Karakaya Dam Lake Research Articles

Reflections of the Sivrice-Elazıg Earthquake on 24th January 2020 on Geomorphology and Analysis of the Linear Lines in the Karakaya Dam Lake

Bu çalışmada, Sivrice-Elazığ depreminin jeomorfolojiye yansıması ve depremden sonra Karakaya Baraj Gölü’nde oluşan çizgisel hatlar analiz edilmiştir. 24 Ocak 2020 tarihinde, Elazığ’ın güneybatısında, merkez üssü Sivrice ilçesine bağlı Çevrimtaş köyünde 6.8 büyüklüğünde şiddetli bir deprem yaşanmıştır. Bu depremde 37’si Elazığ’da, 4’ü Malatya’da olmak üzere 41 kişi hayatını kaybetmiş ve on binlerce bina ağır hasar almıştır. Depremden sonra, sahada araştırma yapan bir grup araştırmacı tarafından 30 Ocak 2020 tarihinde, Doğanyol kuzeyinde Karakaya Baraj Gölü üzerinde gözlenen ve fayla çakışan beyaz çizgisellikler, su veya gaz çıkışı olarak rapor edilmiştir. Ancak bu rapordan sonra farklı tarihlerde aynı alanlarda yapılan arazi çalışmalarında bu çizgiselliklerin tekrar oluştuğu görülmüştür. İlk arazi gözlemlerinde faylarla çakışan beyaz çizgisel hatların içerisinde köpük ve bitki parçalarının varlığı, beyaz çizgiselliklerin gaz çıkışı olduğunu şüpheli hale getirmiştir. Bu amaçla Doğu Anadolu Fayı’nın Fırat Vadisi’ni ötelediği alanlarda baraj gölü üzerine saman ve köpük bırakılarak deney yapılmıştır. Deney sonucunda dalganın olmadığı dönemde bırakılan malzemenin şekilsiz dağıldığı, dalganın başlaması ile oluşan köpükler ve su yüzeyine bırakılan malzemenin fayla aynı doğrultuda dizilerek beyaz çizgisel hatlar oluşturduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bu veriler göl yüzeyinde oluşan beyaz çizgisel hatların gaz çıkışı dışında morfoloji ve hava hareketlerine bağlı, dalga etkisiyle oluşan özel bir oluşum olduğunu göstermektedir.

A Study on Planktonic and Epipelic Algae Occurring in Karakaya Dam Lake (Elazığ, Türkiye)

This study aimed to determine the species composition of two algal associations in Karakaya Dam Lake. For this purpose, monthly variations in species composition of phytoplankton and seasonally variations in epipelic algae occurring in the dam lake were studied between June 2010 and May 2011. Five stations were selected in Karakaya Dam Lake. A total of 38 algal taxa belonging to Bacillariophyta (27 taxa), Charophyta (2 taxa), Chlorophyta (3 taxa), Cyanobacteria (3 taxa), Miozoa (2 taxa) and Ochrophyta (1 taxon) were identified in the phytoplankton. The diatom genera Cocconeis, Cymbella, Fragilaria, Nitzschia, Stauroneis and Surirella were represented with two taxa in the phytoplankton. Ceratium hirundinella was noticed with its continuous occurrence in the phytoplankton throughout the year. A total of 25 algal taxa belonging to Bacillariophyta (21 taxa), Charophyta (1 taxon), Chlorophyta (2 taxa) and Cyanobacteria (1 taxon) were identified in the epipelon. Seasonal variations of algal species with respect to occurrence frequency and abundance were compared and discussed in relation to physical and chemical properties of the dam lake.

Temporal and spatial variations of zooplankton community and biochemical response due to water quality in a Deep Dam Lake (Turkey)

