Kanto Area Of Japan Research Articles

Changes in pre- and in-hospital management and outcomes among children with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest between 2012 and 2017 in Kanto, Japan

Previously, the SOS-KANTO 2012 studies, conducted in the Kanto area of Japan, reported a summary of outcomes in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). This sub-analysis of the SOS-KANTO study 2017 aimed to evaluate the neurological outcomes of paediatric OHCA patients, by comparing the SOS-KANTO 2012 and 2017 studies. All OHCA patients, aged < 18 years, who were transported to the participating hospitals by EMS personnel were included in both SOS-KANTO studies (2012 and 2017). The number of survival patients with favourable neurological outcomes (paediatric cerebral performance category 1 or 2) at 1 month did not improve between 2012 and 2017. There was no significant difference in achievement of pre-hospital return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) [odds ratio (OR): 2.00, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.50–7.99, p = 0.50] and favourable outcome at 1 month [OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.11–3.99, p = 1] between the two studies, matched by age, witnessed arrest, bystander CPR, aetiology of OHCA, and time from call to EMS arrival. Multivariable logistic regression showed no significant difference in the achievement of pre-hospital ROSC and favourable outcomes at 1 month between the two studies.

Evaluation on present situations of safety on thermal environment in residential houses in Japanese winter season using BEST-H program

In this paper, the present situations on the safety of thermal environment in residential houses in winter season were evaluated by using the BEST-H program, a computation tool for analysing the thermal load in residential houses. In this analysis, the climate conditions for each primary division area in Japan were imposed to the input conditions for the thermal load computations. We also evaluated the safety of thermal environment with the hazard rate for both the cardiac and the brain diseases from the combination between the computational results using the BEST-H program and the several statistical data. Through the investigations, the following two findings were obtained: (1) the proposed method was validated for the evaluation of the safety on the thermal environment in the residential houses in winter season by comparing the computational results with the statistical data from the Population Survey Report in Japan.: (2) More houses with suitable insulation performance should be established in the western area and northern part of the Kanto area in Japan. The near future direction of our study is to evaluate variable countermeasures, such as one-room insulation.

Microplastics/microfibers in settled indoor house dust—exploratory case study for 10 residential houses in the Kanto area of Japan

AbstractAlthough microplastic (size ≤5 mm) pollution in marine ecosystems has received global attention, the presence of microplastics and microfibers in indoor environments is also a major concern. Compared to the available field survey data on microplastics in the ocean, such information remains limited for indoor environments. Microplastics in indoor environments may act as adsorbents for chemical compounds, which may result in multiple adverse health effects on residents. Establishment of reproducible sampling and analysis methods aiding comprehensive field measurements of indoor microplastics in Japan is required. This study conducted the first field survey of indoor microplastics in settled dust in 10 residential houses in the Kanto area of Japan and explored their composition and morphology. Micro‐Fourier transform infrared (μ‐FT‐IR) spectrophotometry and laser direct infrared (LDIR) analysis were used for the qualitative analysis of microplastics. The μ‐FT‐IR and LDIR analyses revealed the presence of large quantities of microplastics in the settled dust. The samples were composed of cellulose, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, alkyd resins, polysulfone, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyamides. The μ‐FT‐IR and LDIR analyses were suitable for identifying large fibrous materials and small particles, respectively. Thus, the two methods are complementary for the comprehensive identification of microplastic composition in settled dust.

Relationship between topography, tropospheric wind, and frequency of mountain waves in the upper mesosphere over the Kanto area of Japan

Imaging observations of OH airglow were performed at Meiji University, Japan (35.6° N, 139.5° E), from May 2018 to December 2019. Mountainous areas are located to the west of the imager, and westerly winds are dominant in the lower atmosphere throughout the year. Mountain waves (MWs) are generated and occasionally propagate to the upper atmosphere. However, only four likely MW events were identified, which are considerably fewer than expected. There are two possible reasons for the low incidence: (1) MWs do not propagate easily to the upper mesosphere due to background wind conditions, and/or (2) the frequency of MW excitation was low around the observation site. Former possibility is found not to be a main reason to explain the frequency by assuming typical wind profiles in troposphere and upper mesosphere over Japan. Thus, frequency and spatial distribution of orographic wavy clouds were investigated by analyzing images taken by the Himawari-8 geostationary meteorological satellite in 2018. The number of days when wavy clouds were detected in the troposphere around the observation site (Kanto area) was about a quarter of that around the Tohoku area. This result indicates that frequency of over-mountain flow which is thought to be a source of excitation of MWs is low in Kanto area. We also found that the angle between the horizontal wind direction in troposphere and the orientation of the mountain ridge is a good proxy for the occurrence of orographic wavy clouds, i.e., excitation of MWs. We applied this proxy to the topography around the world to investigate regions where MWs are likely to be excited frequently throughout the year to discuss the likelihood of "MW hotspots" at various spatial scale.Graphical

