KAP Questionnaire Research Articles

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices on hypertension among the health science faculty and students at the University of Namibia: A cross-sectional study.

Hypertension is a serious health concern, especially in developing countries, and assessing people's knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) is important for its awareness and management. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the KAP on hypertension among students and staff from the Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Faculty of the University of Namibia. A cross-sectional study design was conducted on adult participants who completed the KAP questionnaire while resting, and thereafter their blood pressure (BP) was measured. This study was conducted in September 2023. The sample comprised 99 participants (77 females and 22 males) aged 18 to 64 years. The majority (94%) of the participants had normal BP (≥140/90 mm Hg). The systolic BP of females (113.13 ± 13.70 mm Hg) was significantly lower (P = .011) than that of males (121.64 ± 13 mm Hg); however, there was no significant difference in diastolic BP between the 2 genders (73.58 ± 9.37 for females and 75.95 ± 10.55 for males; P = .311). Approximately 85% of the participants demonstrated a good understanding of the risk factors associated with hypertension. About 91% of the participants believed that hypertension is a serious health problem and were willing to change their daily routine to better manage their hypertension. Only approximately 39% of the participants regularly monitored their BP. Just above 50% of the participants regularly engaged in physical activities and made dietary modifications to maintain a healthy heart. It is important to host regular hypertension campaigns among health science personnel, as this would help refresh and improve their KAP in prevention and management.

Developing and validating Questionnaire for Knowledge, Attitude and Practices among the caretakers for Risk factors in Otitis media (RFOMQ-24) in children.

The objective of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire for analyzing Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) about risk factors in otitis media (OM) in children among their caretakers. The questionnaire was developed following a standardized protocol that consisted of a literature search, peer review, item generation, and expert validation, for construct, content and face validity of items in the questionnaire followed by a cross-sectional survey on 100 caretakers, this was followed by the reliability test of the items in Questionnaire. A KAP questionnaire with 24 items categorized under three domains knowledge, attitude, and practices was developed. The KAP sections have 12, 5, and 7 items, respectively. The Content validity ratio (CVR) of our questionnaire was 0.>0.49, Item -Content Validity Index (I-CVI) was 0.78, Scale content Validity Index average (SCVI a) was 0.9. indicating that all items of the questionnaire could be retained. The Independent Cronbach's α for KAP domains were 0.658, 0.731, and 0.522, respectively, and for the total questionnaire was 0 0.730, indicating good internal consistency. The developed questionnaire will help achieve a better understanding of the caretakers' KAP about risk factors in otitis media in children. This RFOMQ-24 has satisfactory validity and good internal consistency.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards pulmonary nodules among Chinese adults: a mediation analysis

The management of pulmonary nodules involves self-management. This study, conducted in China between September and October 2022, explored the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards pulmonary nodules among Chinese adults. The participants were enrolled through convenience sampling when they visited the hospital. The KAP questionnaire was developed by the investigators. Participants who received scores of ≥ 75% of the total score for each dimension were defined as good or positive, 50–75% as moderate, and ≤ 50% as poor or negative. A total of 1209 participants, with an average age of 38.7 years, completed a self-administered online questionnaire. The knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 5.95 ± 3.54/12, 29.05 ± 4.04/40, and 23.72 ± 6.08/45, respectively, indicating poor knowledge, moderate attitude, and moderate practice regarding pulmonary nodules. The multivariable analyses showed significant associations among knowledge, attitudes, and practice. The mediation analysis indicated that knowledge, education, income, smoking habits, and awareness of pulmonary nodules influenced participants’ practices. In conclusion, a significant population of adults in China had inadequate knowledge, attitude, and practice towards pulmonary nodules. Sufficient knowledge was associated with appropriate practices toward pulmonary nodules. Therefore, health education programs aimed at improving knowledge about pulmonary nodules may be helpful for encouraging appropriate attitudes and maintaining healthy practices.