In this study, the zooplankton community and its relationship with environmental factors were investigated in the Karakaya Dam Lake (KDL). The physico-chemical characterization showed that there were obvious changes in the water quality and zooplankton population structure, which was mainly due to the organic matter source. Reactive phosphate (SRP) and nitrogen values were found in low concentrations. A total of 22 zooplankton taxa were determined, including 14 taxa of Rotifera, followed by 6 taxa of Cladocera and 2 taxa of Copepoda. The most abundant species were Synchaeta oblonga (Rotifera), Bosminia longirostris (Cladocera), and Cyclops scutifer (Copepoda). The abundance of zooplankton was highest in spring. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to examine relationships between measured environmental variables and zooplankton composition. According to CCA, dissolved oxygen, and SRP values, there was a significant relation to zooplankton abundant with these factors. The triplots diagram demonstrated variations of the structure of zooplankton population composition which can be explained by the environmental variables. Oxidative stress (catalase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase) and neurotoxicity (acetyl cholinesterase) biomarkers were analyzed in copepod species. Glutathione reductase and acetyl cholinesterase activities were significantly inhibited in the summer. Catalase activity was induced in the spring. The seasonal changes of biomarker indicated that the KDL may be at risk of pollution that originated from agricultural and industrial activities.

Keban Baraj Gölü tatlı su midyesi (Unio elongatulus eucirrus Bourguignat 1860)’nin, A, E, C vitamini, β karatone içeriği ve MDA değerleri

In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of domestic and agricultural discharge on the level of antioxidant vitamins A, E, C, β-carotene and malondialdehyde (MDA, an indicator of oxidative stress) in the muscle tissue of freshwater mussel as known bioindicator (Unio elongatulus eucirrus). The freshwater mussels were collected from Arguvan (uncontaminated reference site) and Battalgazi (exposed to discharge site) in the Karakaya Dam Lake. In order to examine the effect of this discharge on freshwater mussel collected from these two different regions, antioxidant vitamins A, E, C, β carotene and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The comparison between groups from the different localities showed that concentrations of the vitamins A, E, C, β-carotene and MDA were found statistically significant according to between the localities (p<0.05) The results showed that vitamins levels were higher and MDA levels were lower in the reference site.

Identification and Molecular Investigation of Diplostomum in Capoeta umbla Caught from Freshwater Sources, Turkey

In this study, identification of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene region in mitochondrial DNA of the Diplostomum specimens, which are parasitic in the eyes of Capoeta umbla fish naturally distributed in Karakaya Dam Lake, Keban Dam Lake and Lake Hazar, (Elazığ province) was performed. A total of 8 haplotypes were determined using sequence analysis of the mtCOI gene region and phylogenetic trees were constructed by determining the genetic distance based on these haplotypes by the Maximum Likelihood (ML), Neighbor Joining (NJ), Minimum Evolution (ME) and Bayes methods. As a result, the lowest genetic distance was 0,00209 and the highest genetic distance was 0,01264. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a closer relationship between haplotype 3 and haplotype 4. It has been evaluated that all the samples studied belong to Diplostomum spathaceum and that the parasite may have been spread by the main hosts between study sites.

A study of endohelminthes in some fish species caught between Kumlutarla-Gemici regions of Karakaya Dam Lake

In this study, 5 fish species caught from Kumlutarla, Tabanbuku and Gemici region of Karakaya Dam Lake were examined. A total of 595 fish; 200 Alburnus mossulensis, 117 Chondrostoma regium, 103 Capoeta trutta, 98 Capoeta umbla and 79 Acanthobrama marmid were used as study materied. In terms of endohelminthes. Three parasite species were found in 405 fish host Diplostomum sp. Metacercaria (Trematoda) was found in the eyes of. Alburnus mossulensis, Chondrostoma regium, Capoeta trutta, Capoeta umbla and Acanthobrama marmid. Neoechinorhynchus rutili (Acanthocephala) was found in abdominal cavity of Capoeta trutta. Khawia sinensis (Cestoda) was found in the intestine of Alburnus mossulensis and Acanthobrama marmid.

The Investigation of Meat Yield of <em>Acanthobrama marmid</em> Heckel, 1843 From Karakaya Dam Lake

This study was carried out to determine the meat yield of tigris bream ( Acanthobrama marmid) caught in Karakaya dam lake. In this study, 51 A. marmid were used and these fishes were found to be 22.45 ± 15.02 cm in length and 145.69 ± 28.87 g in weight . Analysis of meat yield was based on the calculation of the ratio between the body weight and the weight of organs, body parts e.g. head, fins, and internal organs. In present study age composition, sexual ratio, age-length, age-weight, length- weight relationship and meat yield of A. marmid were determined. The weight rate of viscera, head, fins, skin, carcass of A.marmid according to total weight were calculated as 14.79%, 14.49% , 2.38%, 11.59% ve 57.92% respectively.