Rice Cultivation under Drip Irrigation with Plastic Film Mulch in the Kanto Area of Japan

A drip irrigation system with plastic mulch film was evaluated in terms of growth, yield, and water productivity (WP) using three leading paddy rice cultivars (Japonica) in the Kanto area of Japan. A cultivation with drip irrigation and plastic film mulch in the upland field (DI) and continuous flooding cultivation in a paddy field (CF) were conducted in 2015 (DI) and 2016 (DI and CF). The amounts of irrigation and total water supply (irrigation and precipitation) were 715 mm, 599 mm, and 905 mm and 1620 mm, 1379 mm, and 1687 mm for DI in 2015, DI in 2016, and CF in 2016, respectively. The percentages of irrigation for DI in 2015 and 2016 compared to those of CF were 79% and 66%, respectively. The grain yields in 2015 were higher than those in 2016 for DI. The DI in 2016 showed significantly lower grain yields compared to those of CF, representing 74% to 85% of the CF which were attributed to lower leaf area indexes in DI. There was no significant difference in WP between DI and CF, between years and among cultivars, ranging from 0.25 to 0.30 kg m^-3, showing an offset of the reduction in irrigation water by lower yields in DI. The rice cultivation system under drip irrigation with plastic film mulch showed a large water-saving effect, no physiological damage due to water stress and a slight reduction of grain yield compared to that of the paddy field.

Co-occurrence network of TV advertisements revealing Japanese lifestyle

The relationship between culture and the appeals in TV advertisements has been extensively studied. We attempted to reveal the image structure produced by TV commercials in Japan, which may show the cultural features of the country, and to evaluate its temporal change. For this purpose, we constructed and analysed a co-occurrence network of keywords related to TV commercials by using immense data that include the records of all TV commercials aired in the Kanto area in Japan including Tokyo for a period of 15 years. We found a strong heterogeneity of the co-occurrence relationship, where a few keywords, e.g., ‘woman’, ‘man’, ‘animation’, and ‘logo’, co-occur with a huge number of other keywords every year. A community on a co-occurrence network can be regarded as a set of keywords that are mutually associated with each other through TV commercials. We examined the characteristics of the communities by associating them with categories of advertised products and found a temporal change in which the relationship between the communities possessing the image of entertainment and children and the category of PC and A/V gradually increases in strength. However, there was a consistent tendency in the examined period for the product categories related to communities that include ‘man’ to be less associated with those that include ‘woman’ and vice versa, which implicates a gender role inequality underlying the various appeals in TV commercials.

Development of the "Scale of Identity Adaptation (SIA)" for People with Schizophrenia

Objective: People with schizophrenia “adapt their identity” to the illness in order to live on their own in the community, which is considered essential. The aim of the present study was to measure and report the reliability of the original Scale of Identity Adaptation (SIA) for people with schizophrenia. Method: Several social welfare corporations (welfare facilities), psychiatric clinics, and associations for patients with schizophrenia or their families in the Kanto area in Japan volunteered to participate. A total of 265 anonymous, self-administered questionnaires were mailed to the 10 facilities, which approved the research and agreed to refer research participants. Results: Of the 265 questionnaires mailed, responses were collected from 87 participants (response rate = 33%). Among these, valid data of 77 participants were used for analysis (response rate = 89%), after deleting questionnaires with missing data. The sample consisted of 42 men (55%), 30 women (39%), and 5 non-responses (6%). The median age was 48 years (range: 20-80 years); the mean age was 48.5 (±2.12) years for men, and 45.7 (±15.56) years for women. Four factors were extracted from the 33 items of the SIA draft through primary factor analysis (Promax rotation). For the 33 items of the draft, exploratory factor analysis was performed for 18 items using item analysis. The Cronbach’s reliability coefficient for the four-factor structure was 0.83~0.90, confirming reliability. Conclusions: The SIA developed in this study comprised four factors and 24 items; the SIA’s reliability was verified as the Cronbach’s α was found to be 0.75 or greater for the entire scale.