EXPLORING VITAMIN D-RELATED KAP INFLUENCING FACTORS IN MIDDLE-AGED AND ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH ANKLE FRACTURES: A LOGISTIC REGRESSION AND DECISION TREE MODEL-BASED STUDY

This study aimed to analyze the factors influencing vitamin D (VD)-related knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) in middle-aged and elderly patients with ankle fractures using the binary logistic regression and decision tree models, thereby providing scientific evidence for VD-related recovery strategies. A Chinese version of the nutrition KAP questionnaire was administered in a Grade III A Hospital using random sampling for the investigation. Meanwhile, the factors influencing KAP were analyzed using the aforementioned two models. The results of the binary logistic regression model showed that the patient age [odds ratio [Formula: see text]; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.117–0.295], spouse education ([Formula: see text]; 95% CI: 0.267–0.422), and spouse occupation ([Formula: see text]; 95% CI: 1.078–1.693) were the factors influencing VD-related KAP. The decision tree chi-squared automatic interaction detector (CHAID) algorithm showed that spouse education, patient age, and living room lighting were the influencing factors, among which spouse education was the most important. VD in middle-aged and elderly patients with ankle fractures was affected by the age and the education level of the spouse. These two models can analyze the influencing factors of knowledge and practice, and can be used together to complement each other.

Patients’ perspective and practices of heart failure recurrence prevention in Yancheng City

Effective self-management is essential for patients with heart failure, but many struggle with acquiring the necessary skills. Given the complexity of heart failure management and the importance of patient adherence to prescribed regimens, this study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) concerning the prevention of heart failure recurrence among patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Third People’s Hospital of Yancheng City from September 1, 2023, to December 31, 2023, employing a self-administered KAP questionnaire. The study included 421 heart failure patients, of whom 230 (54.6%) were male. Median scores for knowledge, attitudes, and practices were 12.00 [10.00, 13.00] (possible range: 1–18), 20.00 [19.00, 21.00] (possible range: 5–25), and 16.00 [15.00, 17.00] (possible range: 5–22), respectively. Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated a positive correlation between knowledge and attitude scores (r = 0.183, P < 0.001), as well as between knowledge and practice scores (r = 0.169, P < 0.001). A higher attitude score was significantly associated with a higher practice score (r = 0.245, P < 0.001), as supported by structural equation modelling. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that attitude score (OR = 1.238), suburban residence (OR = 2.524), monthly household income exceeding 5000 RMB (OR = 3.539), BMI less than 20 kg/m2 (OR = 2.155, P = 0.029), BMI between 20 and 24 kg/m2 (OR = 2.387), and BMI between 25 and 29 kg/m2 (OR = 4.063) were independently linked to proactive practices (all P < 0.05). Additionally, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) elucidated the intricate relationship between sociodemographic factors and KAP dimensions. Despite positive attitudes and proactive prevention efforts, heart failure patients exhibit a knowledge gap. Tailored educational interventions by healthcare providers could effectively bridge this gap, leveraging patients’ positive attitudes and proactive behaviours to reinforce preventive measures.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Rural Households in Bojnourd, Iran Regarding the Fleas

Background and Objectives: Fleas are obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites of humans and animals, and their importance in general human health is mostly related to their ability to transmit infectious pathogens. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of rural households in Bojnourd, North Khorasan Province of Iran, regarding the fleas. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted from May to November 2020. The study population consisted of rural household members from 11 villages in Bojnourd City. The data were collected using a researcher-made KAP questionnaire with acceptable validity and reliability. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 20 using t-test and ANOVA. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: Of 408 participants, 209 (51.23%) were female and 199 (48.77%) were male. Most of them were in the age group of 21-30 years (37.01%), and less in the age group above 41 years (11.27%)., and were employed (n=109, 26.71%). A significant difference was observed in KAP score based on gender, age, educational level, and occupation (P&lt;0.05). The mean scores of knowledge, attitude and practice were 75.38%, 53.6% and 49.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The rural households in Bojnourd has a high knowledge of fleas, but their attitude and practice are low. Therefore, appropriate training programs are necessary to improve their attitude and practice

Enhancing Healthcare Providers' Response to Gender-Based Violence: Development and Validation of an Assessment Tool Using the Modified e-Delphi Approach.