Some heavy metals in the flesh of chub, Squalius cephalus, from Karakaya Dam Lake (Malatya, Turkey).

This research aimed to find out the levels of Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), and Cupper (Cu) in the flesh of Chub (Squalius cephalus) and in the Karakaya Dam Lake water in which they live. The findings were evaluated in terms of the risk of consuming of this fish as human food. In addition, the changes of the heavy metal level of fish with weight, length and sex of them. The accumulation factor for each metal was also found. The level of heavy metals in the flesh of fish were found higher than that in the water. The level of heavy metals changed with the weight, length and sex of fish. The results were compared with acceptable values for heavy metals given by FAO/WHO to detect whether the flesh of chub has any risk for consumption as human food.

Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Han Stream Spilled to Karakaya Dam Lake (Malatya, Turkey)

In this study, some physical and chemical properties of Han Stream (Malatya) in relation to water quality was investigated. For this purpose water samples were collected at monthly for eight months interval between December 2013-November 2014 (June- September is dry period). Water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen and flow rate were measured directly in study area whilst chemical analysis such as sulfate, silica, nitrite, nitrate, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, acide capacity and chemical oxygen demand were carried out in water quality laboratory by means of cell test through a spectrophotometer. Total hardness, salinity and organic matter were determined in accordance with methods in APHA (1985). According to the Water Pollution Control Regulation for Inland Water Resources, study results showed that Han Stream should be classified as class I (high quality water) in terms of all parameters except that total phosphorus values (II/III class, less polluted).

Determination of some heavy metals in Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Banks & Solander, 1794) in terms of public health.

In this study, the accumulation of some heavy metals in spiny eel (Mastacembelus mastacembelus Banks and Solander, 1794) living in Karakaya Dam Lake was determined and human health risk of this fish when consumed as food was examined. For this purpose, the amounts of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium(Cd), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) in water samples and in the muscle tissues of the fishes were determined. The amounts of heavy metals showed differences in the muscle tissues of Mastacembelus mastacembelus according to weight, length, sex and age groups of fish. In conclusion the amounts of heavy metals in the flesh of spiny eels were found lower than that recommended by EPA, WHO, FAO and TFC.

In-Situ Field Measurements and Numerical Model Identification of a Multi-Span Steel Railway Bridge

Abstract In this paper, in situ field measurements and analytical model verification studies of a railway bridge that spans Karakaya Dam Lake between the cities of Malatya and Elazig in Turkey are presented. The bridge consists of 29 simply-supported steel trusses, each having a 64 m span length, giving a total bridge length of 2029.60 m. To understand the actual behaviour of the bridge, static and dynamic tests on the bridge spans were performed. The bridge was instrumented with strain-gauges mounted on the surface of the bridge members, accelerometers placed on the piers, abutments, and truss members and an optical laser based displacement sensor located at mid-span. Then, a three-dimensional finite element model of the bridge was generated using commercially available finite element analysis software using frame elements, a thick shell, and spring and rigid bar elements. The initial numerical model was calibrated using an optimization procedure based on automatically adjusting the spring constants and rigid bar rigidities with the help of MATLAB. Finally, the validity of the calibrated FE model was examined by the vertical displacement measurements.

Investigation of tetracycline and degradation products in Euphrates river receiving outflows of trout farms

In this study, tetracycline (TC), epitetracycline (ETC), 4-epianhydrotetracycline (EATC) and anhydrotetracycline (ATC) concentrations were determined in the surface waters carrying outflows of trout farms. The samples were taken from downstream of Keban Dam and upstream of Karakaya Dam Lake, which are located in the Euphrates and Tigris River Basin. The occurrence of TC and degradation products (DPs) was proved in the sampling points which take the outflows of the trout farms. Tetracycline and DPs were under the detection limits in sampling points where the trout farms do not exist. The highest TC concentration was detected as 50.0 ± 2.5 μg L−1 (1st week), whereas the lowest TC concentration was 8.2 ± 0.41 μg L−1 (7th week). The highest ETC concentration was 88.1 ± 4.4 μg L−1 (3rd week)and the lowest ETC concentration was 9.4 ± 0.4 μg L−1 (3rd week). The highest and lowest EATC concentrations were detected as 35.8 ± 1.8 μg L−1 (2nd week) and 8.2 ± 0.4 μg L−1 (2nd week) respectively. The highest ATC concentration was 28.3 ± 1.4 μg L−1 (3rd week), whereas the lowest was 6.54 ± 0.34 μg L−1 (7th week). Tetracycline and DP concentrations detected in surface waters followed the following order: ETC>TC>EATC>ATC.

