Kaposi's Sarcoma In HIV-negative Patient Research Articles

Rituximab-Induced Kaposi Sarcoma in HIV-Negative Patients: A Narrative Review.

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a low-grade mesenchymal angioproliferative disorder that requires infection with human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) for it to develop. It is commonly seen in HIV-positive patients and rarely in immunosuppressed HIV-negative patients. Rituximab is a monoclonal anti-CD20 chimeric murine/human immunoglobulin G antibody used to treat B cell lymphoproliferative diseases as well as a variety of autoimmune disorders. Several cases of iatrogenic Kaposi sarcoma (iKS) have been described after rituximab treatment. The purpose of this narrative review is to identify the presence of common clinical characteristics among rituximab-induced KS patients that could facilitate better management of this rare condition.

Primary Classic Kaposi's Sarcoma Confined to the Vulva in an HIV-Negative Patient.

Dear Editor: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a vascular neoplasm associated with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) infection that is primarily categorized into 4 different types: endemic (African), iatrogenic (associated with immuno-suppressive therapy), AIDS-associated (rapidly progressive form in HIV-infected patients), and classic. The classic type is frequently observed in elderly male patients of Mediterranean origin and Ashkenazi Jews, presenting as an indolent disease with bluish-red (hematoma-like) cutaneous macules that tend to progress only slowly both horizontally and vertically and develop into firm angiomatous plaques and nodules. The most frequently affected sites are the lower limbs and feet; extracutaneous involvement is uncommon1. The lesions of KS are rarely localized exclusively in unusual mucocutaneous areas, thus leading to frequent diagnostic errors2. To our knowledge, there are no reports of KS confined to female external genitalia not associated with HIV infection. Here, we report the first case of classic KS restricted to the vulva in an HIV-negative patient. An 85-year-old Caucasian woman presented to our clinic for evaluation of asymptomatic vulvar lesions that appeared over the last year and progressed. Physical examination showed several brownish-violaceous angiomatous nodules and slightly raised plaques on both labia majora and minora (Fig. 1). No other significant mucocutaneous lesions were observed, and there was no evidence of inguinal lymphadenopathy. Furthermore, no other signs or symptoms suggestive of HIV infection or immunosuppression were present. The patient denied other health problems and drug use. Skin biopsy from a lesion on the right labia majora was performed for histological examination. The clinical diagnosis of KS was confirmed on the basis of revealing dermal proliferation of spindle cells, slit-like vascular spaces, and extravasated red blood cells (Fig. 2A). Immunohistochemical investigation also demonstrated positivity for D2-40, CD34, and CD31 (Fig. 2B). Moreover, polymerase chain reaction assay revealed HHV-8 DNA sequences in the lesional skin tissue; positive and negative controls were also tested and yielded the expected results. HHV-8 in the lesional tissue was also detected by in situ hybridization. Serological test for HIV was negative; chest x-ray as well as abdominal and pelvic computed tomography showed no visceral lesions. The patient refused all proposed treatments for the vulvar lesions, including intralesional therapy with bleomycin, cryotherapy, and laser photocoagulation. The 6-month follow-up did not show any disease progression. Fig. 1 (A) Several brownish-violaceous angiomatous nodules and slightly raised plaques on both the labia majora and minora, (B) magnified image of the lesions on the right labia majora. Fig. 2 (A) Dermal proliferation of spindle cells, slit-like vascular spaces, and extravasated red blood cells (H&E, ×200), (B) immunohistochemical positivity for vascular marker CD31 (×100). Overall, KS restricted to the external genitalia is a very rare finding that is more frequent in men, particularly on the penis; approximately 50 cases have been reported in the English-language literature3. Meanwhile, it is very uncommon in women, with only 9 reported cases, all of which involved the vulva2,4. Most cases of KS of the external genitalia are related to HIV infection. In fact, to our knowledge, only 15 well-documented cases of primary penile KS in HIV-negative patients have been reported5, while there are no instances of KS confined to female external genitalia not associated with HIV infection. All previous cases of vulvar KS were monolesional forms, clinically presenting as a non-specific mass, nodule, papilloma, or abscess; none were initially suspected to be KS2. The present case of classic KS restricted to the vulva is of particular interest because of its more typical clinical appearance than previous cases, with multiple lesions showing an angiomatous aspect as well as onset in an HIV-negative patient; the latter finding emphasizes the need to include KS in the differential diagnosis of vulvar disorders in immunocompetent women, especially elderly women.

Kaposi Sarcoma in an HIV-Negative Octogenarian with Steroid Refractory Colitis

Purpose: An 80-year-old HIV-negative Libyan female who presented to us in 2005 with iron deficiency anemia underwent colonoscopy, which revealed multiple small-mouthed diverticula in the sigmoid and descending colon and a small sessile polyp (which was biopsied). Pathology revealed benign mucosa with hyperplastic change and lymphoid aggregates - the patient was then managed conservatively. In 2009, she developed hematochezia with a hemoglobin of 8.7 and required blood transfusions. A colonoscopy at that time showed a diffuse area of congestion, erythema, and inflammation in the recto-sigmoid colon which was biopsied. The pathology revealed ulcerations, active inflammatory changes with cryptitis, crypt abscesses and epithelioid granulomas consistent with inflammatory bowel disease. During the following year, she was treated with mercaptourine, infliximab and steroids without clinical remission. She was ultimately referred to a colorectal surgeon for management of steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis. In December 2010, she underwent a proctocolectomy with end-ileostomy. The surgical specimen was submitted for pathologic evaluation. The histologic exam showed a submucosal spindle cell proliferation with formation of capillary, slit-like channels demonstrating high-grade nuclear atypia and high mitotic count. The lesion stained positive for CD34 and CD31 markers, consistent with vascular neoplasm. The patient was evaluated by Hematology/Oncology and was found to have developed multiple 0.5-1.0 cm purplish nodules bilaterally on the anterior lower extremities. Punch biopsies were taken and revealed similar morphologic findings to those seen in the colon. Given her Mediterranean background, further immunohistochemical staining for Kaposi Sarcoma was performed on both the colon and skin biopsies; these both stained positive for HHV-8, compatible with Kaposi Sarcoma. CT scan at that time showed multiple lung nodules as well as splenic lesions consistent with a metastatic pattern of spread. She was started on systemic chemotherapy with liposomal doxorubicin and responded well with resolution of her pulmonary and splenic lesions. Her anemia also resolved, and she had no further GI bleeding. There have been several reported cases of colonic Kaposi Sarcoma in HIV-negative patients with ulcerative colitis, although none in a patient as old as ours. This case demonstrates the importance of a high degree of clinical suspicion to diagnose potential HHV-8 associated Kaposi Sarcoma as an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised colitis patients, even those who are octogenarians.