Background Effective gender-based violence (GBV) interventions depend on precise tools to assess healthcare providers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP). This study aimed to develop and validate a culturally appropriate GBV questionnaire on the KAP of healthcare workers in India using a modified e-Delphi method. Methodology The study used a modified e-Delphi approach, conducted online, to validate a GBV questionnaire. The process included the following three rounds: content validation, quantitative validation, and finalization. It began with a literature review and questionnaire drafting in May 2022, followed by validation from September 2022 to December 2023. The expert panel included healthcare professionals, public health experts, and researchers. The questionnaire included the following four sections: demographic information, knowledge of GBV, attitudes toward GBV, and GBV-related practices. Results In Round 1, significant revisions were made to enhance relevance and clarity, including the addition of a "Don't Know" option and revisions to questions on gender roles and societal expectations. The quantitative validation of Round 2 revealed high scores for Importance (4.980), Usefulness (4.965), Relevance (4.965), Clarity (4.955), Simplicity (4.980), and Ambiguity (4.815), with all items retained and no significant modifications. In Round 3, consensus was achieved, finalizing the questionnaire with expert validation certificates, demonstrating strong reliability and contextual appropriateness. Conclusions The validated KAP questionnaire is a reliable tool for assessing healthcare providers' capacity to manage GBV. It can be used to inform and enhance interventions aimed at improving GBV management in healthcare settings.

Diabetes knowledge, attitudes and practices among Chinese primary care physicians: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a public health crisis that requires adequate knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) by health care providers to prevent or delay the progression of the disease. This study aimed to assess the KAP regarding T2DM among primary care providers (PCPs) in Central China.MethodsThis multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted among 971 PCPs using self-employed KAP questionnaires. Questionnaires were designed to evaluate KAP regarding T2DM among PCPs, and was measured with SPSS software. Descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression models used to analyze the data.70%, 80% and 70% of total values were considered as the cut-off point for defining good knowledge, positive attitude and correct practice.ResultsA total of 971 PCPs with a mean age of 44.0 ± 10.2 years were evaluated. 620 (63.9%) PCPs worked at village clinic and 605 (62.3%) PCPs have been working more than 20 years. Only 26.3% of the respondents participated in Continued Medical Education (CME) programs regarding diabetes in the past year due to Covid-19 pandemic. Overall, despite positive attitudes toward diabetes, there were substantial gaps in knowledge and practices. The PCPs scored 7.25 out of 14 points on the knowledge subscales, 7.13 out of 8 on the attitude subscales, and 4.85 out of 11 on the practice subscales. Gender, age, practice setting, professional titles, duration of practice and CME attendance were significant predictors of knowledge; Age, practice setting and duration of practice were significant predictors of attitudes; and family history of diabetes affected PCP practices.ConclusionsDespite positive attitudes toward diabetes, there were substantial gaps in knowledge and practices. These findings call for action from relevant health authorities and policy makers to improve PCPs’ KAP regarding diabetes in Central China.

Knowledge, attitude and practice toward to artificial intelligent patient-controlled analgesia among anesthesiologists: a cross-sectional study in east China’s Jiangsu Province

