.

The effect of karanja oil methyl ester on Kirloskar HA394DI diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions

Biofuels are being investigated as potential substitutes for current high pollutant fuels obtained from the conventional sources. The primary problem associated with using straight vegetable oil as fuel in a compression ignition engine is caused by viscosity. The process of transesterifiction of vegetable oil with methyl alcohol provides a significant reduction in viscosity, thereby enhancing the physical properties of vegetable oil. The Kirloskar HA394 compression ignition, multi cylinder diesel engine does not require any modification to replace diesel by karanja methyl ester. Biodiesel can be used in its pure form or can be blended with diesel to form different blends. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the potential of karanja oil methyl ester and its blend with diesel from 20% to 80% by volume. Engine performance and exhaust emissions were investigated and compared with the ordinary diesel fuel in a diesel engine. The experimental results show that the engine power of the mixture is closed to the values obtained from diesel fuel and the amounts of exhaust emissions are lower than those of diesel fuel. Hence, it is seen that the blend of karanja ester and diesel fuel can be used as an alternative successfully in a diesel engine without any modification and in terms of emission parameters; it is an environmental friendly fuel.

Karanja (Pongamia Pinnata) biodiesel production in Bangladesh, characterization of karanja biodiesel and its effect on diesel emissions

This paper presents production of biodiesel (BD) from non-edible renewable karanja (Pongamia Pinnata) oil, determination of BD properties and influence of BD on engine performance and emissions. Bangladesh imports 2.4 million metric ton (MT) DF each year [M.N. Nabi, M.S. Akhter, K.M.F. Islam, Prospect of biodiesel production from jatropha curcas, a promising non edible oil seed in Bangladesh. International Conference on Mechanical Engineering (ICME, Dhaka, Bangladesh) Proceedings 2007, paper no. ICME07-TH-06. [1]]. It has 0.32 million hectare of unused land [M.N. Nabi, S.M.N. Hoque, M.S. Uddin, Prospect of Jatropha curcas and pithraj cultivation in Bangladesh. Journal of Engineering and Technology. IUT Dhaka, Bangladesh, 7 (1) (2009) 41-54.[2]]. It has been found that cultivating of karanja plant in such unused land; Bangladesh can reduce DF import by 28%. Karanja methyl ester (KME), which is termed as BD, has been produced by well-known transesterification process. The properties of B100 (B100) and its blends were determined mainly according to ASTM standard and some of them were as per EN14214 standard. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that the DF fuel contained mainly alkanes and alkens, while the B100 contained mainly esters. The gas chromatography (GC) of B100 revealed that a maximum of 97% methyl ester was produced from karanja oil. Engine experiment result showed that all BD blends reduced engine emissions including carbon monoxide (CO), smoke and engine noise, but increased oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Compared to DR B100 reduced CO. and smoke emissions by 50 and 43%, while a 15% increase in NOx emission was observed with the B100. Compared to DF, engine noise with B100 was reduced by 2.5 dB. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.