Relationships between fish age and otolith size in spiny eel: Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Banks & Solander, 1794)

In this study, the relationships of age groups with length, width, and weight of sagittal otolith in a total 187 specimens belonging to the spiny eel, Mastacembelus mastacembelus population inhabiting Karakaya Dam Lake were examined. Age groups of the population ranged between I and IX. The length,width, and weight of otoliths were found between 1.44-3.82 mm, 0.80-1.71 mm, and 0.30-3.80 mg respectively. There was a stronger and positive linear relationship between the otolith size (length, width, and weight) and age groups.

Assessing age, growth, and reproduction of Alburnus mossulensis and Acanthobrama marmid (Cyprinidae) populations in Karakaya Dam Lake (Turkey)

In total, 626 individuals of Alburnus mossulensis and 586 individuals of Acanthobrama marmid were collected monthly from Karakaya Dam Lake on the upper Euphrates River. The gonadosomatic index, somatic condition, oocyte size, and fecundity were calculated on a monthly basis. Reading of scales indicated that the maximum age was 4+ years for A. mossulensis and A. marmid. The estimated length-weight relationships were W = 0.206 × FL^{2.065} for females and W = 0.119 × FL^{2.138} for males in A. mossulensis, and W = 0.029 × FL^{2.678} for females and W = 0.030 × FL^{2.631} for males in A. marmid. Growth in length equations were L_{t} = 19.6[1 - e^{-0.14(t + 1.39)}] for females and L_{t} = 20.1[1 - e^{-1.40(t + 1.04)}] for males in A. mossulensis and L_{t} = 17.3[1 - e^{-1.37(t + 1.04)}] for females and L_{t} = 16.6[1 - e^{-1.29(t + 1.04)}] for males in A. marmid. This study investigated oocyte size and fecundity for A. mossulensis and A. marmid in Turkey for the first time. The spawning period was between May and August for A. mossulensis and between May and June for A. marmid. These 2 species usually play a key role in the food web of temperate freshwater systems. In addition to water quality, biological data of these 2 species are very important in terms of future water management of the basin of Karakaya Dam Lake.

Evaluation of vertical and horizontal changes in community structure of zooplankton in a deep dam lake

The purpose of this study was to describe the horizontal and vertical distributions of the zooplankton community structure in Karakaya Dam Lake. Rotifers were numerically dominant (81.89%) in the community during the study period; they were followed by Copepoda (10.32%) and Cladocera (7.79%). In the metalimnetic maximum oxygen zone between 5 and 10 m, cladocerans made up 70.1% of the total number of zooplankton in June and 27.3% of the total number of zooplankton in November. Oxygen values decreased at 10 and 15 m in September and November. While the abundance of rotifers and cladocerans decreased as well, cyclopoids increased (60% of total zooplankton at 10 m). Nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphate were at low concentrations. Relationships among zooplankton, abundance, and environmental factors were analyzed using the unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). UPGMA cluster analysis was used to illustrate unimodal species distribution by classification into 2 groups. Eigenvalues of axes clarified 42.7% of the cumulative variance in species data and 62.9% of the relationship between species and environmental data in the CCA. Many zooplankton species, rather tolerant to different environmental conditions, are good indicators for water quality and can be used for the biomonitoring of water ecosystems.

KEBAN VE KARAKAYA BARAJ GÖLLERİNDE YAŞAYAN Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843)’NIN BÜYÜME PARAMETRELERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

In this study; the growth characteristics of 1843 population of Capoeta trutta Heckel, 1843 living in the Keban and Karakaya Dam Lake has been studied and the results have been com-pared statistically. 259 fish out of Keban Dam Lake and 281 fish out of Karakaya Dam Lake; at total 540 fish have been analysed for the study. The age of the fish has been determined by looking at their otolith and the ages range from 1 to 8. Von Bertalanffy equation of the popula-tion in Keban Dam Lake has been determined as Lt= 91.79 [1-e–0.0600(t+2.2866)] in the females, as Lt= 95.30[1-e–0.0541(t+2.4362)] in males, and as Lt= 92.57[1-e–0.0577(t+2.3032)] in all individuals. The height- weight relation of the Keban Dam Lake population has been determined as W=0.0151 L 2.9274 in females, as W=0.0170 L 2.9019 in males as W=0.0168 L 2.9032 in all individuals; in Karakaya Dam Lake the relation is respectively as the following W=0.0210 L 2.8400; W=0.0237 L 2.8078; W=0.0211 L 2.8271