BackgroundInadequate postoperative analgesia greatly affects the recovery of patients, can poses a substantial health and economic burden. Patient-controlled analgesia is the most commonly used method for postoperative pain relief. However, the situation of inadequate analgesia still exists. Artificial intelligent Patient-controlled analgesia (Ai-PCA) system can make it easier for medical staff to understand the pain level of patients in order to deal with it in time. So far, several studies have investigated anesthesiologists’ knowledge and management of Ai-PCA.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the degree of anesthesiologists’ knowledge, attitude and their practice (KAP) towards Ai-PCA in east China’s Jiangsu Province.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted among 396 anesthesiologists working in tertiary hospitals. The data were collected using a pretested, structured and self-administered KAP questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Independent t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation and multiple linear regression tests.ResultsFive hundred twelve questionnaires were collected, 396 anesthesiologists (190 Male, and 206 Female) were included in our study for statistical analysis. The score of knowledge, attitude, practice was 5.49 ((SD = 1.65; range:0–8), 37.45 (SD = 4.46; range:9–45), and 26.41 (SD = 9.61; range:9–45), respectively. Among the participants, 309 (78%) and 264 (66.7%) had good knowledge and positive attitudes toward Ai-PCA, respectively. However, only 81 (20.5%) of the participants exhibited good practice regarding Ai-PCA. Participation in Ai-PCA training showed a significant correlation with knowledge, attitude and practice scores. Besides, age, years of experience and professional titles of anesthesiologists were correlated with knowledge scores. The title of the anesthesiologist was associated with attitude scores. And the marital status of anesthesiologists was correlated with practice scores.ConclusionOur findings revealed the score of practice regarding Ai-PCA are very poor among anesthesiologists in east China’s Jiangsu Province. The utilization of Ai-PCA was found to be impacted by whether the individual had received training. This calls for a comprehensive approach should be conducted for raising the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of anesthesiologist on using Ai-PCA and more Ai-PCA training to be included in the daily learning.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry (www.chictr.org.cn; 27/10/2023; ChiCTR2300077070).

The development and validation of a knowledge, attitude, and practice questionnaire of methamphetamine use

Methamphetamine is a synthetic psychostimulant that is showing a rising trend of usage among adolescents and youths. Its harmful side effects and high risk of developing addiction is a public health problem. Recognizing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on methamphetamine is critical in the planning of an intervention strategy. Currently there is a lack of KAP questionnaires on methamphetamine. The study aims to develop and validate a KAP questionnaire on methamphetamine-use for use among Malaysian adolescents. Following an extensive literature review, face and content validity were carried out among healthcare workers, the public, students, and local subject matter experts. A pilot study was conducted amongst 50 students to assess the test-retest reliability. The questionnaire was then distributed to two groups of 269 and 331 individuals for the Exploratory (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), respectively. The internal reliability was also assessed among these groups. The content validation consisting of Item Content Validity Index (I-CVI, ranging from 0.875 to 1.00), and Scale Content Validity Index (S-CVI/Ave = 0.941) both showed good validation scores. Test-retest reliability showcased an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of > 0.7, indicating its reliability. The model was constructed via the EFA resulting in four constructs, and the model’s goodness of fit was confirmed with CFA. An internal reliability was calculated with Cronbach’s Alpha and showed acceptable reliability (α-values > 0.6) for all constructs. The KAP questionnaire of methamphetamine use is a valid and reliable tool that can be used among Malaysian adolescents. The model arising from this study, can also be used as a guide for future intervention models for adolescent methamphetamine-use disorder.

Parental Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Early Childhood Caries in Bihor, Romania: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a significant global health issue, particularly affecting deciduous teeth in young children. ECC is prevalent in Romania, where nearly half of children experience dental caries. This study aimed to assess the influence of gender, age, and living environment on parents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding ECC in Bihor County, Romania, using a KAP-type questionnaire. A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and September 2024, utilizing an online KAP questionnaire distributed via social networks. The sample comprised 419 parents of children under six years old. Respondents provided socio-demographic data and answered questions regarding their knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning ECC prevention, treatment, and oral health. Statistical analysis was conducted using Chi-square tests to assess associations between demographic factors and parental KAP. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Of the 419 respondents, 83.1% were female, and 62.5% were between the ages of 31 and 40. Significant gender-based differences were found in knowledge about pain from caries (93.7% of female participants vs. 81.7% of male participants, p = 0.004) and the importance of brushing twice daily (93.7% of female respondents vs. 80.3% of male respondents, p = 0.010). Younger parents (aged 18-30) were more likely to affirm the effectiveness of fluoride (65.4%) compared to those aged 31-40 (53.1%, p = 0.02). Urban parents were more likely to correctly identify the timing of tooth eruption (59.1% vs. 52.6% of rural parents, p = 0.021). The study highlights gender, age, and urban-rural disparities in parental knowledge and attitudes towards ECC. These findings underscore the need for targeted educational interventions to improve oral health outcomes and reduce ECC prevalence in the Bihor region. Tailored public health strategies addressing demographic factors could enhance preventive oral health behaviors and reduce the healthcare burden associated with untreated dental caries.