Relationship Between Institutional Volume of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Cases and 1-Month Neurologic Outcomes: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Prospective Observational Study.

The influence of institutional volume of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) cases on outcomes remains unclear. This study evaluated the relationship between institutional volume of adult, nontraumatic OHCA cases and 1-month favorable neurologic outcomes. This study retrospectively analyzed data between January 2012 and March 2013 from a prospective observational study in the Kanto area of Japan. We analyzed adult patients with nontraumatic OHCA who underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation by emergency medical service personnel and in whom spontaneous circulation was restored. Based on the institutional volume of OHCA cases, we divided institutions into low-, middle-, or high-volume groups. The primary and secondary outcomes were 1-month favorable neurologic outcomes and 1-month survival, respectively. A multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for propensity score and in-hospital variables was performed. Of 2699 eligible patients, 889, 898, and 912 patients were transported to low-volume (40 institutions), middle-volume (14 institutions), and high-volume (9 institutions) centers, respectively. Using low-volume centers as the reference, transport to a middle- or high-volume center was not significantly associated with a favorable 1-month neurologic outcome (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.21 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.84-1.75] and adjusted OR 0.77 [95% CI 0.53-1.12], respectively) or 1-month survival (adjusted OR 1.10 [95% CI 0.82-1.47] and adjusted OR 0.76 [95% CI 0.56-1.02], respectively). Institutional volume was not significantly associated with favorable 1-month neurologic outcomes or 1-month survival in OHCA. Further investigation is needed to determine the association between hospital characteristics and outcomes in patients with OHCA.

A Power-Forecasting Method for Geographically Distributed PV Power Systems using Their Previous Datasets

The number of photovoltaic (PV) power systems being installed worldwide has been increasing. This has resulted in maintenance of an adequate balance between demand and supply becoming a great concern for power system operators. Forecasting PV power outputs is a promising countermeasure that has been garnering significant interest. Conventional methods for achieving this often use learning methods, such as neural networks and support vector regression. In contrast, this paper proposes a short-term power-forecasting method for geographically distributed PV systems that uses only their previous output power data. In the proposed method, first, the ratio of the power generation output to the maximum power output value for each observation instance in a designated period for each PV system at a certain date and time is obtained. Then, the future geographical distribution of the ratio is predicted from the temporal change (motion) of the preceding distribution. Finally, the predicted ratio is reconverted into the power output to perform short-term power forecasting. The results of total PV output power prediction in the Kanto area of Japan indicate that the proposed method has an average mean absolute percentage error of 4.23% and root mean square error of 0.69 kW, which verifies its efficacy.

Cohort profile: patient characteristics and quality-of-life measurements for newly-referred patients with atrial fibrillation—Keio interhospital Cardiovascular Studies-atrial fibrillation (KiCS-AF)

PurposeBesides the high rates of morbidity and mortality, atrial fibrillation (AF) is also associated with impairment of quality-of-life (QOL). However, reports covering non-selected AF population within Asian countries remain scarce....

“Cannot see? Use your strengths!” A randomized controlled trial of strengths intervention for improving self-esteem among visually impaired individuals

Objective: To evaluate the association between strengths use and self-esteem among visually impaired individuals in Study 1 and reveal the causal effect of a strengths intervention in Study 2. Design: A prospective cross-sectional design in Study 1 and a randomized controlled, open-label, parallel-group comparative design in Study 2. Setting: Several welfare institutions for visually impaired individuals in the Kanto area of Japan. Subjects: In Study 1, 59 participants with visual impairments (mean age = 49.34 ± 4.89 years, range = 22–82 years) were recruited. In Study 2, participants (mean age = 41.36 ± 12.09 years, range = 22–61 years) were recruited and randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 11) or wait-list control group (n = 11). Intervention: A strengths intervention was performed in Study 2. Main measures: In Study 1, we examined the association between Strengths Use Scale and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale scores. In Study 2, the primary outcome was the difference in change in Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale scores from baseline to one-month follow-up between the groups. Results: In Study 1, simple and multiple regression analyses revealed that the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale score was significantly associated with the Strengths Use Scale score (β = 0.60, P < 0.001; β = 0.55, P < 0.001, respectively). In Study 2, we found a significant between-groups difference in the improvement in Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale scores from baseline to one-month follow-up (F(1, 19) = 18.61, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Utilizing psychological strengths might improve self-esteem among visually impaired individuals.