Metal accumulation in sediment, water, and freshwater fish in a Dam Lake

Metal concentrations were determined in water, sediment, and freshwater fish samples (Squalus cephalus, Barbus esocinus, and Barbus xanthopterus) collected from Karakaya Dam Lake, Turkey, to estimate the risk of human consumption and pollution. Metal concentrations differed between the species (p < 0.05) even as they were living in similar habitats. Metal analyses were performed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Cd and Hg were not detected in water, sediment, and fish samples. Also, Mn, Ni, and Se were not determined in water. The accumulation order of the metals were found to be Fe > Zn = Cu in water and Fe > Zn > Mn > Ni > Cu in sediment. In general, the accumulation order of elements in the tissues all of the species sampled were found as Fe > Zn > Se > Mn > Cu > Ni > Cd in muscle, Zn > Fe > Mn > Se > Cu > Ni > Cd in gills, Fe > Zn > Se > Mn > Cu > Ni > Cd in liver and gonad, and Zn > Fe > Cu > Mn > Se > Ni > Cd in kidney. It was concluded that the fish from the dam lake are not heavily burdened with metals, but they should be controlled periodically to avoid excessive intake of trace metals by humans, and to monitoring the pollution of aquatic environment.

Evaluation of PAH Metabolites in Bile of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio L. with Fixed Wavelength Fluorescence in a Field and Laboratory Study

The seasonal and inter-gender variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites in the bile of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was investigated with a field study in Karakaya Dam Lake (KDL) and a laboratory-conducted study with the fish samples of KDL and Sultansuyu Dam Lake (Turkey). The KDL has been polluted by urban, industrial, and agricultural activities for many years. A seasonal trend was seen in PAH metabolite levels with higher levels detected in May 2005 samples in KDL. Their levels in the bile of fish were not found to be related to sex which showed that gender is not a confounding factor on PAH uptake. The results showed significant decreases in bile metabolite levels in the KDL fish by approximately 75% versus increases in the SDL fish after acclimation at laboratory conditions. These results supported that PAH metabolites in bile were not stable and short-term differences in living conditions may lead to great differences in their levels. Moreover, these rapid changes in bile metabolites with acclimation may also indicate that dam lakes were not badly polluted with PAHs and the feeding status of fish should be taken into consideration when using bile metabolites as biomarkers.

Assessment of seasonal and sex-related variability of biomarkers in carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) from Karakaya Dam Lake, Turkey

This study examines seasonal changes in the activities of selected biomarkers in carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) from Karakaya Dam Lake and evaluates the influence of gender and environmental factors on those activities. Physicochemical characteristics of water were evaluated in the lakewater. Fish were sampled on seasonal basis, and liver ethoxyresorufin- O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione- S-transferase, glutathione reductase, plasma lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, and brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were assayed. Plasma vitellogenin level and hepatosomatic index and condition factors were also determined. Strong seasonal variations were observed but there were no gender differences among selected markers. The highest vitellogenin level of male fish was detected as 606 ng/mL which represents the estrogenicity of water in the lake in September 2005. In addition, the seasonal changes of some biomarkers such as EROD and AChE showed that the lake may be at risk of pollution by some xenobiotics arising from agricultural and/or industrial activities.

OTOLITH SIZE-TOTAL LENGTH RELATIONSHIP IN SPINY EEL, Mastacembelus mastacembelus (BANKS &amp; SOLANDER, 1794) INHABITING IN KARAKAYA DAM LAKE (MALATYA, TURKEY)

In this study, the relationships between total length and sagittal otolith size of a total 187 specimens belonging to the Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Banks & Solander, 1794) fish species inhabiting Karakaya Dam Lake were examined. The otolith lengths and widths were ranged between 1.44-3.82 mm and 0.8-1.71 mm, respectively. However, otolith weights were determined between 0.0003-0.0038 g. There was a stronger and positive linear relationship between the otolith size (length, width and weight) and total lengths.