Examining the Acceptability of Helminth Education Packages "Magic Glasses Lower Mekong" and "Magic Glasses Opisthorchiasis" and Their Impact on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among Schoolchildren in the Lower Mekong Basin: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

Helminths are a major global health issue, impacting health, educational, and socioeconomic outcomes. Infections, often starting in childhood, are linked to anemia, malnutrition, cognitive deficit, and in chronic cases of Opisthorchis viverrini (OV), cholangiocarcinoma. The main control strategy for helminth infection is mass drug administration; however, this does not prevent reinfection. As such, prevention strategies are needed. The "Magic Glasses" is a school-based cartoon health education package that has demonstrated success in improving knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surrounding soil-transmitted helminths (STH) in China and the Philippines. This study is designed to assess the acceptability and impact of the 2 new versions of the Magic Glasses targeting STH and OV designed for the Lower Mekong audience in Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), and Thailand. The objective of this study is to evaluate the acceptability of the "Magic Glasses Lower Mekong" and "Magic Glasses Opisthorchiasis" education packages among schoolchildren in the Lower Mekong Basin, and the impact of these education packages on students' KAP surrounding STH and OV, respectively. Schoolchildren will be recruited into a cluster randomized controlled trial with intervention and control arms in rural schools in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Thailand. Schoolchildren's initial acceptability of the intervention will be evaluated using an adapted questionnaire. Sustained acceptability will be assessed at 9-month follow-up through focus group discussions with students and interviews with teachers. Impact will be evaluated by KAP questionnaires on STH and OV. KAP questionnaires will be administered to children at baseline and at follow-up. Indirect impact on parents' KAP of OV and STH will be assessed through focus group discussions at follow-up. The trial is in progress in Lao PDR and Thailand and is expected to commence in Cambodia in January 2024. The results of the study are expected to be available 18 months from the start of recruitment. We hypothesize that participants enrolled in the intervention arm of the study will have higher KAP scores for STH and OV, compared with the participants in the control arm at follow-up. We expect that students will have initial and sustained acceptability of these intervention packages. This trial will examine the acceptability of the "Magic Glasses Opisthorchiasis" and "Magic Glasses Lower Mekong" interventions and provide evidence on the effectiveness of the "Magic Glasses" on KAP related to OV and STH among schoolchildren in the Lower Mekong Basin. Study results will provide insight on acceptability and impact indicators and inform a scaling up protocol for the "Magic Glasses" education packages in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Thailand. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12623000271606; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=385315&isReview=true. DERR1-10.2196/55290.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Breastfeeding among South Indians: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Research shows that exclusively breastfed infants have a 13% lower mortality risk. However, only 37% of infants in Low and middle income country (LMIC) are exclusively breastfed. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a Chennai hospital’s outpatient department, focusing on pediatrics. The study commenced after obtaining ethical clearance (99/IEC-SMMCHRI). Breastfeeding knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) scales were developed by modifying existing KAP tools. The KAP questionnaire was based on the World Health Organization. The same was applied to 250 consenting mothers. Results: Participants had a mean age of 27 years, with the youngest mother at 19 and the oldest at 40. Forty-one percent had finished high school, and 37% had completed undergraduate studies. Eighty-eight percent had strong breastfeeding comprehension, and 96% had a favorable attitude. However, only 32% exclusively breastfed. The study found significant correlations between knowledge and behavior (χ2 = 4.27, P = 0.04) and between attitude and behavior (χ2 = 5.69, P = 0.017). Mothers with adequate knowledge tended to follow recommended feeding practices, and those with a positive attitude displayed good practices. Conclusion: Despite positive attitudes toward breastfeeding, the cultural practice of introducing prelacteal food hinders exclusive breastfeeding, leading to negative outcomes. While there have been some improvements in exclusive breastfeeding rates, addressing this disparity could reduce child mortality rates. The outcomes of the research will be highly beneficial for primary care physicians in their efforts to promote exclusive breastfeeding among expectant mothers.