Outcome prediction of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with presumed cardiac aetiology using an advanced machine learning technique

BackgroundOutcome prediction for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has the possibility to detect patients who could have been potentially saved. Advanced machine learning techniques have recently been developed and employed for clinical studies. In this study, we aimed to establish a prognostication model for OHCA with presumed cardiac aetiology using an advanced machine learning technique. Methods and ResultsCohort data from a prospective multi-centre cohort study for OHCA patients transported by an ambulance in the Kanto area of Japan between January 2012 and March 2013 (SOS-KANTO 2012 study) were analysed in this study. Of 16,452 patients, data for OHCA patients aged ≥18 years with presumed cardiac aetiology were retrieved, and were divided into two groups (training set: n = 5718, between January 1, 2012 and December 12, 2012; test set: n = 1608, between January 1, 2013 and March 31, 2013). Of 421 variables observed during prehospital and emergency department settings, 35 prehospital variables, or 35 prehospital and 18 in-hospital variables, were used for outcome prediction of 1-year survival using a random forest method. In validation using the test set, prognostication models trained with 35 variables, or 53 variables for 1-year survival showed area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) values of 0.943 (95% CI [0.930, 0.955]) and 0.958 (95% CI [0.948, 0.969]), respectively. ConclusionsThe advanced machine learning technique showed favourable prediction capability for 1-year survival of OHCA with presumed cardiac aetiology. These models can be useful for detecting patients who could have been potentially saved.

10, 11月に屋外のフェロモントラップに捕獲されたノシメマダラメイガおよびタバコシバンムシの個体数 —関東地方8カ所における2014年の調査—

10, 11月に屋外のフェロモントラップに捕獲されたノシメマダラメイガおよびタバコシバンムシの個体数 —関東地方8カ所における2014年の調査—

Abstract 349: Prognostication for Out-of-Hospital Cardiogenic Cardiac Arrest Patients Using Advanced Machine Learning Technique

Introduction and Objective: Early prognostication for cardiogenic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients remain challenging. Recently, advanced machine learning techniques have been employed for clinical diagnosis and prognostication for various conditions. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to establish a prognostication model for cardiogenic OHCA using an advanced machine learning technique. Methods and Results: Data of a prospective multi-center cohort study of OHCA patients transported by an ambulance to 67 medical institutions in Kanto area of Japan between January 2012 and March 2013 was used in this study. Data for cardiogenic OHCA patients aged ≥18 years were retrieved and patients were grouped according to the time of calls for ambulances (training set: between January 1, 2012 and December 12, 2012; test set: between January 1, 2013 and March 31, 2013). From among 421 variables observed during the period between calls for ambulances and initial in-hospital treatments of cardiogenic OHCA, 38 prehospital factors or 56 prehospital factors and initial in-hospital factors were used for prognostication, respectively. Prognostication models for 1-year survival were established with random forest method, an advanced machine learning method that aggregates a series of decision trees for classification and regression. After 10-fold internal cross validation in the training set, prognostication models were validated using test set. Area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the prediction performance of models. Prognostication models trained with 38 variables or 56 variables for 1-year survival showed AUC values of 0.93±0.01 and 0.95±0.01, respectively. Conclusions: Prognostication models trained with advanced machine learning technique showed favorable prediction capability for 1-year survival of cardiogenic OHCA. These results indicate that an advanced machine learning technique can be applicable to establish early prognostication model for cardiogenic OHCA.

関東7都県377市区町村における3歳児dft指数 : 10年間(1998年～2008年)の時系列変化パターンと地域集積性

関東7都県377市区町村における3歳児dft指数 : 10年間(1998年～2008年)の時系列変化パターンと地域集積性

Regional photovoltaic power fluctuations within frequency regulation control time frames: A study with high‐resolution data