Development of Valid and Reliable Questionnaire to Evaluate Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Lifestyle Medicine Domains.

To develop and test the validity and reliability of a questionnaire that measures the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of LM domains among medical trainees through practicing physicians. The KAP questionnaire sections covered the nine domains of LM. The validation process included face and content validity. A total of 151 individuals from the medical field residing in Saudi Arabia were recruited through a convenient sampling technique to participate in the study. Item response theory (IRT) was applied to validate the knowledge domain, while exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to assess attitude and practice. Cronbach's alpha was performed to test the reliability of the three sections. The questionnaire contained 37 items of knowledge, 45 attitudes, and 28 practice items. According to the IRT analysis, 27 items of knowledge were within the acceptable range of difficulty and discrimination. The EFA analysis resulted in 6 factors, including all the items in the attitude domain, and 4 factors, for a total of 27 items in the practice domain, with satisfactory factor loading (>0.4). The Cronbach's alpha for the three domains was very high (≥0.88). The KAP questionnaire for LM is valid and reliable across a spectrum, from medical trainees to practicing physicians. This tool could serve as an instrument to evaluate and develop adequate educational programs for medical doctors.

Development and Psychometric Validation of Population-Based Knowledge Attitudes and Practices-Questionnaire on Fluoride (PBKAP-QF).

Fluoride exposure is a global public health concern. Understanding the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of affected populations is essential for effective community management. This study aimed to develop and validate a KAP questionnaire to assess fluoride and its risk in general population.An extensive literature review and focus group discussions were conducted to construct the questionnaire. Content validity was assessed using the Content Validity Index (CVI) based on expert feedback. Factor analysis was performed for final tool validation, and item characteristics were analyzed using IBM SPSS v. 27 and IBM AMOS v. 26.A total of 300 responses were collected. Initially, 41 items were included in the questionnaire, which were reduced to 25 after expert review. The final version included 19 items, with an I-CVI ranging from 0.80 to 1.00, indicating no issues with item difficulty or discrimination. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.88 to 0.90, demonstrating good internal consistency. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was 0.848, and Bartlett's test (χ2 = 6860.978, df = 156, p < 0.01) confirmed data suitability for factor analysis. Three constructs were extracted with factor loadings greater than 0.5. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a good model fit.This study developed and validated a robust 19-item KAP questionnaire for assessing knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to fluoride exposure. The tool demonstrated excellent reliability, validity, and internal consistency, supporting its use in guiding effective community-level management and public health interventions in fluoride-endemic areas.

Development and assessment of a knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) questionnaire for genetic counselees with preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) indications

BackgroundPreimplantation genetic testing (PGT) can reduce the risk of familial genetic diseases, chromosome abnormalities, and recurrent abortions. It is unclear whether genetic counselees with PGT indications understand and accept the implications of PGT. A well-developed and validated tool is needed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) levels of genetic counselees with PGT indications. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a PGT KAP questionnaire (PGT-KAP-Q) for genetic counselees with PGT indications. MethodsFirst, we established an item pool based on a literature review and qualitative interviews. Second, we developed the PGT-KAP-Q using the Delphi method. Third, we evaluated the quality of the questionnaire using item analysis and psychometric evaluation. The item analysis included extreme value comparison, application of the correlation and Cronbach's alpha (α) coefficient methods, and factor analysis. We also evaluated the content and structural validity of the questionnaire, as well as the internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and split-half reliability. FindingsAfter the literature review and interviews, and based on three rounds of expert consultations, we formed a 43-item questionnaire. In the validity analysis, the item's content validity index (I-CVI) and the average scale level CVI (S-CVI/Ave) values (>0.78 and >0.95, respectively) confirmed the questionnaire's content validity. Exploratory factor analysis showed that all 43 items had strong factor loadings (>0.4), and the three factors of the PGT-KAP-Q explained 51.97 % of the total variance. The Cronbach's α coefficient for the questionnaire was 0.95 (p < 0.05), the split-half reliability was 0.76 (p < 0.05) and the test–retest reliability coefficient was 0.78 (p < 0.05). InterpretationThe 43-item PGT-KAP-Q for genetic counselees with PGT indications is reliable and valid. It contains a moderate number of items, is easy for patients to understand and accept, and can be used for clinical research and applications.

The Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Healthy Eating Questionnaire: a pilot validation study in Chinese families.

Identifying the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) gaps of healthy eating can inform the design of effective interventions. This study aimed to test the validity and psychometric properties of a KAP of Healthy Eating Questionnaire (KAP-HEQ) tailored to the Chinese culture. The dimensions and potential items of each KAP scale were identified from published KAP and health literacy questionnaires, which were supplemented by the findings of a previous qualitative healthy eating study. Content validity of the KAP-HEQ was evaluated by eight experts and eight Chinese parent-adolescent dyads in Hong Kong through content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), and qualitative feedback. The feasibility, construct validity, reliability, and sensitivity of the KAP-HEQ were evaluated in this pilot study among 60 adolescent-parent dyads (120 persons) through an online survey. The first 30 dyads who completed the KAP-HEQ were invited to repeat the KAP-HEQ 2 weeks later to assess the test-retest reliability. The final 44-item KAP-HEQ was completed in 10-15 min by both adolescents and their adult parents. The CVR ranged from -0.38 to 1, and the CVI ranged from 0.56 to 1. Over 80% of the items achieved convergent validity (a significantly positive correlation with its hypothesized scale) and discriminant validity (a higher correlation with its hypothesized scale than with the other two scales). Cronbach's alpha for the internal consistency of the Overall, Attitude, and Practice scales was >0.7, while that of the Knowledge scale was 0.54. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) on test-retest reliability of the Overall and individual scales were all >0.75 except that of the Knowledge scale (ICC = 0.58). The significant differences in KAP scale scores with small to large effect sizes were found between known groups as hypothesized, except the Attitude score between groups by household income, which supported the sensitivity of the KAP-HEQ. The KAP-HEQ has shown good validity, reliability, and sensitivity among Chinese adolescents and adults, which can be applied to evaluate KAP status and gaps to inform the design and assess the effectiveness of healthy eating interventions.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of Chinese parents with infants (aged 0-3 years) toward immunity, gut microbiota and biotics: a comprehensive study.

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an increasing focus towards infant immunity. The development and maintenance of the immune system are significantly influenced from birth, and is shaped by early-life infant feeding behavior. Hence, the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of parents play a crucial role in shaping the immune system of infants. A total of 2369 parents across 19 cities in China were surveyed using a self-designed online questionnaire. The KAP questionnaire assessed three domains: immunity, gut microbiota, and biotics (prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics). The questionnaire also included questions on infant health. An overwhelming majority of parents (97.90%) placed high value on their children's immunity, and 40.40% of them reported an increased level of concern following the COVID-19 pandemic. Diarrhea (78.80%), colds (75.70%), nighttime crying (73.80%), regurgitation (71.70%) and food retention (66.50%) were the major health issues reported. Knowledge scores toward immunity and gut microbiota were positively correlated to attitude and practice scores, respectively. Attitude scores toward immunity, gut microbiota and biotics were positively correlated to their respective practice scores. Parental knowledge score on immunity was negatively correlated with diarrhea, colds, regurgitation and food retention. On the other hand, parental practice scores toward immunity were negatively correlated with food retention. In regards to gut microbiota, parental knowledge score was negatively correlated with diarrhea, regurgitation and food retention; parental attitude score was negatively correlated with nighttime crying whereas practice score was negatively correlated with diarrhea, regurgitation, food retention and nighttime crying. Attitude score toward biotics was negatively correlated with nighttime crying and practice scores toward biotics was negatively correlated with colds, food retention and nighttime crying. This study demonstrated that significant gaps and misunderstandings exist among parents regarding immunity, gut microbiota health, and biotics. Both public education and interventions are crucial to enhance parental knowledge and practices, thereby improving infant immunity.