AbstractThe growth of renewable energy penetration on power grids is reaching high levels in many countries around the world. In such high‐penetration scenarios, the proper characterisation of the intermittency of renewable power generation becomes important to the operation of power grids. In this study, using the most recent high‐resolution global horizontal irradiance data in Japan, we characterise short‐term fluctuations of photovoltaic (PV) power in regional scale, in a scenario of high penetration of PV. We analysed 1 year of data with a resolution of 10 seconds for the Kanto area in Japan. The results show that the distribution of the short‐term fluctuations is non‐Gaussian, presenting a shape similar to a Laplacian distribution. In addition to statistical aspects, a methodology is presented to evaluate the fluctuations considering aspects relevant to power grid operators. Applying this methodology, we show that the highest fluctuations within the time frame of secondary regulation control of frequency reached 5% of the hourly power demand. Fluctuations of PV power within the primary regulation control time frame were within 3% of hourly power demand, and the 99th percentile of the fluctuations was within 1% of it. With the proposed methodology, which can be generally applied, we go beyond the description of statistical properties of short‐term fluctuations of PV, showing also the importance to evaluate them in a context relevant to power grid operators.

Validity and Reliability of the Japanese Version of the Fertility Quality of Life (FertiQoL) Tool for Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment

Background: FertiQoL, which measures the Quality of Life (QOL) of reproductive partners, has been translated and used in 45 languages in the world. The reliability and validity of the original English version of FertiQoL have been confirmed. However, there is still no report on the reliability and validity of the Japanese version by a large-scale survey. This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the FertiQoL scale for measuring the QOL of patients with reproductive problems. Methods: An unsigned self-filled questionnaire survey was conducted in patients undergoing infertility treatment at seven facilities in the Kanto area in Japan using the 34 items of the Japanese version of the FertiQoL scale. The study design was quantitative cross-sectional descriptive research. The investigation period was from April 2013 to April 2018. The contents of the investigation were attributes, FertiQoL scale, and distress scale. To determine the construct validity, principal component analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and correlation analysis for each subscale were performed using SPSS Statistics Ver. 23.0 and AMOS Ver. 23.0. The study was performed after obtaining approval from the Research Ethics Review Committee of the responsible institutions to which the researchers belong as an ethical consideration. Results: The participants included 1201 patients undergoing infertility treatment and who provided valid responses. The Cronbach’s α was 0.92, and confirmatory factor analysis identified six domains with 34 items that showed the following values: goodness of fit index = 0.877, adjusted goodness of fit index = 0.855, comparative fit index = 0.893, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.059. The correlation coefficient was 0.669 (p < 0.001) with the distress scale. Conclusions: The Japanese version of FertiQoL showed adequate reliability and validity for assessing the QOL of patients with reproductive problems in Japan.

재일코리안의 한국전통예술 공연 사례 분석 - 일본 관동지방 예술인의 공연을 중심으로 -

이 글에서는 재일코리안에 의해 연행된 한국전통예술 공연의 사례를 분석하여 그 실태와 의미에 대해서 파악하고자 했다. (사)한국국악협회 일본 도쿄지부와 (재)재일코리아문화학술교육재단 주최로 개최된 공연은 ‘재일(在日)’이라는 이름으로 많은 예술인들이 모여 일본 사회에 한국전통예술을 소개하고, 재일코리안의 문화를 발양하고자 했다는 점에서 큰 의미를 갖는다. 다만 대규모의 공연은 지금까지 1~2회에 그치고 있고, 두 단체의 운영도 회원 수의 감소 등으로 어려움을 겪고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 주일한국대사관 한국문화원의 정기공연 시리즈는 한국예술의 보급뿐 아니라 재일코리안 예술인들에게 공연의 기회를 제공하는 역할도 함께 하고 있어 주목되었다. 다만 좋은 취지에도 불구하고 출연의 기회는 소수에게만 국한된 것이고 2015년 이후로는 중단되어 연속성도 떨어지고 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 일본의 사물놀이 동인들이 대거 참여하는 는 일본인들이 한국악기를 직접 연주함으로써 한국음악을 널리 알리고 한일 간의 소통을 직접 실천하고 있는 좋은 사례로 평가된다. 재일한국인․조선인 예술인들은 한 무대에서 공연함으로써 예술을 통하여 민족의 화합을 기원하는 활동을 실천하고 있다. 또한 이들은 조국의 문화․예술을 일본 사회에 알리는 것을 자신들의 역할로 인식하고 있는데, 이는 재일코리안들이 자신의 예술 활동을 개인적 차원을 넘어 한국문화의 전파자로서 사명감을 갖고 계승해오고 있다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 매년 일본의 각지에서는 일제강점기에 강제징용과 학살로 희생된 조선인들을 위해 다양한 추모행사와 공연이 열린다. 추도식과 추도비 건립은 일본의 양심적인 시민 또는 시민단체가 중심이 되어 실행하고 있는 경우가 적지 않고, 재일코리안 무용가 김순자는 일본 각지를 돌며 조선인 희생자를 위한 살풀이 봉납을 30년 이상 이어오고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 일본 사회를 위한 자선공연도 재일코리안 예술인들에 의해 연행되고 있다. 자선공연은 일본 사회와 공생의 기반을 다지는 중요한 활동이라고 할 수 있고, 나아가 예술을 통해 한일 간의 이해와 상호 협력 관계에도 공헌한다는 면에서도 매우 유의미하다고 할 수 있다. 재일코리안 예술인들은 한일 간의 가교로서 한국의 문화예술을 일본에 전파하는 데 중추적인 역할을 하고 있다. 하지만 이들은 사회적, 경제적으로 많은 어려움을 겪고 있고, 특히 한국과 일본의 관계 악화는 이들의 활동에 적지 않은 영향을 주고 있다. 재일코리안 예술인들이 이러한 어려운 상황에서도 한국예술의 메신저로서 일본에서 자부심을 갖고 당당하게 활동할 수 있도록 꾸준한 관심과 폭넓은 지원이 필요할 것이다.