Valuation of knowledge, attitude, practices of tuberculosis among the health care workers from Islamabad Pakistan

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) as a foremost infectious disease adds massive burden to morbidity and mortality rate, despite of well-structured TB control programs around the globe. Inappropriate health care management system and poor implementation on standard in relevance to TB, remain some reasons causative to TB prevalence and its rising antimicrobial resistance. Health Care Workers (HCWs) laboring as a part of TB control system, are the vital warriors in achieving the goals of TB End Strategy by 2035. Their performance is influenced by their knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) toward this infectious disease. This study aimed to signify the role of KAP score of health care Workers in the better control and prevention of TB in the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), Pakistan. MethodsA cross-sectional study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice study of Tuberculosis (TB) among health care Workers, was done in ICT, which is the capital of Pakistan. The KAP of TB was collected for the 306 Health Care Workers from all the Islamabad TB referring health facilities which refer the TB patients for testing to the National Reference Laboratory, Islamabad Pakistan. Eligible health care workers were requested to respond on KAP questionnaire after informed consent. KAP questionnaire comprised of knowledge, attitude, and practices section including demographic information. All the data was analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics 21. One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to calculate KAP mean score against different variables. On the significant data sets of ANOVA output, Tukey's Multiple Comparison Test was applied for pairwise comparison. Pearson correlation coefficient was utilized to explore the association between two qualitative variables. The non-parametric tests were applied to evaluate difference of KAP score in relation to demographic covariates individually. ResultsFrom June to July 2023, we conducted TB KAP study among Health Care Workers of ICT, Pakistan. The average age was 33 years (range 26–30 years). Majority of the recruited subjects were not being trained for dealing with TB infection. The results demonstrated that Health Care Workers working were lacking their knowledge about mode of TB transmission, best diagnostic technique, and contraction of TB infections. The mean knowledge, attitude and practices mean scores were 15.05 (SD = 3.96), 83.68 (SD = 15.74) and 6.31 (SD = 2.21), respectively. Mean knowledge score of Health Care Workers were significantly related to their educational level and occupation while no significant association was declared with working experience as TB staff. Pearson coefficient of attitude score with knowledge of Health Care Workers was of weak level (0.28). Practice mean score was correlated to knowledge mean score at a moderate level (r = 0.40). On the other hand, practice score was r = 0.29 with attitude mean score had shown weak level correlation. A number of demographic factors were strongly linked to each of the mean score of knowledge, attitude, and practices. ConclusionThese findings highlighted the significant involvement of education, profession, and professional trainings in the better knowledge, attitude, and practices of the TB related health care Workers. For a better management system of infectious diseases like TB, a well-trained and professionally competent staff of Health Care Workers is important so as to achieve the goal of TB-End strategy by 2035 from Pakistan, which is the 5th highest burden country for TB.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice study of pharmacovigilance in a dental teaching institute in Western India

ABSTRACT Background: India started the National Programme of Pharmacovigilance in 2005, which was renamed as Pharmacovigilance Programme of India in 2010. This is the main portal for detecting and reporting the adverse effects of drugs. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of pharmacovigilance (Pv) in a dental teaching institute in Western India. Materials and Methods: The KAP questionnaire regarding Pv was distributed among the dental faculties. The knowledge-based questions were corrected and the scoring was given as excellent knowledge, good knowledge, fair knowledge, and poor knowledge for the scores between 0–5, 6–10, 11–15, and 16–20, respectively. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed which is presented as frequencies (n) and percentages (%) in all three sections of the questionnaire. Results and Observations: The knowledge of 24 (44%) participants was found to be fair with scores between 6 and 10. The knowledge of 23 (42%) participants was found to be poor with scores between 0 and 5 and the knowledge of 8 (14%) participants was found to be good with scores between 11 and 15. A positive and promising attitude was exhibited by the dental faculties toward reporting adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Only two study participants had reported an ADR event. Conclusion: The deficiencies in knowledge appear to be the underlying factor for the underreporting of adverse reactions encountered by dental practitioners.