Association between cardiopulmonary resuscitation duration and one-month neurological outcomes for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundThe duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an important factor associated with the outcomes for an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. However, the appropriate CPR duration remains unclear considering pre- and in-hospital settings. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the CPR duration (including both the pre- and in-hospital duration) and neurologically favorable outcomes 1-month after cardiac arrest.MethodsData were utilized from a prospective multi-center cohort study of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients transported to 67 emergency hospitals between January 2012 and March 2013 in the Kanto area of Japan. A total of 3,353 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (age ≥18 years) who underwent CPR by emergency medical service personnel and achieved the return of spontaneous circulation in a pre- or in-hospital setting were analyzed. The primary outcome was a 1-month favorable neurological outcome. Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation duration. The CPR duration that achieved a cumulative proportion >99% of cases with a 1-month neurologically favorable outcome was determined.ResultsOf the 3,353 eligible cases, pre-hospital return of spontaneous circulation was obtained in 1,692 cases (50.5%). A total of 279 (8.3%) cases had a 1-month neurologically favorable outcome. The CPR duration was significantly and inversely associated with 1-month neurologically favorable outcomes with adjustment for pre- and in-hospital confounders (adjusted odds ratio: 0.911, per minute, 95% CI: 0.892–0.929, p < 0.001). After 30 min of CPR, the probability of a 1-month neurologically favorable outcome decreased from 8.3 to 0.7%. At 45 min of CPR, the cumulative proportion for a 1-month neurologically favorable outcome reached >99%.ConclusionsThe CPR duration was independently and inversely associated with 1-month neurologically favorable outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The CPR duration required to achieve return of spontaneous circulation in >99% of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with a 1-month favorable neurological outcome was 45 min, considering both pre- and in-hospital settings.

Evaluation of summertime surface ozone in Kanto area of Japan using a semi-regional model and observation

Surface ozone is an air pollutant and harmful to human life. The spatial distribution of the air pollution has been estimated by chemical transport models, but still there are large uncertainties depending on detailed condition of the region. In this study, we extended Goto et al. (2015a) for implementing a chemical transport model to simulate short-lived gases such as ozone over Kanto area (around Tokyo in Japan) for August 2010. Comparison of simulation results with observed data indicated that the model had ability to capture observed ozone diurnal cycles over the target region with high correlation coefficients (0.69–0.81). The simulation result showed a vital role of meteorological conditions in the model performance. The correlation coefficients were much higher (0.78–0.87) and biases were lower (<35%) when the meteorological conditions were stable. In contrast, dominance of local pressure system and an associated complex wind field were main reasons for overestimated surface ozone concentrations in the unstable weather conditions.This study helped achieve a better understanding of the chemistry transport model performance under unstable meteorological conditions in the Kanto area. Maximal association between meteorological factors and surface ozone distribution was revealed. In addition, uncertainty of emission inventories of ozone precursors especially the underestimate NOx level certainly contributed to high level surface ozone during nighttime in this study.